LAGUNA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (AC 6)
FUNDAMENTAL LAWS AND THEOREM IN ELECTRICITY
VILLANUEVA, JOHN CEDRICK M. SEPTEMBER 16, 2024
BSME 2A ENGR. ELVIN M. MAGDAONG, MSECE, PECE
FUNDAMENTAL LAWS AND THEOREM IN ELECTRICITY
1. OHM’S LAW
OHM LAW IS A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THREE PHYSICAL
PHENOMENA: CURRENT (I) , VOLTAGE (V), AND RESISTANCE (R),
WHICH WAS DISCOVERED BY GERMAN SCIENTIST, GEORGE SIMON
OHM.
IT STATES THAT THE VOLTAGE ACROSS A RESISTOR IS
DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE CURRENT IN THE RESISTOR
PROVIDED THE RESISTANCE OF THE RESISTOR IS HELD CONSTANT.
𝑣𝑅 ∝ 𝑖
OHM’S LAW CAN BE EXPRESSED IN THREE FORMS
I = V/R ; V = IR ; R = V/I
THESE FORMULAE CAN BE APPLIED TO ANY
PART OF A D.C. CIRCUIT OR TO A COMPLETE
CIRCUIT. IT MAY BE NOTED THAT IF VOLTAGE IS
MEASURED IN VOLTS AND CURRENT IN AMPERES,
THEN RESISTANCE WILL BE IN OHMS.
SUM OF INCOMING CURRENTS = SUM OF
OUTGOING CURRENTS
2. KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW &
KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW I1 + I4 = I2 + I
KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW (KCL)
THIS LAW RELATES TO THE CURRENTS AT
THE *JUNCTIONS OF AN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
AND MAY BE STATED AS:
THE ALGEBRAIC
SUM OF THE
CURRENTS KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL) THIS
MEETING AT A LAW RELATES TO E.M. FS AND VOLTAGE DROPS IN
JUNCTION IN AN A CLOSED CIRCUIT OR LOOP AND MAY BE STATED
AS,
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT IS ZERO. IN ANY CLOSED ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT OR
MESH, THE ALGEBRAIC SUM OF ALL THE
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCES (E.M. FS) AND VOLTAGE
DROPS IN RESISTORS IS EQUAL TO ZERO, I.E.,
SUM OF CURRENTS ENTERING A NODE = 0
(I1) + (I4) + (− I2) + (− I3) = 0
ALGEBRAIC SUM OF [Link] + ALGEBRAIC SUM OF
VOLTAGE DROPS = 0
SUM OF CURRENTS LEAVING A NODE = 0
- (I1) - (I4) + ( I2) + ( I3) = 0
Vc = Vb + I R1 ∑V = 0
IN A DELTA CONFIGURATION, THE COMPONENTS ARE CONNECTED
END-TO-END IN A CLOSED LOOP, FORMING A TRIANGLE (Δ SHAPE).
THERE IS NO NEUTRAL POINT IN DELTA.
CONVERSION FORMULAS:
WYE TO DELTA: RΔ=3×
DELTA TO WYE: RY=RΔ/3
4. MESH ANALYSIS
3. WYE AND DELTA
THESE ARE TWO DIFFERENT METHODS OF CONNECTING THREE- MESH CURRENT ANALYSIS IS A TECHNIQUE USED TO FIND THE
PHASE ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS, COMMONLY USED IN POWER SYSTEMS CURRENTS CIRCULATING AROUND A LOOP OR MESH WITH IN ANY
AND ELECTRICAL MACHINES. CLOSED PATH OF A CIRCUIT. IT APPLIES KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW
(KVL), WHICH STATES THAT THE SUM OF VOLTAGES AROUND ANY
CLOSED LOOP IN A CIRCUIT MUST EQUAL ZERO.
KEY STEPS IN MESH ANALYSIS:
IDENTIFY MESHES
ASSIGN MESH CURRENTS
APPLY KVL
SOLVE EQUATION
IN A WYE, ONE END OF EACH OF THE THREE COMPONENTS BASIC FORMULA (FOR A RESISTOR IN A SHARED BRANCH):
(RESISTORS, INDUCTORS, OR CAPACITORS) IS CONNECTED TO A
COMMON NEUTRAL POINT, FORMING A "Y" SHAPE. THE OTHER END V=IMESH×R
IS CONNECTED TO THE LINE TERMINALS.
IF MULTIPLE MESH CURRENTS SHARE A RESISTOR, THE VOLTAGE
DROP IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE MESH CURRENTS
MULTIPLIED BY THE RESISTANCE
APPLYING KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW
MESH ABDA. – I1R1 – (I1 – I2) R2 + E1 = 0 OR I1 (R1 + R2) – I2R2 = E1
6. NODAL ANALYSIS
5. THEVENIN’S THEOREM
NODAL ANALYSIS IS AN EFFICIENT METHOD USED
FOR DETERMINING BRANCH CURRENTS IN ELECTRICAL
THEVENIN'S THEOREM IS A FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT IN CIRCUIT
CIRCUITS BY CALCULATING THE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCES AT
ANALYSIS THAT SIMPLIFIES THE ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX ELECTRICAL
VARIOUS NODES.
NETWORKS. IT STATES THAT:
ANY LINEAR, BILATERAL NETWORK HAVING TERMINALS A AND B A NODE IS DEFINED AS A POINT IN THE CIRCUIT
CAN BE REPLACED BY A SINGLE SOURCE OF E.M.F. VTH IN SERIES WHERE TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS CONNECT. THIS METHOD
WITH A SINGLE RESISTANCE RTH. USES KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS BUT SIMPLIFIES CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
BY FOCUSING ON NODE VOLTAGES INSTEAD OF BRANCH
CURRENTS.
IT ESSENTIALLY AIMS AT CHOOSING A REFERENCE
NODE IN THE NETWORK AND THEN FINDING THE
UNKNOWN VOLTAGES AT THE INDEPENDENT NODES W.R.T.
REFERENCE NODE
THE EQUATION FOR NODE VB
I = Vth / Rth + RL
FOR VOLTAGE SOURCE:
WHEN ANALYZING WITH A VOLTAGE SOURCE VI ALONE, USE OHM'S
LAW
I = Vi / R
where RRR is the total resistance seen by the source.
7. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
FOR CURRENT SOURCE:
WHEN ANALYZING WITH A CURRENT SOURCE Ii ALONE, USE:
SUPERPOSITION IS A GENERAL PRINCIPLE THAT ALLOWS US
TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF SEVERAL ENERGY SOURCES V = Ii x R
(VOLTAGE AND CURRENT SOURCES) ACTING SIMULTANEOUSLY
where RRR is the resistance of the circuit element in
IN A CIRCUIT BY CONSIDERING THE EFFECT OF EACH SOURCE
question.
ACTING ALONE, AND THEN COMBINING (SUPERPOSING) THESE
EFFECTS.
TOTAL RESPONSE (CURRENT OR VOLTAGE) = SUM OF
INDIVIDUAL RESPONSES FROM EACH SOURCE
KEY STEPS:
1. DEACTIVATE ALL OTHER SOURCES EXCEPT ONE.
2. CALCULATE THE RESPONSE (VOLTAGE OR CURRENT) USING
BASIC CIRCUIT LAWS.
3. REPEAT FOR EACH SOURCE.
4. ADD ALL INDIVIDUAL RESPONSES ALGEBRAICALLY.