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Engineering Materials Note

The document discusses various aspects of material science, including types of observations (microscopic and macroscopic), major properties of materials (mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, and optical), and the classification of materials into metals and ceramics. It also covers bonding types, material processing, and the importance of material selection based on performance and economic factors. Additionally, it highlights the significance of modern materials in engineering applications, including composites, biomaterials, and smart materials.

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only18pritom
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4 views118 pages

Engineering Materials Note

The document discusses various aspects of material science, including types of observations (microscopic and macroscopic), major properties of materials (mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, and optical), and the classification of materials into metals and ceramics. It also covers bonding types, material processing, and the importance of material selection based on performance and economic factors. Additionally, it highlights the significance of modern materials in engineering applications, including composites, biomaterials, and smart materials.

Uploaded by

only18pritom
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
INTRODUCTION) Dhopter A Stone —, | ‘ © —> Bronze —> Metal /Iron —> nano Aechnolagy (preserl) Mcroccopi TOSCOPIC oservation? Means dovervetion of Some\hiing by Yerng Some kind of Microscope Wecrserpic Observation: Means direct cbuervation of Something by naked eye . 4 Observing a mild stecl io a Macroscopic Clvervation but determining the quamtity of carloon in 1h te 0 microscopic. cleervation lbecause that can’t be determmed without using microscope . Structures Any Kind of ‘bing ae a orsucture Loually wlttes to the arrangement iis internal components Suo-atomic Structure, Structure Geen at Sub-atomic level. Structure of any element Ike Sodivem Mojor properties of material: Al Mechemical Property? The way & ™mekal will deform by a certain amount of load io ~he mechanical property. A very rmportant property . Scanned by CamScanner A\Electy; leclvical Property. A material generales electricity OF not after ih 19 placed im an electric field 19 discuased im Ahig vection AW Thermal property’ A material passes heat not and how much 15 diocussed here AV Magnetic property: Whether a ‘material can be magerized or nol. 5) Optical property: Relation of @ material with Sight whether ik io ‘wanoparent oF Avanoluscent OF opaque Ex- Different glass behaves differently in Nig - |) & Components of moterial cience and engrneering * s Processing —> otructure —> Properties —> Performance Gomer hing io made by Processing oa material Tt develops a otructure Tha Ahimgs property depenso on rhe ctructute and performene is provided cjeponcing upen E Property Scanned by CamScanner Trenoparent Translucent Opaque 41 Single crystal ll Syme crystal i Many crystal r highly perfect) I High degasser “ay Moserde dquser A N0 degaecer 131 No void or pores 3) Some void or pores 2) Many word or pores 4) Fast cooling 4) Moderate cooling 4 Slow cooling f 5 pore 3 Cheney (single) eee La paly gram boundary exystal > and | Light vePlects Ahrough grain boundaries and pore f Near | iveids and passes away Thus we can't see clearly ! |* Grain boundaries are unstable | ly Contvolled before pouring (uoe of degasser) ond offer | pouring (rraimtaiming cooling rate) Scanned by CamScanner w a : . . "y Study material ocience and engineering ? AlIn service condion: How ig the service condition, (Temp. load ete. while Servicing) 2\Darmage of the properties: Sustainability im Serving condition. Nac of Sea water kits the body of ship and thus the body gets damaged day ky day. 50 body of Ship 16 made oD angle exygtal » Nort Poly exystal because gram boundaries are unstable . Tron reget with air Ao form rust ae 14 contams grain boundaries |2Ecomomical factor: