Chapter-5 REVISED IRWM NOTES 2025 By-Uttam Kumar (Gaya)

CHAPTER-5 :
WATER SUPPLY (A-GENERAL)

Notes-
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Para 501 – Introduction

Important Reference Documents
1. Manual on Water Supply and Treatment – Ministry of Urban Development, New Delhi
2. IS:1172-1993 (Re-affirmed 2007) – Code of Basic Requirements for Water Supply, Drainage &
Sanitation
3. IS:10500-2012 – Drinking Water Specifications
4. National Building Code (NBC) of India 2016 – Vol II, Part 9, Sec 1
5. Manuals issued by local public health departments

Para 502 – Preparation of Schemes for New / Augmentation of Water Supply

Data Required for Preparation of Scheme
1. Justification of supply
o Population to be covered
o Estimated consumption
o Basis of calculation
2. Existing supply details
o Nature
o Quality
o Quantity
o Source
3. Additional sources

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o Possible sources
o Filtration & purification arrangements
4. Future requirements
5. Type of supply
o Metered / Continuous / Intermittent
6. Pumping arrangement
o Details
o Cost
Summer Requirement Condition
 Sources should supply one day’s water demand in 8 hours during summer.
Investigations Required
 Preliminary survey
 Site investigation
 Yield test
 Water quality check at source

📌 Checklist reference: Annexure 5.1

Para 502(7) – Objective of Water Works Management

Objectives
Water supplied should be:
 Free from pathogenic organisms
 Clear and palatable
 Free from undesirable taste & odour
 Of reasonable temperature
 Non-corrosive
 Non-scale forming
 Free from harmful minerals causing physiological effects

Para 502(8) – Increasing Water Availability (Supply & Demand Management)

Measures

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 Augmentation of water resources

 Storage of rainwater
o On surface
o Below surface

Para 502(9) – Location of Water Supply System Components

Components to be Properly Located
 Headworks
 Transmission mains
 Water Treatment Plant (WTP)
 Overhead / Underground storage tanks
 Pumping stations
 Pressure reducing valves
 Flow control valves

🎯 Objective: Optimal & economical utilization

Para 502(10) – Automation

Key Points
 Mechanization, instrumentation & automation are increasingly used.
 Must be considered during planning of system & distribution network.

Para 502(11) – Service Buildings

Facilities Required
 Houses
 Offices
 Laboratories
 Store rooms
 Chemical house
 Pump house

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Para 502(12) – Other Utilities

Utilities to be Provided
 Electricity
 Water supply
 Drainage
 Roads & parking
 Walkways & fencing
 Telephone facilities
 Housing for O&M staff

Para 502(13) – All-Season Roads

Requirement
 Headworks
 WTP
 Sumps
 Balancing Reservoirs
 ESRs

➡ Must be accessible in all seasons by road.

Para 502(14) – Planning of Ground Water Schemes

Practice Discouraged
 Pumping directly from multiple tube wells into distribution system.
Demerits
 Supply interruption during power failure
 Less contact time during chlorination
 Increased pump wear due to back pressure
 High leakage due to high pumping head
Water Quality Requirement
 Tube well water must satisfy IS:10500-2012 standards.

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Para 502(15) – Planning Tool (GIS)

GIS Definition
A system designed to:
 Capture
 Store
 Manipulate
 Analyze
 Manage
 Present spatial / geographically referenced data

Para 502(16) – Design Period

Key Points
 Depends on:
o Life of components
o Cost proportion
o Difficulty in augmentation
 Normally designed for 30 years
 As per SP:35-1987 (BIS)

Para 502(17) – Per Capita Water Supply

Uses Covered
 Domestic
 Institutional
 Industrial & commercial
 Fire fighting
 Livestock

Para 502(18) – Recommended Per Capita Supply

Standard Values
 IS:1172 → 135 LPCD

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 NBC 2016 → 150 LPCD (Adopted)

Table-1 : Average Water Use per Person per Day

Purpose Quantity (LPCD)

Drinking 5

Cooking 5

Bathing 50

Toilet flushing 45

Washing utensils 15

House washing 10

Clothes washing 20

Total 150 LPCD

Table-2 : Water Supply for Floating Population

Facility LPCD

Bathing facilities provided 45

Bathing facilities not provided 25

Only public facilities 15

Fire Fighting Demand

Formula:

Fire demand = 100√𝑃 m3 /day

Where:
 P = Population (in thousands) at 15-year intermediate stage

📌 As per Manual on Water Supply & Treatment (March 2024)

Para 503 – Review of Water Supply on Railways

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Responsibilities
 ADEN & SSE (Works) should:
o Monitor rainfall
o Review supply from all sources
o Take preventive action
o Ensure uninterrupted supply of adequate & safe water

Quick Revision Table

Topic Key Value / Point

Design period 30 years

Minimum LPCD (IS) 135

Adopted LPCD (NBC) 150

Summer supply capacity 1 day demand in 8 hours

Fire demand formula 100√P m³/day

Tube well quality IS 10500:2012

Best planning tool GIS

Para 503 – Annual Water Review on Railways

Key Provisions
 Every year, Divisional Railway Manager (DRM) shall conduct a Water Review Meeting.
 Participants:
o All branch officers
o Civil Public Health Department (if required)
 Purpose of review:
o Adequacy of existing water supply
o Need for augmentation
o Preventive measures to avoid summer emergencies
Post-Meeting Actions

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 Minutes of meeting to be sent to:

o Office of Principal Chief Engineer (PCE) – for information
 Copies to:
o ADENs
o Sr. Section Engineers (Engineering & Electrical)
Further Action
 Sr. Divisional / Divisional Engineer shall:
o Submit proposals for augmentation (if required)
o Take further necessary action

📌 Exam Focus: Responsibility & reporting hierarchy.

Para 504 – Data for Estimating Water Requirements

Key Points
 Daily water supply scale to be computed on minimum basis.
 Reference:
o Annexure 5.2
 Exception:
o Higher provision allowed if special circumstances justify.
 Future development allowance must be included.

Para 505 – Water Supply from Outside Sources

Sources
 Public Works Department (PWD)
 Municipality
 Private bodies
Agreement Must Clearly Specify

SN Item

1 Term / duration of agreement

2 Rate of payment for water

3 Mode of measurement & meter location

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SN Item

4 Maximum & minimum daily quantity

5 Minimum pressure in mains

6 Supply points (for bulk supply)

7 Distribution layout & conditions for extensions

Record Keeping
 Copies of agreements to be available in:
o Sr. Divisional / Divisional Engineer’s office
o Assistant Divisional Engineer’s office

B – WELLS

Para 506 – Classification of Wells

Types of Wells

Type Description

Depth & diameter depend on seepage area; poor construction may lead
Dug Wells
to unsafe water

Sunk Wells Depend on adequate extent & porosity of water-bearing formation

Driven Wells / Shallow Tube

Tube diameter 40–100 mm; depth & method depend on strata
Wells

Bore Wells Tubular wells drilled into permeable strata with strainers

Para 507 – Preliminary Measures for Sinking of Open Wells

Before Construction
1. Sampling
o Soil strata samples
o Groundwater samples
o Chemical & bacteriological analysis
o Via trial boring / test well
o Preferably in dry season
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o Geological Department to be consulted (if possible)

2. Yield Assessment
o Conduct recuperation test
o Pump water below normal water table
o Plot diagram:
 X-axis → Drawdown
 Y-axis → Inflow (litres/hour)

