Introduction to initiates the

Communication communication

What is Communication?
 Communication is the Encoding
process by which
 Encoding is putting
meanings are exchanged
thought or information
between people through
into words, signs or
the use of common set of
symbols.
symbols.
Message
 is the information being
 is the transmission of an
transmitted from the
idea or feeling so that
sender to the receiver
the sender and receiver
through symbols which
share the same
can take on numerous
understanding.
forms such as languages,
Common ways we words or gestures.
communicate:
 Courtesy. Usage of
1. Spoken Word polite words and tone
means one respects the
2. Visual Images
receiver of the message.
3. Written Word Courtesy can be
4. Body Language demonstrated through:

The communication  Clarity. It may involve

process correct word usage,
grammar, pronunciation,
 Communication is the sentence construction
process of passing and delivery.
information from a
source to a receiver
SOURCE
 Is an individual, group or
organization who
  Conciseness. Lengthy  Is the response given to
messages can result in the sender from the
information overload and receiver.
overwhelm
Noise/Interference
listeners/readers of the
messages.  Anything that disrupts
the communication
 Concreteness. This
process.
refers to being specific.
Kinds of Noise
 Completeness. To avoid
ambiguity, messages a) Physical Noise
should not leave out  it is the interference
important details that a in our environments,
receiver expects to know such as noises made
such as answers to what, by others, spam and
who, when, where, why pop-up ads, extreme
and how questions. temperatures, and
Channel crowded conditions.
 Is the medium used to b) Physiological Noise
transmit the message  It is a distraction
caused by hunger,
fatigue, headaches,
Decoding
medication and other
 Is when the receiver factors that affect how
interprets the message we feel and think.
and gives it meaning
from his/ her perspective
c) Psychological Noise
Receiver
 Thoughts that
 Is the individual or
hamper the
individuals to whom the
message to be
message is directed.
interpreted
Feedback correctly by the
receiver
d ) Semantic Noise
  It exists when  Physical context –
words it includes the
themselves are setting where the
not mutually communication
understood. takes place, time of
the day, the
 Words have
environmental
multiple
condition, and
meanings which
distance between
could have
or among the
different
communicators
interpretations.
 Social context – it
 Authors
refers to the nature
sometimes create
of relationships
semantic noise
existing between or
by using
among the
jargon or
communicators and
unnecessarily
it also sets the
technical
formality of the
language."
interaction
e) Mechanical Noise
 Psychological
 Those raised by context – it
the channels involves the
employed for communicators’
communication. mood and feeling.
 Cellphones,  Cultural Context –
laptops, and is comprised of the
other gadgets beliefs, values and
CONTEXT norms shared by a
large group of
 The context is the people.
situation in which you
are communicating  Historical context
– involves the
FIVE TYPES OF CONTEXT background
provided by
previous
 interactions any situation we
between or among encounter.
communicators
II. LANGUAGE
which affect
understanding of  The same words can
the current have very different
exchange meaning depending on
how we interpret them.
PERSPECTIVES IN
COMMUNICATION  Example: A woman
without her man is
 We all come to each
nothing.
communication
exchange with our own  A woman. Without her,
‘filter’ through which we man is nothing.
see the world, the III. Other Factors
person we are Affecting Our
communicating with, Perspective
and the situation or
topic we are 3.1. PAST EXPERIENCES
communicating about. 3.2. FEELINGS
 There are two ways in
I. VISUAL PERCEPTION which your feelings can
influence your
 Both of the communication with
perspectives are valid- another person:
they are simply two
different ways of PERSPECTIVES IN
seeing the same thing. COMMUNICATION
 We cannot decide that 1. The way that you feel
one does not exist just on a given day.
because we don’t see - if you feel well, you will
it. communicate in one way
 We have to recognize and if you feel ill, you will
that there is more communicate in another.
than one way to see 2. How you feel about a
specific person.
- when you genuinely like 4. Motivation Function –
someone, the way you used to entice and direct
communicate is going to show people to act and reach their
it. objectives or goals in life;
motivates or encourages
3. ENVIRONMENT
people to live better.
- All of us communicate
5. Aesthetic Function – we
differently in different
use communication for
environments.
pleasure and enjoyment.
- do you speak to your
6. Therapeutic Function
colleagues the same way that
(emotional expression) –
you do to your friends?
communication is curative
and serves to maintain good
FUNCTIONS OF health; it facilitates people’s
COMMUNICATION expression of their feelings
and emotions.
1. Informative Function –
used to convey information; if 7. Regulation/Control
we want to inform other Function – used to maintain
people of what we know – control over other people’s
facts information, and attitude and behavior
knowledge. 8. Social Interaction –
2. Instructive Function – communication allows
many times, older people, individuals to interact with
people who hold important others; it helps us start,
information, and those in maintain, regulate or even
higher ranks communicate to end relationships with other
instruct people on people.