Better oustaimaloility with ~mmimal ‘amount of cost - | A -material 16 oelecled for any purpose considering [the aloove 2 conditions . Scanned by CamScanner Classification of materiales Mayor 2 groups — A1Metal? Al. Ne etc (donates electron) — Passes electricity — has heot copacity (aX produces heat while Pacing electricity) — duckile /ooft [deformable (most metals) = product con toe of any Shape because of | | | | ductility — used extensively : | | 2 Cerermics SiO, . Silicon carbide, cement | consists of metal and nonmetal (CH) . | — exist co-valen\ bond hard Ilbrittle and Strong due to covalent bond . | | | — inoulator | Pere eam resist high Xemperoture | _ if echil ductile partie 1° ‘injected while hen brittleness Teduces - due ro strong bord amonudacturing , $$ Scanned by CamScanner CR SUMETE Mostly Polyprapclene (PP) io Commerdially ued. — Hydrocarbon ‘material (Other material can also be present with hycrocarloon) aw ee j — Lees denorty . et (- Light weight — Vander walls bonding OS ar Commot be used in high temperatuve —more flexible propes\q77 Ve load Capaerty Composite materials — more than 1 type oP material —fros more Vn 4 Phate_| — overesmes ‘the lacking of other materials. —Fibses are used to make Compasi tes Artifical fibre | oe get 19 Man-made filore eters) (carbon fibre, glass | Gute $i bre, banana Fibre nylon fibre ‘ yore pineope Filme) 4 J [Pieodabe Ror usal fibre Scanned by CamScanner | Semi-conducgr: Silicon chip — electronic materials ~m Aype Cexcess electron precen\) ~ Ptype (excess hole present) ¥5ilicon has 4 valance electrons . If extra electron i6 added it will be n- and if one electron | : ‘ype Ce will be P-lype. 90 a, material can be made P-type ox m-Aype by doping | Bio-materials, Materials which Sustain ™ living body Example: Cesomic bones, artificial knee jornt. These ‘materials must be J00% Pure. TP any other material ialo ore present Aven 1 will Teact with or *oxic moter degrade . These ore utra-pure materials ‘the body and | Smart modgrial’s Seneor, actuators etc Nomo- materials Suopension Ipridga , Carbon nano tube (NT) | — high stvengh alloy otee| | in ote! i 0:22/025. But Some dard amount of carbon a Stan oe on iv mdusiries keep iw .49 (around). Steel wi Scanned by CamScanner Segrades font im he long mun , “reel industries we | crap materiale Srom shipyard where carbon percentage 'e near 4. Prmount oP carbon io lessened ey lacing Oxygen in it (seack with carbon +o form CO.) - Oxygen io coatly Cysrophobic) * Nono Porricles, ore weed im gloves 50 that it repels Woter . Mam difference between alloy and composite is when composite is Fractured, €ach materiale com be with naked eye : identified which wae Used im It whereas material, ‘eomnot be identified without experiment in alloy | Modern materiale Need — — less weight, with optrmum strength ‘to imereave eHFicieney — adaptable +0 environment Scanned by CamScanner WAS — ee ‘al cycle: Materials ply a vitol role in this eckmolagy - utili PRB “ecomomy -enviconment Scheme .A material that is ’ "ed passes Mnrough several Gage or phase, this com be called ‘cradle to grave’ life eyclelciveurt of a material jarthesi 5 Processing Engimeered | Raw material AV Agriculture extracted from natural | hy habitent bby Al Construction : - | Environmental [miming drilling and co [harvesting . Then purified : | a tT leans wefined in pokes A Information |dceigned product -4\ Health Figures Total Tmaleral cyde . Scanned by CamScanner Chapter 2 Types of bonding— |Primaay bonding ie of &-Aypes WTorie bond (Nati) © Covalent bone (CHy, Ha) W) Metallic bond Tonic bond: Tr Natl, Na gives one electton and Cl takes on electron(give and take), these 4Wo anion and cation igeto attracted and creates & bond aalled tonic jbynd- | Property: | —very hard and brittle — thermally and electrically moulative — the bond io non-directional — 70 Free electron present | — bond energy 600 -4500k0/mol | bond: Formed by Sharing of electzon Follow: a-n' [n’ ie Ahe valance Shell electron} |Co-valent ' | octave ule | | Scanned by CamScanner _ Propertiess — very hard — high melting Aemperctume around | 2550" a = Mostly in Polymeria materiale ~¢- é- Folger an — the bond is divectional 4 — ome mieratomic bonds oe ‘portly wonic and Pere Vially co-valent . Thig can be determmed by Sollowimg Formula — | © hw Ie- {i- exe L025) (%a- ~%eF 1} x100 — ooena ane & — lectrongetivity | Remark- Suppose It 12%. 