KOÇ UNIVERSITY MATH301 Fall 2025
Problems 2
Bonus point: Solve the exercise designated by ∗ and upload your solution on Learnhub.
1. Let (M, d) be a metric space. We denote τd = {U ⊂ M : U is an open set}. Further let M̃ ⊂ M
be a non empty subset. We endow M̃ with the inherited metric d˜ = d|M̃ ×M̃ .
a) We define
(τd )M̃ = {O ∩ M̃ : O ∈ τd }.
Show that (τd )M̃ is a topology on M̃ .
b) Show: τd˜ = (τd )M̃ .
2. Let M 6= ∅. We define (
1, x 6= y
d(x, y) =
0, x = y,
for x, y ∈ M .
a) Show that (M, d) is a metric space.
b) Show that the topology generated by d is P(M ). In other words every subset of M is an open
set.
c) Let x ∈ M and r > 0. Show that we don’t have in general
Br (x) = {y ∈ M : d(x, y) ≤ r}.
3. Let (X, dX ), (Y, dY ) be metric spaces.
a) We define d : (X × Y ) × (X × Y ) → [0, ∞) by
d ((x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 )) = dX (x1 , x2 ) + dY (y1 , y2 ), (x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ) ∈ X × Y.
Show that (X × Y, d) is a metric space.
b) Let un = (xn , yn ) ∈ X × Y, n = 1, 2, . . ., and u = (x, y) ∈ X × Y . Show that lim un = u in
n→∞
(X × Y, d) if and only if lim xn = x and lim yn = y.
n→∞ n→∞
c) Show that (X, dX ), (Y, dY ) are complete if and only if (X × Y, d) is complete.
4. Let (M, d) be a metric space and A ⊂ M a nonempty subset.
a) Show Ac = Åc and conclude ∂A = A ∩ Ac .
b) Show: ∂A = {x ∈ M : Br (x) ∩ A 6= ∅ and Br (x) ∩ Ac 6= ∅, r > 0}.
c) Let
A = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 < x ≤ 1, y = sin(1/x)}.
Determine A ⊂ R2 .
5. Let (M, d) be a metric space and (xk )k≥1 ⊂ M a sequence.
a) Suppose that (xk )k≥1 is a convergent sequence. Show that (xk )k≥1 is a Cauchy sequence.
b) Suppose that (xk )k≥1 is a Cauchy sequence. Show that (xk )k≥1 is a bounded sequence, i.e. show
that {xk : k ≥ 1} ⊂ M is a bounded set.
c) Suppose that (xk )k≥1 is a Cauchy sequence. Suppose that a subsequence (xkj )j≥1 is convergent.
Show that (xk )k≥1 is convergent.
d) Let A ⊂ M be a finite set. Show that A is a bounded set.
∗ 6. Misc.
a) Consider R with the usual Euclidean metric d(x, y) = |x − y| and another metric
˜ y) = | arctan(x) − arctan(y)|, x, y ∈ R.
d(x,
Show that d and d˜ generate the same topology, construct a set B ⊂ R, which is bounded in
˜ but not bounded in (R, d) and show that (R, d)
(R, d) ˜ is not complete.
b) Let (M, d) be a metric space. For A ⊂ M a nonempty bounded set we define its diameter as
diam(A) = sup d(x, y).
x,y∈M
Suppose that (M, d) is a complete metric space. Let M1 , M2 , . . . ⊂ M be nonempty closed sets
with M1 ⊃ M2 ⊃ . . . and diam(Mj ) → 0 as j → ∞. Show that there is p ∈ M with
∩j≥1 Mj = {p}.
c) Let (M, d) be a metric space and A ⊂ M a nonempty set and x ∈ M . We define the distance
of x to A as
dist(x, A) = inf d(x, a).
a∈A
Show: x ∈ A ⇐⇒ dist(x, A) = 0 and |d(x, A) − d(y, A)| ≤ d(x, y), x, y ∈ M .