Para 508 – Determination of Size of Open Well

Basis of Design
 Yield diagram
 Maximum daily demand
 Allowance for future demand
Factors to be Considered
(a) Normal Water Table
 Level after no pumping for 24 hours
 Varies throughout the year
(b) Critical Velocity of Flow
 Maximum safe velocity through subsoil without disturbing fine particles
 Value:
o 750 to 1200 mm/hour
o Corresponding head: 2 to 3 m
Safe Yield of Open Well
Safe Yield = Critical Velocity × Area of well floor

Para 509 – Improving Yield in Open Wells

Methods Based on Soil Type
1. Sandy Soil
 If yield with 2 m drop is insufficient:
o Increase well diameter, OR
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o Sink a tube well inside open well

 Increasing drop increases:
o Critical velocity
o Risk of sand blowing & subsidence
2. Moorum & Porous Rock
 Improve yield by deepening well
 Only if lower strata is porous
 Confirmed by boring
Additional Measures
 Drive adits into sides
 Increase number of weep holes
 Construct bund upstream to retain rainfall runoff (porous rock)

Para 510 – Shallow Tube Wells

General Features
 Depth: 7.5 to 12 m
 Used for shallow water table
 Suitable for:
o Small water demand
o Wayside stations
o Trackmen quarters
o Gate lodges
Advantages & Limitations
 Cheaper than open wells
 Water quality not reliable
 Disinfection essential
Operation
 Electrical or manual
 Hand pumps recommended where:
o Water table ≤ 10 m
o At unimportant / wayside stations
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📌 Hand pumps standardized by BIS.

Para 511 – Construction of Bore Wells

1. Methods of Construction

Method Key Features

Well drilling Pipe driven into shallow sand/gravel (6–20 m); cable tool / rotary drilling

Hydraulic direct rotary Rotating tools cut rock; casing set continuously

Percussion Bit raised & dropped repeatedly

Hydraulic jet Best for small diameter bores in soft soil

Reverse rotary Water pumped out through pipe, returns via annular space

Sludger method Lever action; suitable up to ~50 m depth

2. Casing and Strainers

(a) Casing
 Mandatory in soft soils
 In rock:
o At least through soft upper strata
 Purpose:
o Prevent caving
o Exclude surface water
o Extend into solid strata
(b) Well Strainer & Gravel Pack
 Openings provided in strainer
 Facilitate groundwater entry
 Prevent sand movement
(Text continues beyond provided extract)

Quick Revision Table

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Topic Key Value / Point

Annual review authority DRM

Water estimation basis Annexure 5.2

Shallow tube well depth 7.5–12 m

Driven well tube diameter 40–100 mm

Critical velocity 750–1200 mm/hr

Head for critical velocity 2–3 m

Safe yield formula Velocity × Area

Best soil for hydraulic jet Soft soil

Max depth (sludger) ~50 m

Para 512 – Consultation with Geological Department

Key Points
 Geological Department / Central Ground Water Board / State PHE Department should be
consulted for:
o Proposals of deep tube wells
 Where normal water table is at greater depth:
o Deep tube wells are more economical and preferable than open wells

Para 513 – Stages of Work for Sinking Deep Tube Wells

1. Trial Boring
 During sinking:
o Strata samples examined for yield
o Water samples taken for analysis
 Based on results:
o Area of strainer required
o Suitable strata for strainer location decided

2. Water Sampling for Analysis

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 For large water supply:

o Draw water from maximum possible depth
 Advantages of deep groundwater:
o Less bacteriological contamination
 However:
o May contain dissolved chemical impurities
 Therefore:
o Chemical analysis mandatory
o Samples sent to Sr. Divisional / Divisional Medical Officer

3. Tube-Well Installation
 Casing pipes sunk to required depth
 Strainers & plain pipes lowered to correct depths
 Gravel / pebbles used as shrouding during casing extraction
 Essential when:
o Strainers are in fine sand
Strainer Materials
 Brass
 Galvanized iron
 Special alloy steel
 HDPE / PVC
 Metal-combined strainers with gravel/sand shroud
Design Requirement
 Screen opening area such that:
o Inflow velocity is low
o No disturbance of finer particles of aquifer

4. Testing Yield of Tube Wells

 Tube well must be tested for yield
 IS: 2800-2019 may be referred

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Para 514 – Checking Verticality of Tube Wells

Importance
 Tube wells must be perfectly vertical
Method Used – Plumb Disk Method
 Two steel disks (3 mm thick)
 Connected by:
o 25 mm dia rod
o 3 m length
 Suspended by wire over pulley
 If well not vertical:
o Wire deviates from center
Permissible Deviation
 Absolute verticality – ideal
 Acceptable deviation:
o 100 mm per 30 m depth
o Where submersible pumps are not installed

Para 515 – Failure of Wells & Remedial Measures

Causes of Failure
 Sand clogging
 Corrosion
 Encrustation of screen
General Remedies
 Sand removal by:
o Sand pump
o Bucket
 Corroded strainers:
o Pulled out, cleaned, renewed or replaced
 Other methods:
o Surging
o Dry ice
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o Chemical treatment (acids, chlorine, polyphosphates)

Table – Well Clogging Problems & Treatment

SN Problem Treatment

Fine sand, clay, silt Sodium hexametaphosphate @ 50 g/litre, left 24 hrs, followed by
1
clogging surging/jetting

2 Chemical clogging Hydrochloric or sulphuric acid with inhibitor

3 Bacterial clogging Chlorination using calcium hypochlorite (200 g @ 70% for 1000 L)

Disinfection of Wells
 Mandatory for:
o Newly constructed wells
o Repaired wells
 Method:
o Heavy chlorination
o Bleaching powder commonly used

Para 516 – Bored Wells

1. Objectives of Bored Well Design

Objective

Maximum yield with minimum drawdown

Good water quality

Sand-free water

Long life (≥ 25 years)

Low initial cost

2. Well Structure
 Two main elements:
1. Casing

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2. Intake zone

3. Design Considerations for Casing Pipe

Requirement

Adequate clearance for pump & tools

Up-hole velocity ≤ 1.5 m/s

Casing dia ≥ pump bowl dia + 50 mm

Smooth exterior to reduce friction

Sufficient wall thickness

Resistance to corrosive groundwater

Reduced dia below lowest pump setting in deep wells

Groundwater Recharging Techniques

Classification

Category Techniques

Direct Surface Flooding, Percolation ponds/basins, Ditch & furrow, Over-irrigation

Direct Sub- Injection wells, Recharge pits/shafts, Dug well recharge, Bore-hole flooding, Cavity
surface fillings

Combined Basin/percolation tank with pit-shaft or bore well

Indirect Induced recharge from surface water, Aquifer modification

D – IMPOUNDING RESERVOIRS

Para 517 – Governing Factors

Factors Affecting Storage
 Catchment area & its characteristics
 Rainfall
 Contour plan of proposed dam site

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Purpose of Contour Plan

 Decide dam height
 Check adequacy of storage capacity
Other Considerations
 Losses due to:
o Evaporation
o Absorption
 Expert agencies to be consulted if required

Quick Revision Table

Topic Key Point

Preferred well for deep water table Deep tube well

Strainer shrouding Gravel / pebbles

Yield test IS IS 2800-2019

Verticality tolerance 100 mm / 30 m

Well life (bored well) ≥ 25 years

Max up-hole velocity 1.5 m/s

Chlorination Mandatory after construction

Reservoir storage depends on Catchment + rainfall

Para 518 – Storage Capacity (Impounding Reservoirs)

Key Points
 Storage capacity depends on:
o Height of dam
o Contours of catchment behind the dam
 Allowances must be made for losses due to:
o Seepage
o Evaporation
o Silting
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📌 Exam Tip: Always account for losses while fixing storage capacity.