88% id covalent chameler . 0 Co-valent choracter io dominant . Metallic bonding, Na donates electron — 50a Af electron present . — AWis bond 19 Non- directional | reer: — conducts heat and electricity = good ~hermal Property . — bend energy ranges from 62k2tmol formerury +o 850KI/ mo} for Aumgsten : Scanned by CamScanner | —™ost meal os im a ductile maner joa Moxinmuem etrength [UHiemate eek Renee Reeagth | Cog | | Arecy- otrdim curve For cast ion [eerecmic, Corittle) | | | | | | | | | | | leuestion,, “aleve energy io less thon attractive force. | ¥ for Unis. metals Sracture in a auetile manner x function of non-localized Clectron . Seconclary bonding + Primary and Gecondary bonding. both Prevails but | prmery bond dominales | Dipole: Scanned by CamScanner a { | Fluctuating induce dipole bond ° — Compounds Aha ore electrically Symmetrical. ex- Hy .C1g,N2 ere OX) DF plus wimun AX BAY GIR TW bonding /< create BA BUR seondary bonding — happens due to vibration /oacilltion — weak bonding Lenergy around 40K3/mol] Polen molecule induced dipole bonds’. — Compounds that are electrically Aeeymersical. ex-Hel . @{e) ae — eleclronegetivity io imherent Property, 60 it 1S Atonger Aho Fret one ( $5-20)k3 fmol Permanent Dipole Bond: prevaile awa : tht —Tt 19 much Stronger *TPHhough Ne en ae ot i voile ig 420, >» Hidh- wed weight (48) but. (420), > ay ton emp (300%) due Xo hydrogen Hydrogen bond bond energy 21KI [mol Scanned by CamScanner neighbour Non- dense , random ise : Packing. Typical] neighbour bond energy Denved , ordered! Energy Close packed Typical neighloour vgrd lengln ¢ oy Typical ee | | bond energy Denoed, ordered packed Structures tend to Yove lower energies (gable orm) : Random ot ordered Packing depends on a oaling vate. When cooling rote io high. atoms are orienta; ramsey a ahaa ala rate is low, atoms are oriented 0: ordered way (crystal | structure) Si0,4- Tetrahedral co-ordination of Oxygen Scanned by CamScanner Crystalline — A sepitative pattern 16 found , formed by | Slow cooling. Caystalime structure io better than non- jcxystaline Structure . In this Structure, voide are leos | or Prmorphous [Non-exystallime- No sepitative pattern is found, formed fey Lact cooling. Voido are more in ‘thie type of Structure | @ @ | Im firot otrucure, atoms are Closely packed than lecernd Gtructre and atoms “ry to Temain packed | | Crystal syotem: There ore 7 types of exyetal eystons | Cubic (a=b=¢, = (28 =90) , Hexagonal (a= #) (: =90', 83209, (a= #¢, 4: #8? 90°), Rhomochedra) | Trigomal ce, de B= F490), Orthothombic (athe, k= A890), 6,040 #4490) | tetragonal (a:b Monodimie. (atte » X73 = 90° + 2), Triclmic (att Scanned by CamScanner a ——— iA Cells Small building lad of «particular crystal System Smallest, repetitive Volume which comtoime ‘~ne Complete lattice pattern fa crystal Simple Cubic Strudure (6¢)* Polonium (Po) rh k—a— vice Parameter (a): The parameter which Completely defing unit cell geometry - O=Qp, To determme volume. value oa Should be known. Lattice point: The points A which atoms take place, | (Corners of cube). Scanned by CamScanner >. - ~ No atoms per unit cell = 3x = 4 [2% atoms im % corners, each atom io chored boy 8 cubes} | Co ordination number (@n))t The moximum numer of [atoms connected to a particular atom 1 the [Co-ordination “number . | | Co-ordmation number = 6 | Atomic Packing Factor (APF) = v | vensity of atom in & closed pack condition | | . Volume of atoms im unit cell Volume of unit cell 1x$rv @ sxx (O50) a = 092. Scanned by CamScanner | | | | SS | Soiy Centered cubic iruebe (00! Tantalum, Molybdenum Cr, W, Fe (0, Nurnloer of atoms per unit, cell . Centre +9 corners x % =2 atoms Co-ordination number (ch). % Atomic Packing factor (APF): | Volume of atom im unit cel Volume of umit cell | 2k ke Z ae : ans n(St) = 068 Scanned by CamScanner Face -centered cubic ctruclure: FOC. Al, Cu, Au, Pb, Ni_ PR Ag - Atoms per unit cell: 6 Face X% + B corners *% = 4 atoms Co-ordination Dumber (en). 