🔹 Section 1: Core Web (HTML, CSS, JS) – 15 Qs

1. What are semantic HTML tags?

👉 Tags like <header>, <main>, <footer>, <article> that describe content meaningfully.

2. Difference between inline, inline-block, and block elements?

👉 Inline: no line break (<span>), Block: takes full width (<div>), Inline-block: behaves like
inline but allows width/height.

3. What are pseudo-classes in CSS?

👉 Special states of elements (e.g., :hover, :focus, :nth-child).

4. Difference between == and === in JS?

👉 == checks value with type coercion, === checks value + type (strict equality).

5. What is event delegation in JavaScript?

👉 Attaching an event listener to a parent instead of multiple children (uses event bubbling).

6. What is the difference between var, let, and const?

👉 var is function-scoped, let and const are block-scoped, const cannot be reassigned.

7. What is a closure?
👉 A function that remembers variables from its lexical scope even after that scope has finished
executing.

8. Difference between synchronous and asynchronous JavaScript?

👉 Sync executes line by line, async allows tasks (like fetch, setTimeout) to run without
blocking.

9. What are promises?

👉 Objects representing the eventual completion/failure of an async operation (pending →
fulfilled/rejected).

10. Explain async/await.

👉 Syntax sugar over promises, makes async code look synchronous.

11. What are arrow functions, and when not to use them?
👉 Shorter syntax, they don’t bind their own this, so not good for object methods.

12. What is localStorage vs sessionStorage vs cookies?

👉 localStorage: permanent until cleared, sessionStorage: cleared on tab close, cookies: small
data sent with HTTP requests.
13. What is hoisting in JavaScript?
👉 Variables (var) and function declarations are moved to the top during compilation.

14. What is the DOM?

👉 Document Object Model: tree structure of HTML elements.

15. What is debouncing and throttling?

👉 Debounce: delays execution until user stops (e.g., search input). Throttle: executes at fixed
intervals.

🔹 Section 2: [Link] + [Link] – 20 Qs

16. What is the virtual DOM?
👉 A lightweight copy of the DOM that React uses to optimize rendering.

17. What are React hooks?

👉 Functions (useState, useEffect, useMemo) that allow using state and lifecycle in functional
components.

18. Difference between functional and class components?

👉 Class: use lifecycle methods, this; Functional: hooks, simpler syntax, better performance.

19. Explain useEffect.

👉 Runs side effects (fetch, subscriptions). Runs on mount/update depending on dependency
array.

20. What is useMemo vs useCallback?

👉 useMemo: memoizes values, useCallback: memoizes functions.

21. What is prop drilling, and how to avoid it?

👉 Passing props through multiple levels unnecessarily. Avoid with Context API/Redux.

22. Controlled vs uncontrolled components?

👉 Controlled: state handled by React (value with setState), Uncontrolled: uses ref.

23. What is reconciliation in React?

👉 The process React uses to diff the virtual DOM and update only changed parts.

24. What is server-side rendering (SSR)?

👉 Rendering React pages on server before sending HTML to client ([Link] supports it).
25. Difference between SSR, SSG, and CSR in [Link]?
👉 SSR: rendered on server request, SSG: built at compile time, CSR: rendered in browser.

26. What is getServerSideProps?

👉 [Link] function for SSR that fetches data on each request.

27. What is getStaticProps vs getStaticPaths?

👉 Used for SSG, getStaticProps: fetch data at build, getStaticPaths: dynamic routes.

28. Difference between API routes in [Link] and [Link] backend?

👉 [Link] API routes are built-in serverless functions, Express gives full control.

29. What is hydration in [Link]?

👉 Process of attaching React event handlers to SSR HTML after page load.

30. What is dynamic import in [Link]?

👉 Lazy-loading components only when needed.

31. What are React keys, and why are they important?
👉 Unique identifiers for list items, help React track element changes.

32. What is suspense in React?

👉 Lets components wait for async data or code before rendering fallback.

33. What is context API?

👉 Provides global state without prop drilling.

34. How do you optimize React app performance?

👉 Memoization, lazy loading, code splitting, avoiding unnecessary re-renders.

35. What are React fragments?

👉 <></> used to group children without adding extra DOM nodes.

🔹 Section 3: [Link] + [Link] – 15 Qs

36. What is [Link]?
👉 JavaScript runtime built on Chrome V8 engine, used for server-side apps.

37. What is [Link]?

👉 A minimal framework for [Link] that helps build REST APIs.
38. What is middleware in [Link]?
👉 Functions that process requests before reaching the route handler.

39. What are streams in [Link]?

👉 Objects that handle continuous data flow (read/write).

40. Difference between CommonJS and ES modules?

👉 CommonJS uses require, ES modules use import/export.

41. How do you handle errors in [Link]?

👉 Use next(err) with error-handling middleware.

42. What is CORS, and how do you enable it in Express?

👉 Cross-Origin Resource Sharing; enable with cors middleware.

43. What is clustering in [Link]?

👉 Running multiple worker processes to utilize multi-core CPUs.

44. How do you secure Express apps?

👉 [Link], rate limiting, sanitizing input, HTTPS.

45. Difference between [Link]() and [Link]()?

👉 [Link]() sends text/html/data, [Link]() automatically converts to JSON.

46. What is JWT, and how is it used in authentication?

👉 JSON Web Token: signed token for verifying user identity.

47. What is the event loop in [Link]?

👉 Mechanism that handles async callbacks (non-blocking I/O).

48. Difference between [Link]() and setImmediate()?

👉 nextTick: runs immediately after current phase, setImmediate: runs in next iteration.