Para 519 – Cracks in Reservoir Walls

Management
 Cracks should be:
o Grouted using fine cement grout or resins
 Reservoir walls should be:
o Kept under continuous observation

Para 520 – Reservoir Management

1) Silting
 Causes:
o Deposition of silt → loss of capacity over time
 Effects:
o Reduces usefulness of reservoir
 Control Measures:
o Proper site selection
o Erosion control (afforestation)
o Check dams
o Efficient reservoir operation
o De-silting works
 Provision:
o Silting capacity must be provided based on studies of similar catchments

2) Evaporation
 Important factor in:
o Storage requirement
o Loss estimation
 Influenced by:
o Temperature

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o Barometric pressure
o Mean wind velocity
o Vapour pressure (saturated & actual)
o Dissolved salt content
 Control:
o Organic compounds forming monomolecular film on water surface to reduce evaporation

3) Seepage
 Occurs when:
o Sides or bottom are permeable
 Effect:
o Loss of stored water
 Control:
o Cut-off wall beneath the dam

4) Algal Problems
 Issues:
o Algae growth
o Water hyacinth
 Preventive Measures:
o Stop organic-rich inflows
 Control:
o Algaecide treatment
o Best applied at early stage of algae growth

Summary Table – Reservoir Management

Issue Cause Control Measures

Silting Soil erosion Afforestation, check dams, de-silting

Evaporation Climate & wind Monomolecular surface film

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Issue Cause Control Measures

Seepage Permeable strata Cut-off wall

Algae Organic inflow Algaecides, early treatment

E – INFILTRATION GALLERIES AND WELLS

Para 521 – Infiltration Gallery

Key Points
 Constructed in water-bearing strata
 Water collected through:
o Porous drain pipes
 Collecting well at downstream end:
o Acts as sump
 Best orientation:
o Gallery laid perpendicular to subsurface flow
 Water quality:
o Generally good
o Only disinfection required

Para 522 – Infiltration Wells

Features
 Sunk in series along river banks
 Construction:
o Masonry with open joints
 Connected by:
o Porous pipes to collecting sump (jack well)
Performance
 Large yield possible
 Water quality depends on:
o River water quality
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o Depth of well
o Distance from river bank

Para 523 – Radial Collector Wells

Construction Details
 Cylindrical RCC well:
o Diameter: 4–5 m
 Radial pipes:
o Slotted steel pipes
o Diameter: 200–300 mm
o Driven horizontally about 7 m below water table
 Pipe lengths:
o Determined by water demand & aquifer yield
 Pipe sections:
o 2.4 m long, welded together
 Installation:
o Driven using pin jacks
De-sanding
 Mandatory after driving radial pipes
 Done by:
o Compressed air blast to remove fine alluvium
Performance
 Higher efficiency than ordinary wells
 High yield possible
 Best suited for:
o Alluvial beds of major rivers

Comparison – Infiltration vs Radial Collector Wells

Feature Infiltration Wells Radial Collector Wells

Location River banks Alluvial river beds

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Feature Infiltration Wells Radial Collector Wells

Yield Moderate to high Very high

Construction Masonry wells RCC well with radial pipes

Efficiency Moderate Very high

Para 524 – Intake Arrangements

1) Design Considerations
 Prevent vortex formation
 Uniform inflow to pumps
 Adequate submergence to avoid air entry
 Suction pipe:
o Short and straight
o Bends with large radius
Hydraulic Criteria
 Suction pipe size:
o 1–2 sizes larger than pump size
 Velocity in suction pipe:
o About 2 m/s
 Bell mouth inlet velocity:
o About 1.5 m/s
 Suction strainer:
o Net open area ≥ 3 × area of suction pipe

2) Development of Surface Source Intakes

Types of Intake Structures
 Intake towers
 Intake barge / jetty
 Submerged intakes
 Intake pipes / conduits
 Intake wells
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 Movable intakes
 Shore intakes

3) Intake Towers
 Used for:
o Large waterworks
 Suitable for:
o Lakes, reservoirs, rivers
 Advantage:
o Draw water from desired depth for best quality
o Avoid clogging

F – PUMPS

Para 525 – Pumping Arrangements

1) Site & Location
 Site should be:
o Dry land
o Free from flood risk
 If flood-prone:
o Protective embankment required
 Pump floor level:
o 1–2 m above HFL
 Accessibility:
o Approach even during monsoon
o Space for vehicles & equipment
o Minimum clear width: 3 m

2) Trash Racks & Screen Chamber

 Purpose:
o Remove floating debris
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 Provisions:
o Coarse screen
o Crane for heavy objects
o Mud/sand removal device
o Footsteps for access

3) Pump House
 Pump types:
o Vertical turbine
o Submerged turbine
o Horizontal centrifugal
 Sump arrangement:
o Positive / flooded suction
 Centrifugal pump:
o Volute top below minimum water level
o Allowance for:
 Friction loss
 Drawdown
 Installation inaccuracies

4) Water-Seal Arrangement
 Required for:
o Efficient pump operation
 Functions of seal water:
1. Cooling seal & shaft
2. Lubrication
3. Flushing impurities

Para 526 – Types and Selection of Pumps

Classification of Pumps
A) Kinetic Energy Pumps
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 Centrifugal pumps
 Jet pumps
 Air-lift pumps
B) Positive Displacement Pumps
 Rotary pumps
 Peristaltic pumps
 Reciprocating pumps

Quick Revision Table

Topic Key Value / Point

Storage loss factors Seepage, evaporation, silting

Crack treatment Cement grout / resins

Gallery orientation Perpendicular to flow

Radial well pipe dia 200–300 mm

Suction pipe velocity ~2 m/s

Bell mouth velocity ~1.5 m/s

Suction strainer area ≥ 3× suction pipe

Pump floor level 1–2 m above HFL

Pump classes Kinetic & Positive displacement

Para 526 (Contd.) – Types and Selection of Pumps

General Popularity & Use
 Centrifugal pumps and reciprocating (positive displacement) pumps are most popular.
 Reciprocating pumps:
o Suitable for high head (high pressure) duties
o Used for metering / dosing
 Centrifugal pumps:
o Mechanically simple
o Provide non-pulsating continuous flow
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2) Pump Types Based on Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)

Aspect Details

VFD Electronic controller varying motor speed

Advantage Continuous control as per demand

Limitation Not preferred for intake & clear water pumping

Preferred Constant speed pumps for intake & clear water

3) Pump Types Based on Drive Coupling

 Direct coupling
 Flexible coupling
 Close-coupled
 Belt & pulley drive
 Gearing arrangement
 Variable speed arrangement

4) Pump Types Based on Position of Pump Axis

Pump Type Axis

General pumps Horizontal

Vertical turbine pumps Vertical

Borewell submersible pumps Vertical

Volute sump pumps Vertical

Dry-pit pumps Horizontal

a) Turbine Pump
 Impeller surrounded by diffuser vanes
 Velocity energy converted to pressure energy
 Suitable for high head applications

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b) Volute Pump
 No diffuser vanes
 Spiral-shaped casing
 Converts velocity to pressure
 Preferred for:
o Large capacity
o Low/medium head
 Centrifugal pumps normally use volute