42. ag Packing Sequence ~ ABCABC skacking : yen sy ARomic. Packing factor (APF) : 3A ~ Olaver >¥-C lover Volume of atom ima umit cell Volume of unit cell Oo 4x BRP Sb a > xx (BE) ° = O74 L Density of atoms + SC In Tetovery orage » Grains will try Xo recover ito chape (AW AA, Gioty Bo WE: equiaxed BOAT Wr Far). Some Arey will be released relieved ey diffusion of atoms. >/Tn recrystallization stage, when cooling ie going on, le in Furnace , there 7 7 em mposre called jre- exystalizaton| epee eee Atien to go back y (avr ext BWA zaw) ro eAuloxed Shape ) : th stage, grams ate allowed to > In ‘arn grow ° +A grow 73D fie, tp a certain \imi oo Scanned by CamScanner gield Stress GA AW AT oh WIT sheet metal a aw arart yield Stren APNE GV AWA AT, BT grain | growth Vmiled FAD BT Fol s6 ¥ Cold work is done in Aemperature below rectylallizatio temperature amd hot work ib done in Nemperature aloove ‘recrys\allization emperature (Drreo5 relie? amealmgs ot a stress renee ay oar | Stress accumulates for 4 main Texsons — differential’ cooling, leold work, martencite formation , In case of casting | ave welding |(hen Viquid converts to odliel residual stress BRT BW). |e casting FAR AB, residual Siseas dewlops To Temove Anat jresidual stress, stress elie? annealing \6 done. | Heating io dome below 129°C , holed Sor a Xime, cooling is done in *he Surnace Yo Teduce ‘he ovess. |. Scanned by CamScanner Y rrr eee | who iA lo opheredi2ing Pee arrmealing Process tut hyper eutectoid ONeelo need 14. Heated In 123°C 450'F or heating can be done slow 725'C or caombe done by alternating Cheating - cooling - heating- cooling ) Process - { v ¥ s2a'cr5or below, TRAC | Hyper-eurectoid Gtecl contains Fegé Fessite Cementite |melwork When ammealing io done, the product get | work Woroe (in case of anneal hyperentectoid steel). | Annealed hyper -eutectoid steelb ™ramly go Sor | opherodization armealing Tn thio process, cementite | 5 down and forms epherieal shape network oreak' te particle) - Pearlite AT cementite | (opherical cements Aer epherical aA A and matrix A only dorsi te prevent : d(Ferrite) matrix (ooh) . — Frerital cementite aD So) © particle (hard) Scanned by CamScanner Thin product hao loth hardness and SoHneos. 40 iA com be compared %o composite material . (x47 omealing 4D aT TA: p> to increase strength Normalizing moderate cooling rate —> Rill a: 2 70diaion For heating up hypo-eutectoid alee \o, temperature will be Agi 450° , amd Sor hypor-execloia steele temperature Iwill be aloove Ay 50°F Normalizing 16 done to imerease Strength, for ‘moderate | cooling grain diameter_geto smaller, thus yield BtTeSS reICaSe, OFAN Fine grin AC doesnot cementiie network cammek, get Aime oecomes Aiacorkimuous « Th io d wteels because io Ve hypereutectoi d Heels, ‘to grow, a & seoult hey | good adnan normal hyper eutectol lcementite has Akin nelwork , 60 rmachming can be done - Qe are TORRE ones but Scanned by CamScanner | Jn terme of machining hich © fe io verter ? Prmealed hyper eutectsid steel (opherieal cementite) 16 better than normalized hypereurectoi a oteel di \nuou! (arin “netmer) Again , hee normalized hyP leutedoid steel jo better Ym. aeual TyPer Feutectoid stecl Rh Normalizing Oo Rr Am AX wae heal 7 Qos neat FE? [In cqoe of slow coolmg , comentite Gen forms in aries and em oreaks |eracko *he band ormealing Oo wr Aen AT grav oound | product Jn cave of Sanh colng ; cementite io \Sormed our doesn’t ger Kime , bo, erack - SIZ mormallizing O austenite a ALVAT ATT > Normalization 9 ABBE arrength AST depends | esn cooling Xvme . 39 cooling tyme 4 Ame grain Size T —> Strength y |e grain S128 gitengtht 4 cooling Scanned by CamScanner __to increase hardness. 