UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

Sustainable Development Goals

 • The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the
Global Goals, were adopted by all United Nations Member
States in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty,
protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and
prosperity by 2030.
• The 17 SDGs are integrated—that is, they recognize that action
in one area will affect outcomes in others, and that
What are the development must balance social, economic and
Sustainable environmental sustainability.

Development • Through the pledge to Leave No One Behind, countries have

committed to fast-track progress for those furthest behind
Goals? first. That is why the SDGs are designed to bring the world to
several life-changing ‘zeros’, including zero poverty, hunger,
AIDS and discrimination against women and girls.
• Everyone is needed to reach these ambitious targets. The
creativity, knowhow, technology and financial resources from
all of society is necessary to achieve the SDGs in every context.
 • Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
• Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and
improved nutrition and promote sustainable
agriculture
• Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote
17 Goals well-being for all at all ages
• Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality
education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all
• Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower
all women and girls
• Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable
management of water and sanitation for all
 • Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable,
sustainable and modern energy for all
• Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable
economic growth, full and productive employment
and decent work for all
• Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote
17 Goals inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster
innovation
• Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among
countries
• Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements
inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
• Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and
production patterns
 • Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change
and its impacts
• Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas
and marine resources for sustainable development
• Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of
terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests,
17 Goals combat desertification, and halt and reverse land
degradation and halt biodiversity loss
• Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for
sustainable development, provide access to justice for all
and build effective, accountable and inclusive
institutions at all levels
• Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and
revitalize the global partnership for sustainable
development
 • 736 million people still are in extreme poverty.
• 10 percent of the world’s population live in
extreme poverty, down from 36 percent in
1990.
• Some 1.3 billion people live in multidimensional
1. No Poverty poverty.
• Half of all people living in poverty are under 18.
• One person in every 10 is extremely poor.
• 80 percent of people living on less than $1.90
are in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.
 • The number of undernourished people
reached 821 million in 2017.
• In 2017 Asia accounted for nearly two thirds,
63 percent, of the world’s hungry.
• Nearly 151 million children under five, 22
2. Zero Hunger percent, were still stunted in 2017.
• More than 1 in 8 adults is obese.
• 1 in 3 women of reproductive age is anemic.
• 26 percent of workers are employed in
agriculture.
 • At least 400 million people have no basic healthcare, and 40 percent
lack social protection.
• More than 1.6 billion people live in fragile settings where protracted
crises, combined with weak national capacity to deliver basic health
services, present a significant challenge to global health.
• By the end of 2017, 21.7 million people living with HIV were receiving
antiretroviral therapy. Yet more than 15 million people are still
waiting for treatment.
3. Good Health
• Every 2 seconds someone aged 30 to 70 years dies prematurely from
and Well-Being noncommunicable diseases - cardiovascular disease, chronic
respiratory disease, diabetes or cancer.
• 7 million people die every year from exposure to fine particles in
polluted air.
• More than one of every three women have experienced either
physical or sexual violence at some point in their life resulting in both
short- and long-term consequences for their physical, mental, and
sexual and reproductive health.
 • Enrollment in primary education in developing
countries has reached 91 percent.
• Still, 57 million primary-aged children remain out of
school, more than half of them in sub-Saharan
Africa.
• In developing countries, one in four girls is not in
school.
4. Quality
• About half of all out-of-school children of primary
Education school age live in conflict-affected areas.
• 103 million youth worldwide lack basic literacy
skills, and more than 60 percent of them are
women.
• 6 out of 10 children and adolescents are not
achieving a minimum level of proficiency in reading
and math.
 • Women earn only 77 cents for every dollar that
men get for the same work.
• 35 percent of women have experienced physical
and/or sexual violence.
• Women represent just 13 percent of agricultural
landholders.
5. Gender Equality • Almost 750 million women and girls alive today
were married before their 18th birthday.
• Two thirds of developing countries have
achieved gender parity in primary education.
• Only 24 percent of national parliamentarians
were women as of November 2018, a small
increase from 11.3 percent in 1995.
 • 71 percent of the global population, 5.2 billion people,
had safely-managed drinking water in 2015, but 844
million people still lacked even basic drinking water.
• 39 percent of the global population, 2.9 billion people,
had safe sanitation in 2015, but 2.3 billion people still
lacked basic sanitation. 892 million people practiced
open defecation.
6. Clean Water • 80 percent of wastewater goes into waterways without
and Sanitation adequate treatment.
• Water stress affects more than 2 billion people, with this
figure projected to increase.
• 80 percent of countries have laid the foundations for
integrated water resources management.
• The world has lost 70 percent of its natural wetlands
over the last century.
 • One in 7 people still lacks electricity, and most of
them live in rural areas of the developing world.
• Energy is the main contributor to climate change, it
produces around 60 percent of greenhouse gases.
• More efficient energy standards could reduce
building and industry electricity consumption by 14
[Link] and percent.
Clean Energy • More than 40 percent of the world’s population—3
billion—rely on polluting and unhealthy fuels for
cooking.
• As of 2015, more than 20 percent of power was
generated through renewable sources.
• The renewable energy sector employed a record
10.3 million people in 2017.
 • An estimated 172 million people worldwide were without
work in 2018 - an unemployment rate of 5 percent.
• As a result of an expanding labor force, the number of
unemployed is projected to increase by 1 million every year
and reach 174 million by 2020.
• Some 700 million workers lived in extreme or moderate
8. Decent Work and poverty in 2018, with less than US$3.20 per day.
Economic Growth • Women’s participation in the labor force stood at 48 per cent
in 2018, compared with 75 percent for men. Around 3 in 5 of
the 3.5 billion people in the labor force in 2018 were men.
• Overall, 2 billion workers were in informal employment in