Comparison – Turbine vs Volute Pumps

Feature Turbine Pump Volute Pump

Diffuser vanes Present Absent

Head High Low/Medium

Capacity Moderate Large

Preference High head Large flow

c) Radial Flow Pumps

 Pressure developed by centrifugal force
 Flow:
o Axial entry → radial discharge
 Impellers:
o Single or double suction
 Shaft:
o Horizontal or vertical

d) Mixed Flow Pumps

 Entry: Axial
 Discharge: Partly radial
 Head developed by:
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o Centrifugal force + vane lift

 Casing:
o Volute or diffuser

e) Axial Flow Pumps

 Also called propeller pumps
 Head developed by vane lifting action
 Flow:
o Axial entry and axial discharge

f) Vertical Turbine (VT) Pumps

 Impellers mounted on impeller shaft
 Diffusers housed in bowl assembly
 Vertical line shaft:
o Conveys water to surface

g) Solar Pumps
 Shall conform to:
o MNRE (Govt. of India) specifications
o Letter No. 32/5/2021 – SPV Division (08-06-2021)
o Or Ministry of Railways guidelines

5) Selection of Pumps
a) Common Pump Types in Use
 Reciprocating
 Centrifugal
 Airlift
 Vertical spindle deep-well turbine
 Hydraulic rams:
o Useful for small quantities in perennial streams

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b) Reciprocating Pumps
 Nearly uniform efficiency over wide range
 Greater operational flexibility
 Types:
o Duplex
o Triplex
o Quadruplex
 Suitable for:
o Open wells
 Not suitable for:
o Tube wells (intermittent suction damages strainers)

c) Centrifugal Pumps
 Efficient & economical
 Low maintenance
 Limitation:
o Suction lift is limited
 Airlift pumps:
o Used where centrifugal pumps cannot be installed close to water table
o Low efficiency
o Not recommended above 35,000 L/hr

d) Vertical Spindle Deep-Well Turbine Pumps

 Suitable for:
o Large tube wells
 Features:
o High efficiency
o Easy operation
 Condition:
o Water must be free from grit
o Skilled supervision required
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 Submersible Pumps:
o Suitable for small installations
o Motor & pump submerged
o No vertical shaft

e) Operating Condition
 Pumps should operate continuously at rated load for maximum efficiency

f) Pump Capacity
 Pumping capacity must not exceed source yield
 Prevents damage to strata

g) Responsibility
 Pump design & selection:
o Electrical Engineering Dept.
o In consultation with Civil Engineering Dept.
 Reference:
o Manual on Water Supply & Treatment Systems, Part-A, Chapter-5

Para 527 – Pump Installation

Installation Requirements

Item Requirement

Foundation Strong, vibration-absorbing (IS:2974 Part-IV)

Suction lift Minimum possible; max ~7 m at sea level

Suction pipe Air-tight, few bends, foot valve

Valves Non-return valve + delivery valve near pump

Delivery pipe velocity ~ 2.5 m/s

Dismantling joint Provided to avoid thrust on pump

Spacing 0.6 m (small/medium), 1.0 m (large units)

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Item Requirement

Control panels As per Indian Electricity Rules

Para 528 – Driving Units

Driving Options
 Electric motor
 Oil engine
Provisions
1. Electric motor preferred where power available
2. Stand-by generator recommended
3. Oil engines where power unavailable
4. Non-return valve + sluice valve:
o Must not be closed while pump is running

Para 529 – Capacity of Pumping

Design Capability

Condition Time

Normal daily demand ≤ 12 hours

Present maximum demand ≤ 16 hours

Future maximum demand ~20 hours

Standby Arrangement (Small Systems < 15 MLD)

 Two pumps:
o 1 duty + 1 standby (full capacity)
OR
 Three pumps:
o 2 duty + 1 standby (each 50%)

Quick Revision Table

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Topic Key Point

Popular pumps Centrifugal & Reciprocating

High head duty Reciprocating

Large flow, low head Volute centrifugal

Max suction lift ~7 m

Delivery velocity 2.5 m/s

VFD use Not preferred for intake

Max airlift capacity 35,000 L/hr

Pumping capacity rule ≤ Source yield

Normal pumping duration 12 hrs/day

Para 530 – Pump Horse Power (PHP)

Formula
𝐿 × (𝐻 + ℎ)
Pump Horse Power (PHP) =
4560

Where
 PHP = Pump Horse Power
 L = Discharge in litres per minute
 H = Vertical height from suction level to highest discharge point (m)
 h = Head loss due to friction (m)
 1 Metric HP = 75 kg-m/sec
Allowances
 8% extra head may be allowed for incrustation in cast iron pipes.
 Relation between:
o Pump HP
o Indicated HP / Brake HP of engine
depends on pump type, engine type and efficiency.

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G – AQUEDUCTS AND PIPE LINES

Para 531 – Conveyance of Water from Source

Types of Transmission Main Systems
1) Gravity Main
 Source at higher elevation
 Flow from:
o Higher head → Lower head
 Flow may be:
o Open or closed
 Called Gravity System

2) Pumping Main
 Water transmitted to higher elevation
 Energy supplied by external source (pump)
 Called Pumping Main

3) Combined System
 Combination of:
o Gravity + Pumping
 Used when:
o Available gravity head is insufficient
o Due to friction losses or intermediate high points

Comparison Table – Transmission Systems

System Energy Source Condition

Gravity main Natural head Source at higher elevation

Pumping main External (pump) Source at lower elevation

Combined Gravity + pump Gravity head insufficient

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Para 532 – Different Types of Pipes Used

Pipe Materials Used
 Cast Iron (CI)
 Mild Steel (MS)
 Ductile Iron (DI)
 Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC)
 Prestressed Cement Concrete (PSC)
 Polyethylene (PE)
 Asbestos Cement (AC) pressure pipes
 Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP)
 Bar Wrapped Steel Cylinder (BWSC)

Classification of Pipe Materials (Based on Construction)

1) Metallic Pipes
Materials
 Cast Iron (CI)
 Ductile Iron (DI)
 Mild Steel (MS)
 Stainless Steel
 Galvanized Iron (GI)
Based on Lining
 Unlined metallic pipes
 Lined metallic pipes (cement mortar / epoxy)

2) Non-Metallic Pipes

Category Types

Concrete RCC, PSC

Steel core Bar Wrapped Steel Cylinder

Plastic PVC (PVC-O, PVC-U), PE

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Category Types

Composite GRP / FRP

Others Asbestos Cement pressure pipes

General Laying & Use Provisions

a) Gravity Conduits
 Set accurately to required gradient
 Covered to prevent contamination
 Provided with:
o Scour sluice at lowest point
o Manholes at:
 ≤ 250 m spacing
 All bends & gradient changes

b) Pressure Mains
 GI screwed pipes → up to 80 mm dia
 Above 80 mm dia:
o CI spigot & socket
o RCC
o Steel pipes (as per BIS)

c) Cast Iron Pipes

 First & second-class CI pipes in stock:
o To be treated to reduce corrosion & incrustation
 CI pipes ≤ 80 mm dia:
o Not economical (tuberculation & incrustation)
 Diameter calculations:
o Based on data of old pipes
o Unless service life < 2 years

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d) Concrete Pipes
Suitability
 Best where:
o Pressure is low
o Shock is small
 Not to be used above:
o 50 m head
RCC Pipe Classification

Class Test Pressure (kg/cm²)

P1 2.0

P2 4.0

P3 6.0

Working Pressure Limits

 Gravity mains → ≤ 2/3 of test pressure
 Pumping mains → ≤ 1/2 of test pressure
Pressure Range Suitability