37 Hoxclening: Main Aarger of hardening i \o increase. hardness of product Peipidior nese | For heating, hypo-euctectoid steel > Asc + 20°F | hyper eutectoid steel —> Aen E + 90°F . OTT ouvtente 2 VIG because hardening 1a very “fot cooling and 0 cementite ZOATA chance aT |The phase -diagram we Solow iS equilliiorium phase diagram which 15 for Glow Cooling. That's why sin, ammealing and normalizing. we ger the amicto structure of the phase |diggram (ao pain S12@ TAS) - But in caseo? hardening, ay it io very faot cooling process. to microstructure will deviece from Xho equillilorium phave diggram Suppose dor CAML aAeo\ {hy poeuteckoid) Temperature ~> Agt *20°F Holding time —> depends o cize oF Spe (aroun) inch “vs Ahicknesd oF diametre) Cooling —> for cooling, (water loit | oath oath - Scanned by CamScanner Se "Wommaly, Sa Lt Pearlite - Tr taceot Soot —eoeling +(F (Fee) Soae TL LWee) u oo Oh boy diffusion 0029 HC | Horclenimg process 16 a dilfusionles process For fost cooling ¥ (Fee) —> Martencite wen as eet For Sat coolmg, coroon TH BS WAGH AT, 90 carbon TH AVR UA Gay LX volume GW AR, > check Crystal Struciee ragona\ (volume of BCT 15 More Ahan Fee $or confusion) Ferrite 16 lik ie needle Shape - ie Martercite ie lik Hordenrng D hardness AF cartoon Arapped rr e white gram yn -mierostructures> (XRD) ga Scanned by CamScanner | Again . if hardening 15 done in 06% C, hardness will be ™more in O'6DC a9 MAT ACT rez | Cartoon Tar, 50 Xrapped Carbon ower ars | Ithig Condition io nol A Tormal condivion a9 STE leosbon B® Forcefully trap aT or i That> why 4 > lication (Ve develops more segidual SWwess GIR ori mses war AI aT ker Product iy Fail FAG So, “aaeetr heat ‘reatment FAD UE | pr Hosdening 9% sevidual Ges FACT BA | Tempering: Tempering i9 Followed toy hardening « | Heat up —> Holding period —7 cooling (olow/ moderate) 7 [Tempering tempemlure tonges Ssom 400- 1200°C | . . | Slow] moderate cooling \o done to give ime 40 relax | castoon oe Residual Stress te thus relieved . Now, |" cam gp Sor application . ah high Aemperature O FaET, Carbon er Aime ACT | . Gifluve BOAT ond ie will form % (CET) + Cementite agin Scanned by CamScanner 50, all temperatures are choosen a PEF Feqiivemet FF ce) Slow cooling X( Bed) Heat “ toe | auench a v Martencite (oct) peer Pr Aemperalure A tempering FATT, Carbon OF ROAR activation energy Aer AT, only residual Strea5 will le removed . gee. dlide = 40 of Heat—-treatment —> graph of j tensile strength and tempering Aemperature | Reduction 1m aFea "means ductility imeneaces | |x Martencite @ *tempermg FAG ACT tempered martencite Fine pensite SHOmr X1G ormalizing AAC, aoe peaslte 2A OBSC A! Martensite 7 hardness SAC TAA Tempered martensite a WH Havanese | Fine peorlite A GN Far hardness oe pentite imereaves Strength ao fine Scanned by CamScanner *) Teneile eAvength * , Tempering “emperarure Y, ductility V [Tensile Birength |, Tempering temperature , Auctitityt | Tempered Martensite® TY Aempering Aemperaure io leo, | emmot diffuse more . If tempering lio leo5 5 caroon atoms get More hardness 15 Nigh 0 cartoons Aemperchure io high, hardness Yme to diflwe . Hardness im meodured m [HAC | Hardness m rockwell machine in C xole prose io amartenbite , then tempered amoriensite, then | Hardest or Vite. (normalizing) [dlide - 2, Heat - Treatment} | Sine pe TTT (Time Temperature “Francformation) Diagroan * | pose Araneformation depends on Some Decors — Kime , tenperahuce [Tie diagam helps to determine the cooling tate! eoolimg curve This ieothermal cooling diagram Scanned by CamScanner ' \ aR aE only wr pares ae aot = oa . + - y s00% Martenoi\€ : — unsdelkee- 2, 50% peatlite, 20% ‘bein LE «o> Fi = Eee a. Fine pewlile 4, Course pearlite | eS “00 + 5%, 300% loei nile } § 0+ a 7 |. for curves See % wot Moh) _™ Pi ebinite 4 x 1 _eceon) Glide 3%, Heat- Treatment) 5 400 + 26 ee HBomrle struc Time (9) > ure Tom TTT diagram > How to make “00% martensite 7 From 123°C, topid cooling i done Aero ih Rustenite zone Ail Martensite formation. The tempevature, io held at +hal temp. (-martencite formation) then again lesven the temperature Temperatise should be within around 40° se D>) How to make 807% peastite ? [pk iret bom pearlite 9 formed the ciave ib brought to \ | so0% beinite to ensue 70 tronsformation is left and lahen orought to Tom Aemperature 12> HO! coarse pearlite + 60% martensite 50% martensite DIT 90% M line 