2016, accounting for 61 per cent of the world’s workforce.
• Many more women than men are underutilized in the labor
force—85 million compared to 55 million.
 • Worldwide, 2.3 billion people lack access to basic
sanitation.
• In some low-income African countries, infrastructure
constraints cut businesses’ productivity by around 40
percent.
• 2.6 billion people in developing countries do not have
access to constant electricity.
9-industry-innovation-a
nd-infrastructure. • More than 4 billion people still do not have access to the
Internet; 90 percent of them are in the developing
world.
• The renewable energy sectors currently employ more
than 2.3 million people; the number could reach 20
million by 2030.
• In developing countries, barely 30 percent of agricultural
products undergo industrial processing, compared to 98
percent high-income countries.
 • In 2016, 22 percent of global income was received by the top 1
percent compared with 10 percent of income for the bottom
50 percent.
• In 1980, the top one percent had 16 percent of global income.
The bottom 50 percent had 8 percent of income.
• Economic inequality is largely driven by the unequal ownership
of capital. Since 1980, very large transfers of public to private
10. Reduced wealth occurred in nearly all countries. The global wealth
share of the top 1 percent was 33 percent in 2016.
Inequality
• Under "business as usual", the top 1 percent global wealth will
reach 39 percent by 2050.
• Women spend, on average, twice as much time on unpaid
housework as men.
• Women have as much access to financial services as men in
just 60 percent of the countries assessed and to land
ownership in just 42 percent of the countries assessed.
 • In 2018, 4.2 billion people, 55 percent of the world’s
population, lived in cities. By 2050, the urban population
is expected to reach 6.5 billion.
• Cities occupy just 3 percent of the Earth’s land but
account for 60 to 80 percent of energy consumption and
at least 70 percent of carbon emissions.
11. Sustainable • 828 million people are estimated to live in slums, and the
Cities and number is rising.
Communities • In 1990, there were 10 cities with 10 million people or
more; by 2014, the number of mega-cities rose to 28,
and was expected to reach 33 by 2018. In the future, 9
out of 10 mega-cities will be in the developing world.
• In the coming decades, 90 percent of urban expansion
will be in the developing world.
• The economic role of cities is significant. They generate
about 80 percent of the global GDP.
 • 1.3 billion tonnes of food is wasted every year, while
almost 2 billion people go hungry or undernourished.
• The food sector accounts for around 22 percent of total
greenhouse gas emissions, largely from the conversion of
forests into farmland.
12. Responsible • Globally, 2 billion people are overweight or obese.
Consumption and • Only 3 percent of the world’s water is fresh (drinkable),
Production and humans are using it faster than nature can replenish
it.
• If people everywhere switched to energy efficient
lightbulbs, the world would save US$120 billion annually.
• One-fifth of the world’s final energy consumption in
2013 was from renewable sources.
 • As of 2017 humans are estimated to have caused
approximately 1.0°C of global warming above pre-industrial
levels.
• Sea levels have risen by about 20 cm (8 inches) since 1880 and
are projected to rise another 30–122 cm (1 to 4 feet) by 2100.
• To limit warming to 1.5C, global net CO2 emissions must drop
by 45% between 2010 and 2030, and reach net zero around
13. Climate Action 2050.
• Climate pledges under The Paris Agreement cover only one
third of the emissions reductions needed to keep the world
below 2°C.
• Bold climate action could trigger at least US$26 trillion in
economic benefits by 2030.
• The energy sector alone will create around 18 million more
jobs by 2030, focused specifically on sustainable energy.
 • The ocean covers three quarters of the Earth’s surface
and represents 99 percent of the living space on the
planet by volume.
• The ocean contains nearly 200,000 identified species,
but actual numbers may lie in the millions.
• As much as 40 percent of the ocean is heavily affected by
pollution, depleted fisheries, loss of coastal habitats and
14. Life Below other human activities.
Water • The ocean absorbs about 30 percent of carbon dioxide
produced by humans, buffering the impacts of global
warming.
• More than 3 billion people depend on marine and
coastal biodiversity for their livelihoods.
• The market value of marine and coastal resources and
industries is estimated at US$3 trillion per year, about 5
percent of global GDP.
 • Around 1.6 billion people depend on forests for
their livelihoods.
• Forests are home to more than 80 percent of all
terrestrial species of animals, plants and
insects.
• 2.6 billion people depend directly on agriculture
15. Life on Land for a living.
• Nature-based climate solutions can contribute
about a third of CO2 reductions by 2030.
• The value of ecosystems to human livelihoods
and well-being is $US125 trillion per year.
• Mountain regions provide 60-80 percent of the
Earth's fresh water.
 • By the end of 2017, 68.5 million people had been forcibly
displaced as a result of persecution, conflict, violence or
human rights violations.
• There are at least 10 million stateless people who have
been denied nationality and its related rights.
• Corruption, bribery, theft and tax evasion cost
16. Peace, Justice, developing countries US$1.26 trillion per year.
and Strong • 49 countries lack laws protecting women from domestic
Institutions violence.
• In 46 countries, women now hold more than 30 percent
of seats in at least one chamber of national parliament.
• 1 billion people are legally ‘invisible’ because they
cannot prove who they are. This includes an estimated
625 million children under 14 whose births were never
registered.
 • The UN Conference on Trade and Development
(UNCTAD) says achieving SDGs will require US$5 trillion
to $7 trillion in annual investment.
• Total official development assistance reached US$147.2
billion in 2017.
• In 2017, international remittances totaled US$613
billion; 76 percent of it went to developing countries.
17. Partnerships • In 2016, 6 countries met the international target to keep
for the Goals official development assistance at or above 0.7 percent
of gross national income.
• Sustainable and responsible investments represent
high-potential sources of capital for SDGs. As of 2016,
US$18.2 trillion was invested in this asset class.
• The bond market for sustainable business is growing. In
2018 global green bonds reached US$155.5billion, up 78
percent from previous year.
Indicators of Sustainable Development
• Economic area indicators
• Revenue
• Value added (gross value added, GVA)
• Net value added (NVA)
• Taxes and other payments to the Government
• Green investment
• Community investment
• Expenditures on research and development
• Share of local procurement
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• Social area indicators
• Share of women in managerial positions
• Hours of employee training
• Expenditures on employee training
• Employee wages and benefits
• Expenditures on employee health and safety
• Incidence rate of occupational injuries
• Share of employees covered by collective agreements
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• Environmental area indicators
• Water recycling and reuse
• Water use efficiency
• Water stress
• Waste generation
• Waste reused, re-manufactured and recycled
• Hazardous waste generation
• Greenhouse gas emissions
• Ozone-depleting substances and chemicals
• Share of renewable energy
• Energy efficiency
• Land used adjacent to biodiversity sensitive areas
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• Institutional area indicators