3. Persuasive Function – Classifications of

used if you want to influence Communication
the opinion of others to Communication may be
believe and accept your stand classified according to:
or claim on an issue or a
1. Communication Mode
problem.
2. Context
 3. Purpose and Style BODY LANGUAGE
- Over half of the message
that we are sending to
others is non-verbal.
TYPES OF
COMMUNICATION
ACCORDING TO MODE
- A message may be
conveyed via these
Visual Communication
types: verbal, non-verbal
and visual.  is the type of
communication that uses
Verbal Communication and
visuals to convey
Nonverbal Communication
information and/or
- Verbal Communication messages
refers to an interaction in
TYPES OF
which words are used to
COMMUNICATION
relay a message.
ACCORDING TO CONTEXT
- Nonverbal
1. Intrapersonal – This
communication refers
refers to communication
to an interaction where
that centers on one
behavior is used to
person where the
convey and represent
speaker acts both as the
meanings.
sender and the receiver
TONE OF VOICE of message.
• Tone involves the 2. Interpersonal – This
volume you use, the refers to communication
level and type of between and among
emotion that you people and establishes
communicate and the personal relationship
emphasis that you between and among
place on the words them.
that you choose.
Types of Interpersonal
Context
 1. Dyad Communication language. It involves personal
– communication that and ordinary conversations
occurs between two with friends, family members,
people or acquaintances about
anything under the sun.
2. Small Group – This
refers to communication DIFERRENT TYPES OF
that involves at least STAGES
three but not more than
Stage 1: Denial
twelve people engaging
in a face-to-face  People in this stage are
interaction to achieve a not interested in cultural
desired goal. differences and could
care less about people
3. Public – This type refers
from other culture
to communication that
requires you to deliver or Stage 2:
send the message before Defense/Reversal
or in front of a group.
• The individual starts to
4. Mass Communication recognize cultural
– This refers to differences and is
communication that intimidated by them,
takes place through resulting in either a
television, radio, superior view on own
newspapers, magazines, culture or an unjustified
books, billboards, high regard for the new
internet, and other types one.
of media.
Stage 3: Minimization.
Types of Communication
 Although individuals see
According to Purpose and
cultural differences, they
Style
bank more on the
[Link] Communication – universality of ideas
it employs formal language rather than on cultural
delivered orally or in written differences.
form.
Stage 4: Acceptance.
2. Informal Communication
– does not employ formal
 • Cultural differences are speak and listen to each
now recognized and other.
accepted.
Transactional Model
Stage 5: Adaptation.
- It is considered the most
• People begin to view accurate representation
cultural differences as a of the communication
valuable resource, and process.
thus relish the
Ethos – Defines the credibility
differences.
of the speaker. It appeals to
Stage 6: Integration. the speakers’ status or
authority making the
• In this stage, people’s
audience more likely to trust
acceptance of their
them
identity is not based in
any single culture. Pathos – Connects the
speaker with the audience
through different emotions
Communication Models (anger, sadness, happiness,
Communication is etc.)
classified into three groups: Logos – appeals to the
• Linear audience’s reason, building up
logical arguments.
• Interactive
• Transactional
Linear Model
- Here information is
transmitted from sender Effective communication
to receiver via a channel - a two way process –
without the sender sending the right
receiving any message and to the right
feedback. person.
Interactive Model Features of Effective
- Both the speaker and the Communication
listener take turns to  Active Listening
  Eye contact inhabitation in countries
outside of their own.
 Posture
• Technologies
 Simple language
Intercultural
 Questioning skills
Communication
ETHICS IN
• It is a communication
COMMUNICATION
between or among
1. Adhering to the people having different
golden rule or the linguistic, religious,
platinum rule. ethnic, social, and
2. Considering the professional
feelings of the receiver. backgrounds.