3 cuve OR Scanned by CamScanner | RE, room ature TARE AT! because wtp 20% | Quotenite Ie APT Avanoformation AT Ar. ah oom temp [a ROW CR Br Vw soo M TR gor WE wT crear [pr ate [Bainitie i formed only for isothermal ccclng This diagram io not followed pratically because it io | diffieulk to hold the Aemperotuve properly fos a cestain | Yime Prockically . That is why, phase diagram 15 Slowed . For | Nat we cannot see any tooinite in the Structuse >| What io baitte?, | Besically pear lite and bse i *he Same thing but Ahey Ine very competetive aloout which one will form Finck - [Practically we Se pecstite lout out if coding io done ioothermally, ine can aloo Gee Womite Bamite 1 of two Aypes- Urper | gcinite amd lower bainite , Rximite etarto Sosrmiing ak HHO - Raimite —> Ferrite +Cementite a Cementite present long) oa lly in upper loainite Scanned by CamScanner CCT (Cominuous Cooling Trameformation ) diagram Thio Aiggramn io 4olowed Practically . Curve ghifle towards Tight from TTT diggram because tt is practical ee (cide 04 of Heat —“Frectment 4) 0 bate i Present Were jhe continuous cooling curve hao a. Fixes spe 2° 7° Zigzag lime io present here wo | 00h 9:.Coonce peor lite (more Ae @.w0% Fine gearlire (lees time) } @ 20% Mertensite | @Eaiieal cooling wale (JH0%/+ (alide 35) @. cooling rare (26% 19) QD 0% P+ 40% Mortensite Conti ITTF Say a0 O70 Peorlite, ‘Cosing curve <0 240% (where bainite charts to form) BET ‘amet? Jo0% pearlite formation 20 APT UE baimite Mer 200+ nord fmeor) . sot B lar ar >To it peasible to get bainite structure hom CcT Sioggsam sothor Xhon TTT (ieothermal) ciagram? With | | gregh Scanned by CamScanner Foll4T Tomy . . ae (slide no. - 44 aes pri) agra . Only JoC i6 added with iton(Fe) This akeel ib called plain carbon steel. filly steel — Fe,@ present with significant amount of allaying Clements ~ Cr/ Mm JV/Ni ete Jer ae WH A ae a alloying element need to be ockled - Tem ting jo Gone to Temove Teoidual stress Rut in case of ore dlloy elements , when tempermy io done im high temperature, ek imctend of removing stress, Some coMmpaAMmds Sorm in Gravn boundaries . These compands are formed boy — euppose the — alleymng element i& dromium . Crromiym Teas with cotbon and Jormy chromium carbide (Cryx Ce) There | Ginter granular) : cgbdides eit 1A gram boundaries, Thié carbide 16 hard and brittle and Cause premature failure by ‘ter gromular cortivsign - Sut Ais condition ib not good and it Should be removed. The solutions Tay be — ALA alleging elements have high affinity Xowards carbon and rmero to make carbide compositional control ™y be a woluion - period a) Cooly of temporing io Sow Bul in this case fost cooling oF Scanned by CamScanner ching can be dame oo that carbides dow't get Xme to form . Temper embrittlement plain casoon steel 9 ROA chance ww Heat weatment min phase is austenite. STAT heat *E always B-9 AZ Then we can do amealing oF Tormolizing or harcering according to requimement ‘Tempering io always performed after harcbening . Hordenability, + Hardness - Resistance to Scratch or indentation ‘ous Hasclengbility io how amuth it io easier to form ntoece eee given ructure ie. 8S BAT martensite 2A FAO AAT 3D GPE herdenabilty. Hardness and hordendbi lity io Tot oaemething. Methods of imereazing hardenability: There are % merthods— ‘4 Chemical composition [ay Pusderite gram 928 | ay ceoling Tate Scanned by CamScanner ——— > Tf iethermal (IT) curve is fixed, hardenabi lity tan b i by increasing cooling rate, (water) “_ #Ba TTT ciogram Shull be druwn here showing formaion of martenarte in leo Xme, DTf chemical composition 16 adjust IT curve shift into Fight Side which enhance citfaie—cooting the chance of amestensite Sormarion by air] cil Cooling Coating x Diagram hall ‘oe draw here showing the ghifted curve and formation Q mortensite in more Aime , oe ae te due to woter cooling. eviduall cs hig In method 4 4 erack of product io very high ret in ov chance *0 Se case oF allgying chert dow cooling (ove oi), 6 lesb, Though. alloy ereelo alloy steele are made now-a-day martencite can be SJormea im TelaXively go ab eel ib gerting