Pipe Type Pressure Range

RCC Up to ~3 kg/cm²

PSC 6 – 20 kg/cm²

Steel ~24 kg/cm²

 PSC pipes economical for:

o Diameters ≥ 600 mm
 Ideal PSC use:
o Pressure range 6–20 kg/cm²

e) PVC Pipes
Advantages
 Corrosion resistant
 Light weight

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 Easy installation
 Chemical resistant
 Economical
Characteristics
 Size range: 20 mm – 315 mm
 Working pressure: 2 – 10 kg/cm²
 Good elasticity for buried conditions
Limitations
 Not suitable:
o Above ground (UV degradation)
o For hot water supply
 UV exposure causes:
o Discoloration
o Cracking
o Loss of serviceability

f) Steel / Ductile Iron Pipes

 Suitable where:
o Ground levels vary significantly
 Very convenient for laying in uneven terrain
(Text continues beyond given extract)

Quick Revision Table

Topic Key Point

PHP formula L(H+h)/4560

Extra head allowance 8% for CI pipes

Gravity system No external energy

Pumping system External energy required

Combined system Gravity + pump

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Topic Key Point

CI pipes ≤ 80 mm Not economical

RCC pipe max head 50 m

PSC ideal pressure 6–20 kg/cm²

PVC size range 20–315 mm

PVC above ground Not recommended

Reduction in Carrying Capacity of Pipes with Age

Key Points
 Carrying capacity depends on:
o Pipe diameter
o Hazen–Williams C-value
 C-value ∝ smoothness of inner surface
o Higher C → smoother pipe → higher capacity → lower friction loss
 With age:
o Incrustation (solid deposition) occurs
o Pipe surface becomes rough
o Carrying capacity decreases

Para 533 – Pipe Laying and Fitting of Valves & Meters

1) Instructions for Pipe Laying

a) Gravity Lines
 Follow ground contour
 Avoid frequent & abrupt gradient changes
 Must lie well below hydraulic gradient at maximum discharge
b) Depth & Trench
 Top of pipe ≥ 0.5 m below ground
 In frost areas → cover ≥ 1.0 m

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 Trench bed:
o Even gradient
o Filled with soil rammed in 150 mm layers
c) Valves Location
 Air valves at summits
 Scour valves at sags
d) Spigot & Socket Pipes
 Socket faces direction of water flow
e) Difficult Locations
 Deep depressions / marshy ground:
o Support pipes on pillars or props
f) Hill Slopes
 Anchor pipes to prevent sliding
 Prefer flanged pipes with bolts
g) End Protection
 Close open end of last pipe at day’s end
h) Testing
 Test pipeline with water pressure
 Done before trench filling

2) Valves & Appurtenances to be Provided

Item Purpose / Location

Air valves At summits

Reflux (NRV) Foot of ascending mains

Scour valves Depressions & low points

Sluice valves Sectional isolation for repairs

Ball cock At discharge of gravity main (auto control)

Meters As required

📌 Ball cock on pumping main → only if safety/relief valve exists.

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3) Valve Inspection Before Installation

 Remove covers & glands
 Adjust packing
 Examine spindles & gates
 Refit in free & perfect working condition

Important Valves & Instruments

a) Safety Valve
 Releases pressure beyond preset limit
 Maintains pressure below design value
 Type:
o Spring-loaded / weight-loaded
 Location:
o Near pumping station (usually outside)
 Limitation:
o Not suitable for surge protection

b) Air Relief Valve

 Functions:
o Releases air during filling
o Allows air entry during emptying
o Removes entrained air at high points
 Location:
o At all peaks based on:
 Ground profile
 Hydraulic gradient
 Required:
o At ends of parallel sections
o At points where hydraulic gradient slope changes
(Ref: SP-35 S&T 1987, Reaff. 2014)
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c) Sluice Valve
 Used to:
o Regulate flow
o Stop flow completely
 Installed:
o In gravity conduits
o At major summits in pressure mains

d) Drain Valve
 Used for:
o Scouring
o Emptying mains
 Location:
o Low points
o Dead ends

e) Reflux Valve (Non-Return / Check Valve)

 Allows flow in one direction only
 Closes automatically on reverse flow
 Should close without shock

f) Other Instruments
 Level probes
 Sight glass tubes (air-water interface)
 Pressure gauges

Summary Table – Valves & Functions

Valve Function Location

Safety valve Pressure relief Near pumping station

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Valve Function Location

Air relief valve Air release/admission Peaks & summits

Sluice valve Flow control/isolation Sections & summits

Drain valve Scouring/emptying Low points

Reflux valve Prevent backflow Rising mains

H – WATER TREATMENT

Para 534 – Water Quality Testing & Laboratory Facilities

1) Introduction
 Water quality parameters:
o Physical
o Chemical
o Microbiological
o Radiological
 Quality affected by:
o Source water
o Treatment efficiency
o Condition of distribution system
o Service lines to households
Responsibility
 Tests performed by:
o Medical Department
 Sample collection:
o Jointly by Engineering & Medical Departments

2) Health Effects of Unsafe Drinking Water

Risks
 Pathogens → infectious diseases
 Chemical contaminants → health hazards if beyond limits
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Water-borne Diseases
 Cholera
 Diarrhoea
 Dysentery
 Hepatitis-A
 Typhoid
 Polio

3) Standards & Guidelines

Issued by
 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)
 Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change
 Central Pollution Control Board
 Ministry of Jal Shakti
Applicable Standards

Standard Description

IS 10500:2012 Drinking Water – Specifications (Annexure 5.3)

IS 3025:2019 Methods of Sampling & Testing (Physical & Chemical)

Para 535 – Water Samples for Analysis

Procedure
 Samples collected jointly by:
o Engineering staff
o Medical Department
Sampling Containers
 Sterilized glass-stoppered bottles
 Issued by:
o Sr. Divisional / Divisional Medical Officer
 Separate bottles for:
o Bacteriological examination
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o Chemical examination

Quick Revision Table

Topic Key Point

Pipe aging effect Incrustation reduces capacity

Pipe cover ≥ 0.5 m (≥ 1 m in frost areas)

Air valves At summits & hydraulic peaks

Scour valves At sags/low points

Safety valve Pressure relief only

Water quality tests Physical, chemical, microbiological

Drinking water standard IS 10500:2012

Testing method standard IS 3025:2019

Sample bottles Sterilized glass-stoppered

536–537 Water Treatment

 Aim: Safe, potable & economical water
Treatment Sequence:
Aeration → Coagulation → Flocculation → Sedimentation → Filtration → Disinfection

538 Aeration
 Improve taste & oxygen level
 DO maintained: 6–8.5 mg/L
Types: Spray, tray, cascade, diffused

539 Coagulation & Flocculation

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 Rapid mixing → destabilization

 Slow mixing → floc formation
 Coagulant feeders: gravity, pressure, electro
540 Coagulants
 List of commonly used coagulants/chemicals and their properties is given in Annexure 8.4 of
Manual of Water Supply & Treatment Systems (Part-A).
 Selection of coagulant depends on:
o Raw water quality
o Site-specific conditions
o Treatment objectives
 Designer must select the most effective chemical for the given water.

541 Slow Mixing / Flocculation

 Slow mixing is a hydrodynamic process that converts micro-flocs into large, settleable flocs
(orthokinetic flocculation).
 Occurs after rapid mixing.
 Alum (trivalent +++) neutralizes negatively charged colloids.
 Increased Van der Waal forces → floc growth.
 Flocs are removed later by sedimentation & filtration.
Types of Slow Mixers

Type

Gravitational / Hydraulic flocculators

Horizontal flow baffled flocculator

Vertical flow baffled flocculator

Mechanical paddle flocculator

Pulsating sludge blanket clarifier

542 Sedimentation (Clarification)

 Separation of suspended particles by gravitational settling.
 Removes coagulated impurities.