3. Acknowledging the Characteristics of

source of idea and Competent Intercultural
information. Communicators

4. Speaking the truth. 1. flexibility and the ability

to tolerate high levels of
5. Condemning uncertainty
communication that
degrades individuals 2. mindfulness
and humanity. 3. open-mindedness
4. Sensitivity
The Globalization 5. Adaptability
Phenomenon
6. politeness
Globalization is the process
by which people and goods
move easily across borders. 1. Avoid stereotypes, i.e.,
generalizations about a
What Drives Globalization?
certain group.
• Colonization
2. Challenge gender norms;
• Diaspora (migration) –
3. Do not talk down on
movement of people and
younger people and the
elderly.
4. Be sensitive to the religious clues, and between the
practices of others. lines interpretation of
what is actually said.
5. Be polite at all times; do
not belittle people you low-context cultures
perceive to be on a lower
 expect messages to be
social class than you.
explicit and specific.
Four Barriers to
sequential cultures
Intercultural
(monochronic)
Communication
 time is viewed as one
1. Ethnocentrism - This is
line with activities
a belief that one’s own
positioned along the line
cultural group’s
in a sequential order
behavior, norms, ways of
thinking, and ways of synchronic cultures
being are superior to all (polychronic)
other cultural groups.  Time serves as a
2. Stereotyping – a guideline and is flexible.
generalized thought or Affective
belief about a group.
Neutral
3. Prejudice – An unjustified
feeling or attitude toward a 1. Assimilation
group. • It occurs when an ethnic
4. Discrimination - It is an minority sacrifices its
overt actions one takes to own culture to integrate
exclude, avoid, or distance into society.
oneself from other groups. 2. Accommodation
High Context vs. Low • It is when one culture
Context integrates into another
High Context cultures without losing its identity.
• leave much of the
message unspecified, to 3. Separation
be understood through
context, non-verbal
 • It occurs when TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE
individuals reject the (Joos, 1968)
dominant or host culture
1. Intimate (The inner
in favor of preserving
circle)
their culture of origin.
- The most private form of
4. Marginalization
communication, reserved for
• It occurs when a person family and very close
or groups of people are partners.
less able to do things or
2. Casual (The barkada)
access basic services or
opportunities. It’s also – This style is common among
sometimes referred to as peers and friends. Jargon,
social exclusion. slang, or the vernacular
language are used.
VARIETIES OF ENGLISH
3. Consultative (The
Varieties of English is also
standard)
called World Englishes
(WE) Language used when
speaking to someone who
WORLD ENGLISHES stands
is not close to you but
for the localized varieties of
requires interaction.
English as they are used or
spoken in certain areas. It is the most common
register used in professional
KACHRU’S CONCENTRIC
life.
CRICLE
4. Formal (The professional)–
 The Inner Circle (Norm-
This style is used in
Providing)
professional, academic, or
 The Outer Circle (Norm- legal settings.
Developing)
5. Frozen (The unchangeable)
 The Expanding Circle
(Norm-Dependent)
 It refers to planned ways of
delivering messages
effectively.
COMMUNICATION AIDS
AND STRATEGIES USING
TOOLS OF TECHNOLOGY
What is Communication TOOLS OF TECHNOLOGY IN
Aid? COMMUNICATION
 It is any tool or device 1. PowerPoint/Google Slides
that helps an individual (structured
communicate more presentations)
effectively.
2. Canva - (visual story
Three Categories of Aids telling)
1. Visual Aids: Charts, 3. Zoom – (synchronous
infographics, communication)
photographs, and slide
4. Email – (formal and
decks (e.g., PowerPoint).
professional
2. Audio Aids: podcasts, communication)
sound bites and
5. Social Media – (public
recordings.
information and
3. Audio-Visual Aids: engagement)
Videos, animations, and
MULTIMEDIA
live-streamed content.
- a content that uses a
4. Digital/Text-Based
combination of different
Aids: Emails, chat
forms such as texts,
platforms (messenger),
audio, images,
learning management
animations, video and
system (Google
interactive content.
Classroom)
The Ethics of Digital
What is Communication
Communication
Strategy?
 Netiquette: The set of
professional and
 social rules for polite
behavior online.
 Avoid writing in
‘UPPERCASE’
 Copyright Compliance:
Properly citing
images, music, and
videos used in your
presentations.
 Fact-Checking:
Ensuring that tech-
aided communication
does not spread
misinformation