• Board meetings and attendance
• Share of female board members
• Board members by age range
• Audit committee meetings and attendance
• Compensation per board member
• Corruption incidence
• Management training on anti-corruption
The Coase Theorem
• The pollution problem can be resolved as long as the involved parties are in
a position to negotiate, no matter how property rights are assigned. The
bargaining, between the two parties, was assumed to be easy. But this may
not always be the case. It may be difficult to reach the consensus, when
there are many culprits or victims (or both).
• Coase’s theorem states that efficiency (socially optimal equilibrium) can be
achieved in the presence of an externality, regardless of the initial
assignment of property rights, under the assumptions of:
• perfect information;
• • profit-maximizing producers / utility-maximizing consumers;
• • price-taking economic agents;
• • costless enforcement of rights;
• • no income or wealth effects;
• • no transaction costs.
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• Transaction costs are the costs incurred during an economic exchange of a
good, above and beyond the price paid for the good.
• The zero transaction costs is a crucial assumption of the Coase Theorem.
• In most real world situations, there are significant transaction costs, which
limits the practical application of the Coase Theorem.
• When transaction costs are present, it does matter where the rights are
initially vested.
• If the transaction costs (e.g., legal fees) exceeded the gains from bargaining,
then transaction would not have taken place, and either the steel
manufacturer would need to excessively abate pollution, or the resort
would be burdened with excessive pollution.
 Free-Riding
• Bargaining is easy between two parties, but becomes exceedingly difficult as the
number of parties increase.
• The issue is further amplified by the public bad nature of most pollution.
• Moreover, damage to victims is often private information, which creates incentives
of free-riding.
• Consider the steel manufacturer that is also a polluter, and a number of individuals
who live nearby and are thus suffering from pollution.
• In a scenario where the steel manufacturer is assigned the rights to pollute, the
individuals would need to offer a lump sum payment to the manufacturer to abate
pollution.
• For bargaining to make sense, this payment amount should at least be equal to the
costs of abatement.
• The payment amount, in turn, is collected from (and thus split among) the affected
individuals.
Continue…….
• But some (free-riders) may pretend that they are not affected, in which
case the total payment is divided among the remaining individuals.
• This will increase each individual’s contribution, possibly to that point that
it exceeds the perceived damage from pollution, and the Coasian solution
to the pollution problem will not be reached.
• In an alternative scenario where the individuals have the right to clean
water, the polluter will need to compensate each person their damage.
• But individuals may overstate this damage, in which case it will be
difficult—perhaps even impossible, but certainly inefficient—to strike the
deal.