trme 10 coo down, residual sires \ e coutly , oXee| for Anis Tedsons | | ne 5 more Scanned by CamScanner Ao Tesming re res Tn this test , exientiot Joniny did hardening on 4 Cylinder (25am im dizmeter and som length) Called Jeminy epecimen . Hardening emperature was around 200% . While cooling water io epryed from loottom . Aetrip io cut from ‘he cylinder and hurdnece io “ested at different Pomts. Harness io higher dt end and it decreases Grdually Aonards centre . [bee pypi, 4Hardenabitty. pat] afi Product water bucket 2 THAT BS TRE 007% martensite ASAT TH+ Gut in jominy end quench test, ‘we get martensite, martensite and pearlite , Fine penite, co pearlite . Hasdenability curve’ (Page-6 ; AHardenability-pal) The numbers are 4340, 4340 , 9640, 5140, 1040 . i $iegt Awo mumber io 40, then it io Plain carbon | okeel other than 10, it 15 alloy oteel . cond 2 -ruerbor be Xhe percentage A castor. Horemess © erry due to variation of alleyeng element . Scanned by CamScanner Influence of qpenching medium, opetimen size ond epecimen 93) opts Shape on harderobilitys CPege-8 , Hilardenability pdf) Quenching medium: : =, rng development df residual ses 15 AVWater —> foster conting = Pree S vyogne od residual fre i N01) —> moderate cooling 2 Salt loath —> mMoclerate Cooling Specimen Shape’ For different shape , cooling rate will be different. Tf avilable surface area increases, Cooling male oo, the res 4, coding rate. Trregular specimen lar ‘increased Ohm ve eoo\ faster thon opherical, epecimen - Ve wo i. ii u 49 RE go = 0 0 gm a) @ t$——0900"- Figt Rodial Hordnees profiles Sox cylindrical steel bare - | poe |_ Scanned by CamScanner Tn First Saph, Ahoygh oe fomectage io Same lout ™ case of plam carbon steel, hardness redues from furface to centre. Im allay steel, alleging skeet elements Provides harness TP depth of penetration of hunters 19 more, then, variation of hardness mM 4 epectmen 1S dlap more . In Second graph, though the alley af element and percentage carbon is game, but due to difference oP distance from contre to surface , vee! there 15 varigtion of hardness im two specimen, For J°* sample centro TAG 25mm A Surface G2 hardness bachi tuk Sy becemd exmple , centre TGF Yomm OD ourface Ar TF handmes WET compared to Je* Sample firmedled ancl Normalized hypereu\e lol See! Scanned by CamScanner Chapter - © Metal Alloy Ferrous-loabed alloys Teols Amy appliance ‘hat io used Ao perform werk d some kinds . Ex - knife, hacksaw | hammer ete. Classification of tool. S types — 3Y Cutting ool Al Forming tool 2) Treating too! Cutting Xools The tool thot io used in Yemoving chips as in -m racking : Reqirred preperties, — Hardness , wear Tesichane , Lowes — tesighanie Ao ecktening at elevated temperature — Heel should ve Pree From defect 0 that 14 io Sound . Aromemits | : Forming tool, The too! which pesanrto, their Snape to, the job. | AT Y - | Shearing tools The tool used to part the material . oal Scanned by CamScanner Tool chee: The steel hat io Weed im making “tools 2 calles tool steel . 2S6Aore to be considered for tool otee\t A Havicmese, 21 Toughmess A Machine ability Al Resistance Lo eoFening at elevated ‘temperature 5) Soundmess > defect free 4 Defeckability AU Resistonce to decotarizations cmon Fer Shear 8 Wear reoistance. WM Cost Classificaxion of tool steel. Plain earbon water hardening ool cee! Co'ste—s4%e) —> Fe and prevent gear tolecle , chisel, dies, rock drills eke -> used for general purpose —> ©x- T0207 , | yomer product casting AC AIATET Er ET, then before application , heat Aregkment should be done, So hardening is Scanned by CamScanner Heat Avestment AT AGT hyn oes > AIPAAT | SAT quenching IT BA; residual | a de HF ID Ang mE EE a \ A Alloy Xool steel It has Some daseifi cation JOneek, resiching ool steel CEx- centre punch) 1) & > chromium purch (all ing element, io chromium) i) > Tlngaten chisel Provides Snore hardness Gnd improves property b) Alloy cold work tool steel used im imdustries .ex- Clamping die , ramping die (pressing die) rc? cup Shape producto com be made by stamping dies > Aneve dies can work 1m ~ Agmperakure > multiple stampings