49. What is rate limiting in APIs?

👉 Restricting request frequency to prevent abuse.

50. Difference between synchronous and asynchronous file reading in [Link]?

👉 Sync blocks execution, async uses callbacks/promises.

🔹 Section 4: Databases (MongoDB + PostgreSQL) – 20 Qs

51. Difference between SQL and NoSQL?
👉 SQL: structured, relational, schema-based (Postgres). NoSQL: flexible, document-based
(MongoDB).

52. What is a schema in MongoDB?

👉 Defines structure of documents in a collection (via Mongoose).

53. What is indexing in databases?

👉 Speeds up queries by storing references for quick lookup.

54. What is normalization in PostgreSQL?

👉 Process of reducing redundancy and improving consistency in relational tables.

55. Difference between INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN?

👉 INNER: common records, LEFT: all left + matches, RIGHT: all right + matches.

56. What are transactions in PostgreSQL?

👉 Group of queries executed as one unit, either all succeed or all fail.

57. What is ACID in databases?

👉 Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability → ensures reliable transactions.

58. Difference between DELETE, TRUNCATE, DROP?

👉 DELETE: removes rows, TRUNCATE: clears table but keeps schema, DROP: removes table.

59. Primary key vs foreign key?

👉 Primary: unique identifier, Foreign: references primary key of another table.

60. What are MongoDB aggregations?

👉 Advanced queries for grouping, filtering, transforming data.

61. What is $lookup in MongoDB?

👉 Joins collections like SQL JOIN.

62. How do you create indexes in PostgreSQL?

👉 CREATE INDEX idx_name ON table(column);

63. What is a composite key?

👉 A primary key made of multiple columns.

64. What are triggers in PostgreSQL?

👉 Automatic execution of functions when events (INSERT/UPDATE) occur.
65. What is sharding in MongoDB?
👉 Splitting data across multiple servers for scaling.

66. Difference between clustered and non-clustered index?

👉 Clustered: rearranges table data, Non-clustered: separate structure pointing to data.

67. What is ON DELETE CASCADE in PostgreSQL?

👉 Automatically deletes child rows when parent is deleted.

68. What is a document in MongoDB?

👉 JSON-like object stored in collections.

69. How do you connect [Link] with PostgreSQL?

👉 Using pg library with connection string.

70. How do you handle schema migrations?

👉 Use tools like Prisma, Sequelize, or raw migration scripts.

🔹 Section 5: TypeScript – 10 Qs
71. What is TypeScript?
👉 A superset of JavaScript that adds static typing.

72. Difference between interface and type?

👉 Interface: extendable, Type: unions, more flexible.

73. What are generics in TypeScript?

👉 Allow functions/types to work with multiple types.

74. Difference between any, unknown, never?

👉 any: no type check, unknown: must check before use, never: function never returns.

75. What is type inference?

👉 TypeScript automatically detects types when not explicitly declared.

76. Difference between readonly and const?

👉 readonly: applies to properties in objects, const: variable binding.

77. What are utility types in TypeScript?

👉 Built-in helpers like Partial<T>, Pick<T>, Omit<T>.
78. What is declaration merging?
👉 Interfaces with the same name automatically merge.

79. What is enum in TypeScript?

👉 Defines a set of named constants.

80. How does TypeScript help in large projects?

👉 Prevents runtime errors, improves maintainability, enables better tooling/autocomplete.

🔹 Section 6: Redux & State Management – 5 Qs

81. What is Redux?
👉 A predictable state container for managing app state.

82. What are the core principles of Redux?

👉 Single source of truth, state is read-only, changes via pure functions (reducers).

83. What are actions and reducers?

👉 Actions: objects with type/payload. Reducers: pure functions updating state.

84. What is middleware in Redux?

👉 Intercepts actions before reducers (e.g., Redux Thunk).

85. Difference between Redux Thunk and Redux Saga?

👉 Thunk: functions returning actions for async calls. Saga: uses generators for complex async
logic.

🔹 Section 7: Authentication & Security – 10 Qs

86. What is OAuth2?
👉 Standard for delegated authorization (Google login, Facebook login).

87. What is CSRF vs XSS?

👉 CSRF: tricking authenticated users into unwanted actions. XSS: injecting malicious scripts.

88. How do you prevent SQL injection?

👉 Use parameterized queries, ORMs.
89. How do you hash passwords in [Link]?
👉 Use bcrypt or argon2.

90. What is HTTPS, and why is it important?

👉 Encrypted HTTP for secure communication.

91. What is JWT expiration and refresh token?

👉 Expiration: token validity time. Refresh token: used to get new access token.

92. What is rate limiting, and how to implement?

👉 Restrict API requests, use express-rate-limit.

93. What is [Link]?

👉 Middleware for securing HTTP headers.

94. What is CORS?

👉 Cross-Origin Resource Sharing; restricts requests from other domains.

95. What is session vs token-based authentication?

👉 Session: stored on server, Token: stored client-side (stateless).

🔹 Section 8: System Design & Best Practices – 5 Qs

96. What is load balancing?
👉 Distributing traffic across multiple servers.

97. What is caching, and why use it?

👉 Temporarily storing data for faster responses (Redis, CDN).

98. Difference between monolithic and microservices architecture?

👉 Monolithic: single app, Microservices: small independent services.

99. What are design patterns in software development?

👉 Reusable solutions (Singleton, Factory, Observer).

100. How do you scale a [Link] app?

👉 Horizontal scaling (clustering, load balancing), caching, DB optimization.