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 Widely used in conventional treatment.

Factors Affecting Sedimentation
 Particle size, shape, density & nature
 Water viscosity & temperature
 Surface overflow rate
 Velocity of flow
 Inlet & outlet arrangements
 Detention period
 Effective depth of settling zone
Types of Sedimentation Tanks

Type

Horizontal flow tanks

Radial flow circular tank (central feed)

Radial flow circular tank (peripheral feed)

Surface Loading & Detention

 Removal efficiency mainly depends on surface overflow rate.
 Independent of basin depth for discrete particles.
 Greater depth improves aggregation for flocculent particles.

Sludge Removal
 Sludge removed by hydrostatic pressure through pipes.
 Pipe size depends on:
o Flow
o Quantity of suspended solids

Tube Settlers & Plate Settlers

 Provide excellent clarification.
 Detention time ≤ 10 minutes.
 Tubes inclined at about 60°.
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 Operate on counter-current flow principle.

 Allow continuous sludge drainage.

543 Combination of Technologies

Tube Clariflocculator (Clarisettler)
 Combination of flocculation + tube settling.
 Saves land area.
 Suitable for urban locations.
 Flow path similar to conventional clariflocculator.
Ballasted Flocculation & Settling
 Uses micro-sand as ballast.
 Increases specific gravity of flocs.
 Improves settling rate.
 Reduces plant footprint.
 Emerging technology in India.

544 Filtration
 Filtration removes suspended & colloidal impurities by passing water through porous media.
 Filtration alone (without pretreatment) cannot remove:
o Turbidity
o Colour
o Microorganisms
o Precipitated hardness
 Essential for:
o Aesthetic quality
o Effective disinfection
Types of Filters Used

Filter Type

Slow sand filters

Rapid sand filters

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Filter Type

High-rate filters

Slow Sand Filters

 Not widely used nowadays.

Rapid Sand Filters

 Single or dual media bed.
 Sand depth: 0.60 – 0.75 m
 Water depth above media: 1 – 2.5 m
 Supported on gravel over under-drainage system.

Filter Gravel
 Prevents sand entry into under-drains.
 Ensures uniform wash water distribution.
 Gravel size: 50 mm (bottom) to 2 mm (top)
 Gravel depth: 0.45 – 0.60 m
 Higher filtration rate → larger gravel size.
 Refer IS: 8419 (Part-1).

📌 Dual-parallel block underdrains do not require gravel.

Rapid Gravity Dual Media Filters

 Two media:
o Coal
o Sand
 Downward flow under gravity.

545 Disposal of Wastes & Sludge

 Increasingly important due to:
o Environmental protection

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o Availability of treatment technologies

 Proper disposal planning required for:
o Sludge
o Backwash water
o Chemical wastes

546 Layout of Water Treatment Plants

Apart from process units, WTP includes:
 Filter annex building
 Chemical house & store
 MCC / switch room
 Chlorination room
 Tonner yard
 Generator & transformer yard
 Offices, staff quarters, security cabin
 Sometimes Elevated Service Reservoir (ESR)
Layout Principles
 Sequential & logical placement
 Minimum piping & channels
 Easy operator movement
 Walkways at operating level
 Roads & paths connecting all units

547 Computer-Aided Optimal Design

 Computerized design has transformed WTP planning.
 Covers:
o Sizing
o Hydraulics
o Electro-mechanical systems
o Instrumentation
 All components are inter-linked.
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 Recommended to use computer-aided optimal design for:

o Efficient operation
o Easy maintenance
o Automation & SCADA

🔹 QUICK REVISION TABLE

Water Treatment Units (Conventional)

Stage Purpose

Coagulation Particle destabilization

Flocculation Formation of settleable flocs

Sedimentation Removal of flocs

Filtration Removal of fine impurities

Disinfection Kill pathogens

518. Storage Capacity

 Depends on height of dam and catchment contours.
 Allowances must be made for losses due to seepage, evaporation and silting.
519. Cracks in Reservoir Walls
 Cracks should be grouted with fine cement grout/resins.
 Continuous observation and monitoring required.
520. Reservoir Management
(i) Silting
 Causes loss of storage capacity over time.
 Minimized by proper site selection, erosion control, afforestation, check dams, desilting.
 Provision of silting capacity essential.
(ii) Evaporation
 Influenced by temperature, wind velocity, vapour pressure, dissolved salts.
 Monomolecular organic films can reduce evaporation.
(iii) Seepage

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 Occurs through permeable sides/bottom.

 Reduced by cut-off walls beneath dams.
(iv) Algal Problems
 Controlled by preventing organic inflows and using suitable algaecides.
 Early-stage treatment is preferable.

B. Infiltration Galleries and Wells (Para 521–523)

521. Infiltration Gallery
 Constructed in water-bearing strata.
 Water collected through porous drain pipes.
 Gallery laid perpendicular to groundwater flow gives maximum yield.
 Water quality generally good; disinfection usually sufficient.
522. Infiltration Wells
 Constructed on river banks, usually in series.
 Masonry wells with open joints connected to a jack well.
 Yield high; quality depends on river water, depth and distance from bank.
523. Radial Collector Wells
 RCC cylindrical well (4–5 m dia) with horizontal radial pipes (200–300 mm dia).
 Pipes driven ~7 m below water table.
 High efficiency and yield; commonly in alluvial river beds.

C. Intake Arrangements (Para 524)

 Prevent vortex formation and air entry.
 Suction pipe short & straight; diameter 1–2 sizes larger than pump.
 Suction velocity ≈ 2 m/s, bell mouth velocity ≈ 1.5 m/s.
 Strainer open area ≥ 3 times suction pipe area.
 Types: intake towers, jetties, submerged intakes, intake wells, shore intakes.

D. Pumps (Para 525–530)

525. Pumping Arrangements
 Pumping station on flood-free dry land.
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 Pump floor level 1–2 m above HFL.

 Trash racks, screen chambers, crane provision.
 Seal water provided for cooling, lubrication and flushing.
526. Types and Selection of Pumps
Classes of Pumps
 Kinetic Energy: Centrifugal, Jet, Airlift
 Positive Displacement: Reciprocating, Rotary, Peristaltic
Based on Flow & Construction
 Radial, Mixed, Axial flow
 Turbine pumps, Volute pumps
 Vertical turbine, Submersible, Solar pumps
527. Pump Installation
 Strong vibration-resistant foundation (IS:2974).
 Suction lift ≤ 7 m (sea level).
 Delivery velocity ≈ 2.5 m/s.
 Adequate spacing: 0.6 m (small/medium), 1.0 m (large units).
528. Driving Units
 Electric motor preferred.
 Standby generator essential.
 Oil engines where power unavailable.
529. Capacity of Pumping
 12 h → normal daily demand
 16 h → present maximum demand
 20 h → future maximum demand
 Small systems: 2 pumps (1 duty + 1 standby)
530. Pump Horse Power
 PHP = L(H+h)/4560
 Allow ~8% extra for incrustation.

E. Aqueducts & Pipe Lines (Para 531–533)

531. Conveyance Systems
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 Gravity Main
 Pumping Main
 Combined System
532. Pipe Materials
 Metallic: CI, DI, MS, GI, Stainless Steel
 Non-metallic: RCC, PSC, PVC, PE, GRP, AC
533. Pipe Laying & Valves
 Minimum cover: 0.5 m (1 m in frost areas).
 Air valves at summits, scour valves at sags.
 Pressure testing before backfilling.

