1.
Difference between var, let, and const
var: function-scoped, hoisted, can be redeclared.
let: block-scoped, cannot redeclare in same scope, can update.
const: block-scoped, cannot update/redeclare.
2. What is a closure?
Function that retains access to variables from its outer scope even after outer function
executes.
Use: private variables, callbacks, memoization.
3. Synchronous vs Asynchronous JS
Sync: executes line by line.
Async: allows non-blocking operations (fetch, setTimeout).
4. Event delegation
Attach event listener to parent; handle events via event bubbling. Efficient for dynamic
content.
5. What are promises?
Object representing future completion/failure of async operations. States: pending →
fulfilled/rejected.
6. Async/Await
Syntactic sugar over promises; makes async code appear synchronous.
7. Difference between == and ===
==: value equality with type coercion.
===: strict equality, checks type + value.
8. What is the DOM?
Document Object Model; tree structure of HTML elements for JS manipulation.
9. Debouncing vs Throttling
Debounce: waits for pause before executing.
Throttle: executes at regular intervals.
10. LocalStorage vs SessionStorage vs Cookies
LocalStorage: persists until cleared.
SessionStorage: cleared on tab close.
Cookies: small data sent with HTTP requests.
🔹 React + [Link]
11. React Hooks
useState: state management.
useEffect: side effects.
useMemo/useCallback: performance optimization.
12. Functional vs Class components
Functional: simpler, uses hooks.
Class: lifecycle methods, this.
13. SSR vs SSG vs CSR
CSR: client-side, slower first load.
SSR: server-side, fast SEO-friendly.
SSG: build-time static pages, very fast.
14. Prop drilling & solutions
Passing props through multiple levels unnecessarily.
Use Context API or Redux.
15. React reconciliation
Virtual DOM diffing; updates only changed nodes in real DOM.
16. getServerSideProps vs getStaticProps ([Link])
SSR: fetches data on each request.
SSG: fetches data at build time.
17. Dynamic routing in [Link]
[param].js files for dynamic routes; getStaticPaths generates paths at build time.
18. React key prop
Unique identifier for lists to optimize DOM updates.
19. Controlled vs Uncontrolled components
Controlled: React manages state via value + onChange.
Uncontrolled: uses ref to access DOM value.
20. React Suspense
Waits for async data/code to load before rendering fallback UI.
🔹 [Link] + [Link]
21. Middleware in [Link]
Functions in request-response cycle; can modify req/res or end requests.
22. Event loop in [Link]
Non-blocking I/O mechanism; executes async callbacks.
23. Error handling in Express
Use next(err) + error-handling middleware.
24. JWT Authentication
Server issues signed token → client stores → sends with requests → server verifies.
25. Clustering in [Link]
Run multiple worker processes to utilize multi-core CPU.
26. CORS
Cross-Origin Resource Sharing; allows/restricts requests from other domains.
27. Rate limiting
Prevents abuse by limiting API requests; use express-rate-limit.
28. [Link]
Sets HTTP headers for security (XSS, MIME sniffing, etc.).
29. Difference between [Link]() and [Link]()
[Link](): sends any type; [Link](): converts object to JSON.
30. Async file reading
[Link]: blocking; [Link]: non-blocking with callback/promise.
🔹 Databases (MongoDB + PostgreSQL)
31. SQL vs NoSQL
SQL: relational, structured, schema-based.
NoSQL: flexible, document/graph/key-value-based.
32. Indexing
Improves query performance; tradeoff: slower writes, more storage.
33. ACID properties
Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability. Ensures reliable transactions.
34. Aggregation in MongoDB
Filter, group, transform data. $match, $group, $project.
35. Primary vs Foreign key
Primary: unique identifier.
Foreign: references primary key in another table.
36. Normalization in SQL
Reduces redundancy, ensures consistency, improves maintainability.
37. Transactions in PostgreSQL
Group queries as a single unit; all succeed or all fail.
38. Sharding in MongoDB
Distribute data across multiple servers for scalability.
39. ON DELETE CASCADE (PostgreSQL)
Automatically deletes child rows when parent is deleted.
40. Connecting [Link] to PostgreSQL
Use pg library with connection string; supports queries and prepared statements.