com be done at atrme . ©) Alay hot work Xoo arec\ —> WHR application A heat tot “GANET hot work tool deel AF die UE ae High oped rool steel (HS) 8) Special purpose *ool Steel Scanned by CamScanner b | ; _ Fall37 Hot work ool stee|; The steel which can be weed | Spireg ST : vn high temperature io the hot work tool creel. wool pinring effec X Hot work tool eteels are alloy (W,me crete) Steel - let, casting At Firat, after casting » Firat die 5 made by of carbon and are been formed oy *he reackion lowly heated upte 850°C. Slowly pre-heated because he carbides present ae hard and brittle TP ane produc 1 directly exposed Ao 3000 -1250'C ,the Product eratuze Tied Ao Seno- 125-0. | ker 950%¢ , WMP yor tw the produck io hold on the fienace 4 certain *rme ale Jor carbides alleys). The product 1 o\ may crack ides come ond sit on Scanned by CamScanner gram Peundries which Stops the grains Xo grow. This 15 called pring effect [Ho hyh Aemp. BA, grain 512¢ BS ACH owl dee amd alvength FE aceording Lo hall-pekch equorion ut due to priming Meet, otr ength ame]. Net step io cooling. In cave of alloy steel, arrloil cooling con be done to get martensite (from previous chapter, 49 cooling curve ohifis to Aime Ror cool FARO martenote rignt in CCT diggram 60 ip Tol needed here) . At Ms GOTT Wr, 0 water cooling martensite Bars to form, at my marrencite Jormation is martensite Jormed ,Ahe product hay Tesidual should be done. Pue to rempering at forme Xo o (0°02b%), trapped Simighed- ho eres 0, tempering 0, Flor ME) “vom rejected cartoons reacty with alloys and 5 carbides and form precipitation » MAIL Mortereites are ee to fee Jornte io Soft, wnciseolved ‘al carvide helPo ‘in pining effect and lastly ‘hey poovide . 5p al properties agar cars cide prt. : aoe 9 YOY good (after tempering) \ high Aemperatur Cartoon goes out . The dorm gives btreng th Scanned by CamScanner High pees 001 erect (Hes) + Ex- tool bit, (tool Bit A golden Colour layer St Ahab io an allaying element , alloymng elemen} 16 added to imereage ito property) “ “ i been Heat ‘treatment i done in drill bit after it had bee made. 300°C ~20%, Sulozere, ry ie Niquia Ni = Pe\iineas | Hardness High 9peed tree can have two ypes of alloy — Ree Le molybdenum laced, Al first, olow heating 16 done, then Finally Aemperalure goes %o0 000°C , the austenite phase . Hol Sing Aime ie Small Go that austenite grain size dee nol bo big (Ss4 a): Cavtides provide “he Prmng effect « [frain ‘ we AG AGT Seygen carking IF chence WS 7TH], Ten, ie [oil not voter] quenching io done. AL Ms. $oemation @ dir [oil Scanned by CamScanner amartensite arted. Procdically, after crossing ™y, Some austenite i io otec| present . These retained austenrtes Ghoul be converted 10 Tartensite ky Sub-zero heat Areatment at -To'C [-20°C ey dey ice or liquid nitrogen Then % Stage tempering 15 done ot Do0'r for Anour, Xo decrease yo Al\er a certain time Agepering 15 done o Aime to Porm martensite retained 8 and increased martensi no new martensite io Sormed » d\age ensure that relamed austenttes get hoo gome \rmitoctions — ctrical conductivity, Poor REAM). For hese ferrous materials ‘high dencity - ore weight , less le legrrosion resistence (HBTS FON oxidize | sheve mon-Ferrous aloys oe aloo, weed in VarVOHS applications . | | | oe Scanned by CamScanner Non-Pesroys alloys — Copper loased allgys Brass: > TF composition of Cu and 2n ib 65% and within 357 Teopectively y that io called & brags which has Fee Grtuclure The brass io Telatively oof, ductie and easily cold worked > omomt of Zn io more than 20%. the bree will be hard and strong. Tt contams tooth & and ACEO) phase at room Aemperalure These alloys are generally hot worked > Application’. Costume Jmellery , Cartridge casting, automotive radiators ;musical ‘struments, electronic Gackeging and coins Bronzer > Bronze io Stronger than lomos => Major Clement, are Cu and Sn , altRough other alleging event elemento can a a Ce hoodenable > Precigitation homdendole, CH alloys are loeryllium copper enefit is nsle Strength TTF I Scanned by CamScanner

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