F. Water Quality Testing (Para 534–535)

Water Quality Parameters
 Physical, Chemical, Microbiological, Radiological
Standards
 IS 10500:2012 (Drinking Water)
 IS 3025:2019 (Sampling & Testing)
Sampling Procedure
 Sterilized bottles
 Heated tap mouth (3 min), flush 5 min
 Monthly bacteriological tests
 Chemical tests every 6 months

G. Water Treatment (Para 536–547)

536. Method of Treatment
 Depends on raw water quality & standards.
 Unit operations: aeration, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection.
537. Conventional Treatment
 Suitable for most surface waters.
538. Aeration
 Purposes: improve taste, remove gases, increase DO.
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 Types: Spray, Cascade, Tray, Diffused.

539–543. Coagulation to Clarification
 Coagulants destabilize colloids.
 Flocculation forms settleable flocs.
 Sedimentation removes flocs by gravity.
 Tube settlers reduce detention time.
544. Filtration
 Types: Slow sand, Rapid sand, Dual media filters.
545–547. Sludge Disposal & Plant Layout
 Proper disposal essential.
 Layout should be compact, logical, and accessible.
 Computer-aided design & SCADA recommended.

H. Disinfection & Chlorination (Para 548–560)

548. Disinfection
 Removes disease-causing organisms.
 Methods: Physical, Chemical, UV, Chlorination.
549–555. Chlorination Methods
 Plain chlorination
 Super-chlorination
 Breakpoint chlorination
 Combined residual chlorination
556–559. Points of Chlorination
 Pre-, Post- and Re-chlorination.
560. Chlorine Residual
 Post-monsoon: 0.2 mg/L
 Monsoon/epidemic: 0.5 mg/L

Summary Tables
Table 1: Pump Types and Applications

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Pump Type Application

Centrifugal Large discharge, low–medium head

Reciprocating High head, dosing

Vertical Turbine Deep wells

Submersible Small installations

Table 2: Pipe Materials vs Use

Material Suitability

CI/DI Distribution mains

PSC High pressure, large dia

PVC/PE Small dia, corrosion resistant

Table 3: Water Treatment Sequence

Step Purpose

Aeration Remove gases, improve taste

Coagulation Destabilize colloids

Sedimentation Remove flocs

Filtration Remove fine impurities

Disinfection Kill pathogens

Residual Chlorine Measurement

 Determined at:
o Service reservoir
o Furthest consumer point
 BIS Standard: IS 3025 (Part 26)
 Orthotolidine test:
o 100 ml water + 1 ml reagent
o Colour compared with standard chart
 JE/SSE to check regularly at consumer end
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561 Chlorinators
 Device to feed chlorine into water supply
 Functions:
o Regulate chlorine flow
o Indicate gas flow rate
o Ensure proper mixing
Types of Chlorine Feeders
 As per IS 10553 (Part 1)

Type Standard

Pressure type gravity feed IS 10553-4

Vacuum type chlorinator IS 10553-2

Electrolytic / On-site Chlorine Generators

 Produce sodium hypochlorite by electrolysis of brine
 Uses salt, water & electricity
 Generates Na⁺, Cl⁻ and small hydrogen gas

562 Details of Chlorination Process

 Calcium hypochlorite:
o ~70% available chlorine
o Requirement: 20–25 kg for deep wells
 Sodium hypochlorite also used
 Methods:
o Bleaching powder solution
o Electrolyzed brine
o Chlorine gas solution
Safe Handling (IS 10553-1)
 Chlorine rooms:
o Separate, well ventilated
o Floor ≥150 mm above ground
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o Height ≥4 m
 Never below ground level
 Cylinders stored upright & secured
 At least two exits provided
Employee Training Must Include
 Emergency action
 Emergency kits
 First aid
 Chlorine hazards
 Firefighting
 Safety showers & eyewash
 Mock drills

I – HIGH LEVEL STORAGE

563 Storage Capacity
Storage capacity = Higher of the following
With Stand-by Pump

Basis Quantity

Maximum consumption ¼ of 24-hour demand

Normal consumption ⅓ of 24-hour demand

Without Stand-by Pump

Basis Quantity

Maximum consumption ⅓ of 24-hour demand

Normal consumption ½ of 24-hour demand

 Local conditions to be considered

 Tanks may be partitioned for cleaning/repairs

564 Maintenance & Cleaning of Storage Tanks

1. Steel tanks:

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o Inspection & painting as per Indian Railways Bridge Manual

2. Drinking water tanks:
o Cleaning at least once in 6 months
o Disinfection as per NBC 2016
3. Locomotive water tanks:
o Separate procedure as applicable

🔹 QUICK REVISION TABLE

Chlorination Types

Type Purpose

Plain Only disinfection

Super Emergency / heavy pollution

Breakpoint Free residual achieved

Combined Long-lasting residual

Pre Raw water treatment

Post Distribution safety

Re Long distribution systems

548. Disinfection of Water

 Purpose: Destroy disease-producing microorganisms before distribution.
 Required both at treatment stage and during transit.
 Efficiency depends on:
o Type of disinfectant
o Contact time (minimum 30–60 minutes)
 Common disinfectants:
o Chlorine (most common)
o Chloramines
o Chlorine dioxide
o Ozone

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o UV radiation
 Pathogens targeted: Bacteria, viruses, protozoa

549. Chlorination
 Most widely used disinfection method worldwide.
 Preferred due to:
o Convenience
o Proven performance
o Cost effectiveness

550. Chlorine Demand

 Chlorine consumed by organic & inorganic matter before residual appears.
 Chlorine Demand = Chlorine added − Residual chlorine
 Influenced by:
o Chlorine dose
o Contact time
o pH
o Temperature
o Type of residual required

551. Chlorination Practices

 Classified based on type of residual:
o Free available residual chlorination
o Combined residual chlorination

552. Plain (Simple) Chlorination

Used when:
1. Turbidity ≤ 5 NTU
2. Water from relatively unpolluted source
3. Low organic matter; Fe & Mn ≤ 0.3 mg/L
4. Minimum 30 min contact time available
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553. Super-Chlorination
 Used during:
o Emergencies
o Highly polluted water
o Rapid quality fluctuation
 Chlorine dose: 10–15 mg/L
 Contact time: 10–30 minutes
 Excess chlorine must be dechlorinated

554. Breakpoint Chlorination

 Chlorine added reacts with ammonia → chloramines
 On increasing dose:
o Residual first decreases
o Then free chlorine residual appears (breakpoint)

555. Combined Available Residual Chlorination

 Chlorine reacts with ammonia → monochloramine
 Advantages:
o Residual lasts longer
 Disadvantages:
o Weaker disinfectant than free chlorine
 Required contact time: 30–60 minutes
 Essential for long distribution systems

556. Points of Chlorination

 Chlorine may be applied at:
o Pre-chlorination
o Post-chlorination
o Re-chlorination

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557. Pre-Chlorination
 Applied before treatment units.
 Objectives:
o Control algae
o Improve coagulation
o Reduce taste & odour
o Reduce post-chlorine dose
 Free residual chlorine maintained: 0.10–0.20 mg/L
 Ozone / chlorine dioxide used to reduce DBPs

558. Post-Chlorination
 Applied before distribution.
 Contact time: 30 minutes
 Booster chlorination may be required in service reservoirs.

559. Re-Chlorination
 Used in long & complex distribution systems.
 Maintains minimum 0.2 mg/L at farthest point.
 Done at:
o Service reservoirs
o Booster pumping stations
o Distribution nodes

560. Chlorine Residual

 Required residual chlorine:
o 0.20 mg/L – Normal/post-monsoon
o 0.50 mg/L – Monsoon/epidemic
 Tested using Orthotolidine test
 BIS reference: IS 3025 (Part 26)

561. Chlorinators
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Functions:
 Regulate chlorine flow
 Indicate flow rate
 Ensure proper mixing
Types:

Type BIS Reference

Pressure type gravity feed IS 10553-4

Vacuum type IS 10553-2

Electrolytic Chlorinators
 Produce sodium hypochlorite using:
o Salt + water + electricity
 Safer, on-site chlorine generation

562. Details of Chlorination Process

 Chemicals used:
o Bleaching powder (≈70% chlorine)
o Sodium hypochlorite
o Chlorine gas (special equipment)
 Methods:
o Weak solution preparation
o Brine electrolysis
o Gas dosing
 Safety as per IS 10553-1
 Chlorine rooms:
o Above ground level
o Well ventilated
o Min height: 4 m
o Two emergency exits mandatory

563. High Level Storage – Capacity

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Condition Required Storage

With standby pump ¼ max OR ⅓ normal daily demand

Without standby pump ⅓ max OR ½ normal daily demand

 Tanks may be partitioned for cleaning & repairs.

564. Maintenance & Cleaning of Tanks

 Drinking water tanks:
o Cleaned once in 6 months
 Records maintained by Sr. Section Engineer
 Cleaning dates painted visibly on tank

565. Float Gauges & Scouring Sluices

 Float gauge: Indicates water level externally
 Sluice at sill level:
o Helps tank cleaning

566. Protection Against Pollution

 Tanks must be:
o Covered
o Fitted with gauze wire
 Prevents:
o Bird entry
o Algal growth

567. Distribution System

 Accounts for 40–70% of project cost
 Grid system preferred (supply from two directions)
 Tree system suitable only for small supplies

568. Layout of Distribution System

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 Designed for maximum daily demand

 Supply duration: 10–16 hours
 Minimum residual head at tail end: 3 m

569. Rising Mains

 Not to be used for distribution
 Temporary tapping allowed only with control valve

570. Separate Supplies

 Drinking & non-drinking supplies must not interconnect
 Grid layout recommended to avoid dead ends

571. Service Pipes from Mains

 Peak factor recommended: 2.5
Service Connections Table

Distribution Main 15 mm 20 mm 25 mm

40 mm 12 6 3

50 mm 20 10 6

65 mm 39 20 10

80 mm 65 32 18

90 mm 88 43 24

100 mm 115 56 32

572. Residual Pressure at Ferrule

Building Type Min Pressure

Single storey 7 m

Two storey 12 m

Three storey 17 m

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 Max recommended pressure: 22 m

 Boosters required for high-rise buildings

573. Preventive Maintenance

 Objectives:
o Preserve water quality
o Prevent leakage
o Maintain pipe capacity
 Focus on:
o Assessment
o Detection
o Prevention

574. Protection Near Sewers

Separation Criteria

Type Requirement

Horizontal ≥3m

Vertical crossing Water main ≥ 0.5 m above sewer

Length maintained 3 m on both sides

575. Carriage Watering System

 Side filling mandatory
 Minimum hydrant discharge: 100 L/min
 Separate overhead tank preferred
 Major consumption points must be metered separately

K – MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION OF WATER SUPPLY INSTALLATIONS (Para 576–579)

576 Responsibilities of Various Departments
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(A) Engineering Department

 Adequacy of water supply at all permanent and auxiliary sources.
 Joint collection of water samples with Medical Dept. for bacteriological & chemical tests.
 Operation & maintenance of water purification plants.
 Maintenance and periodic cleaning of all storage tanks.
 Maintenance of pipelines, specials, water taps, fire hydrants at stations, yards, colonies, sheds.
 Periodical testing of water meters (minimum once a year).
 Joint recording of consumption where water is supplied by outside agencies.
 Leakage detection surveys and reduction of wastage.
(B) Mechanical Department
 Erection, operation & maintenance of diesel pumping plants.
 Operation & maintenance of carriage watering and washing hydrants.
(C) Electrical Department
 Planning, installation, operation & maintenance of electrical pumps.
 Monthly cleaning & disinfection of water coolers.
 Maintenance of non-return valves near pumps.
 Maintenance of foot valves.
(D) Medical Department
 Monitoring of drinking water quality.
 Daily checking of residual chlorine at consumer points and record keeping.
 Monthly bacteriological sampling jointly with SSE/JE (Works).
 Follow-up of test reports and communication of unsatisfactory results.
Summary Table – Departmental Responsibilities

Department Key Responsibilities

Engineering Supply adequacy, pipelines, tanks, meters, leakage control

Mechanical Pumping plants, carriage watering

Electrical Pumps, water coolers, valves

Medical Water quality, chlorine checks, testing

577 Inspections by Assistant Divisional Engineer & Staff

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 ADE & SSE (Works) to inspect installations as per prescribed periodicity.

 SSE (Works) to maintain adequate imprest of pipes, specials, taps & tools.

578 Water Supply Plans

 Updated plans to be maintained showing sources, pumps, rising mains, tanks, capacities,
distribution mains, service pipes, hydrants & taps.
 Pipe diameter and year of laying to be shown on plans.
 Separate drinking & non-drinking systems to be marked distinctly.
 Plans to be updated after any modification or new scheme.

579 Water Purification Works

(1) Periodical Analysis
 Bacteriological tests: monthly (major stations), once in 2 months (small stations).
 Chemical tests: once in 6 months.
 Physical tests: once in 3 months by Engineering Dept.
 Samples to be collected jointly by Engineering & Medical Depts.
(2) Maintenance of Water Works
 Plants & ancillaries to be maintained hygienically.
 Aeration by spraying/cascading.
 Regular draining of sedimentation tanks.
 Correct coagulant dosing as per turbidity.
 Periodic cleaning & washing of filters.
 Sterilization by chlorine/bleaching powder as per specified dose.
 Proper storage of disinfectants with safety precautions.
(3) Inspection Schedule

Officer Frequency

ADE Once per year

SSE/JE (In-charge) Once in 3 months

SSE/JE (Not in-charge) At least once in 2 months

Sr. Divisional/Divisional Engineer Once per year

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 Inspection Register to be maintained at each installation and prompt action ensured.

o Testing frequency (Bacteriological / Chemical / Physical)

o Operation & maintenance points
 Well-structured summary tables for:
o Departmental responsibilities
o Inspection schedules

580 Sanitary Protection of Water Supply Installations

1) Reservoirs / Ponds
 Reservoirs/ponds shall be properly fenced to prevent unauthorized use.
 Water shall not be used for bathing, washing clothes, cleaning utensils etc.
 Water shall be periodically disinfected with bleaching powder or approved disinfectant.
2) Overhead Tanks
 Tanks shall be cleaned as per schedule and bleaching powder applied on walls.
 Stored water shall be regularly disinfected.
3) Protection of Wells Used for Drinking
 Inside & outside exposed portions shall be plastered to prevent percolation through steining.
 High parapet to prevent entry of spilled/ground water; steining top edge-finished (triangular).
 Paved platform around parapet with proper drainage.
 Area within 50 m radius around well to be kept clean.
 No bathing/washing near drinking wells; water drawing devices to prevent pollution.
 Open wells to be cleaned & desilted (preferably in dry season); moss/vegetation removed.
 Quick lime to be applied on sides/bottom (where dry).
 Disinfection of wells as required (Medical Dept.); SSE/JE (Works) responsible at staff quart

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