Lilongwe University of Agriculture and

Natural Resources

Basic Sciences Department

Mathematics II - MAT 121

Tutorial Module

Felix Walije Moyo

December 15, 2016

Module Overview

This module was written with an intention of providing you with additional prac-
tice questions. It has a number of questions on each topic of your second semester
Mathematics. The units in this module are related to units in Module 1 and Mod-
ule 2 of MAT 121 as such it can work best for you if you first study the units in
the module before attemting the questions in this tutorial module. The first five
units are units in Module 1 and the other seven units are units in Module 2 .
In each unit we have a brief introduction which provides background knowledge
on the topic of study. Detailed explanations are contained in Module 1 and Module
2. We also have a set of questions and solutions to selected problems. Please do
not go straight to solutions before attempting the given question. Do the question
on your own first then compare your solutions with the answers in this modules.

ii
Contents

Module Overview ii

1 Trigonometric Functions 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Practice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Suggested solutions to Selected Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2 Trigonometric Relations and Identities 6

2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Practice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3 Graphs of Trigonometric Functions 14

3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2 Practice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4 Inverse Triginometric Functions 19

4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2 Practice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

5 Trigonometric Equations 23
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.2 Practice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

6 Limit and Continuity of Functions 28

6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.2 Practice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

iii
7 Differentiation Formulae and Techniques 36
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
7.2 Practice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
7.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

8 Derivatives of Transendental Functions 41

8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
8.2 Practice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
8.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

9 Application of Derivatives 45
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
9.2 Practice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
9.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

10 Indefinite and Definite Integrals 51

10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
10.2 Practice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
10.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

11 Integration Formulae and Techniques 56

11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
11.2 Practice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
11.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

12 Application of Integration 62
12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
12.2 Practice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
12.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

iv
Unit 1

Trigonometric Functions

1.1 Introduction
1. An arc equal in length to the radius of the circle subtends an angle of 1 rad
at the center of the circle.
π π
2. 1o = . To convert from degree to radians multiply by .
180 180o
180 180o
3. 1rad = To convert from rad to degrees multiply by .
π π
4. Arc length subtending an angle θ at the center is give by Arc length = rθ,
where θ is in radians.
1 2
5. Area of a sector = r θ.
2
6. Basic trigonometric identities,

(a) sin(π − θ) = sin θ, cos(π − θ) = − cos θ.

sin θ cos θ
(b) tan θ = , cot θ = .
cos θ sin θ
1 1
(c) sec θ = , csc θ = .
cos θ sin θ
(d) tan(π − θ = − tan θ.

1.2 Practice Questions

1. sin θ < 0 and tan θ > 0, in which quadrant does θ lie?

2. In which quadrant does an angle of 260o lie? Is cos 260o positive or negative?

1
 3. In which quadrant does a −278o angle lie?

4. State four coterminals angles of 300o angle (Give two positive and two neg-
ative).

5. Is the reference angle for −720o ?

−4π
6. An angle of radians lies in which quadrant?
3
7. Find the area of regular pentagon that is inscribed in a circle of a diameter
14 cm.

8. Find the area of a sector if the central angle measures 1050 and the radius
of the circle is 7.2 cm.
2π
9. Find the area of each sector given its central angle and the radius of the
3
circle is 10 cm.

10. Convert each degree measure to radian measure in terms of pie.

(a) 400 (b) 3250 (c) 1710 (d) 4000 (e) 2100 .

11. Change each radian measure to degree measure.

7π −12π 7π −3π
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 6π.
5 7 18 2
12. Given the measurement of a central angle 105o , find the length of its inter-
cepted arc in a circle of radius 12 cm.

13. The diameter of a circle is 42 cm. If a central angle measure 78o , find the
length of the intercepted arc.
7π
14. An arc is 42 cm long and is intercepted by a central angle of radians.
5
Find the diameter of the circle.

15. An arc is 0.1 m long and is intercepted by a central angle of 75o . Find the
radius of the circle.

16. A sector has arc length of 11.52 cm and central angle of 1.2 radians. Find,

(a) the radius of the circle

(b) the area of the sector.
(c) the perimeter of the sector.

2
17. A sector has arc length of 5 m and central angle of 235o . Find

(a) the radius of the circle

(b) the area of the sector.
(c) the perimeter of the sector.

18. The sector has area of 18 cm2 and a central angle of 0.2 radians.

(a) Find the radius of the circle

(b) Find the arc length of the sector.

19. The sector has area of 24 cm2 . The radius of the circle is 3 m. Find the
radian measure of the central angle.

20. In an equilateral triangle ABC with sides of length 8 cm. P is the midpoint
of AB. Q is the midpoint of AC. AP Q is a sector of a circle, centre A.

(a) Find the area of region P BCQ.

(b) Calculate the perimeter of P BCQ.
(c) Find the perimeter of the sector.

21. OABC of a circle with centre O and radius OA. OA = OC = 7.4 cm. Angle
AOC = 150o .

(a) Calculate the length of the arc ABC of the sector.

(b) Calculate the area of the segment ABC.
(c) Calculate the perimeter of the segment ABC.

22. ABC is an arc of a circle centre O with radius 35 m. AC is a chord of the

circle. Angle AOC = 21o . Calculate the area of the segment ABC.

23. For each of the angles below, find a coterminal angle that is between 0o and
360o .

(a) 455o (b) −160o (c) 825o .

24. Given that sin(−x) = − sin x, .and cos(−x) = cos x, prove each of the fol-
lowing statements.

(a) tan(−x) = − tan x (b) csc(−x) = − csc x (c) sec(−x) = sec x

(d) cot(−x) = − cot x

25. Use the even/odd identities to verify the following identities.

3
 (a) sin(3π − 2θ) = − sin(2θ − 3π)
 
−π  π
(b) cos − 5t = cos 5t +
4 4
(c) csc(−θ − 5) = − csc(θ + 5)

26. If tan 75o = 3.7321, without using a calculator evaluate each one of the
following;

(a) tan(−75o ) (b) tan 285o , (d) tan −275o .

27. Given that sin 82o = 0.9903, without using a calculator evaluate each one of
the following;

(a) sin 802o , (b) sin −998o (c) sin −275o

1.3 Suggested solutions to Selected Questions

1. Angle θ is in the third quadrant.

2. The angle 260o is in the third qudrant and cos 260o is negative.

3. First quadrant.

4. 660o , 1020o , −60o , −420o

5. 5o

6. first quadrant.

7. 116.5 cm2

8. 47.5 cm2
100π
9. cm2 .
3
2π 65π 19π 20π 7π
10. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) .
9 36 20 9 6
4o
11. (a) 252o (b) −307 (c) 70o (d) −270o (e) 1080o .
7
12. 7π
91π
13.
10
4
14. 19.098 cm

15. 15.28 cm.

16. (a) 9.6 cm (b) 55.3 cm (c) 30.72 cm.

17. (a) 1.22 m (b) 3.05 m2 (c) 7.44 m.

18. (a) 13.42 cm (b) 29.1 cm

19. 5.33 rad.

20. (a) 19.33 cm2 (b) 20.19 cm (c) 12.19 cm.

21. (a) 19.37 cm (b) 59.99 cm2 (c) 33.67 cm.

22. 4.99 cm2

23. (a) 95o (b) 2000 (c) 105o .

sin(−x) − sin x)
24. (a) tan(−x) = = = − tan x.
cos(−x) cos x
1 1
(b) csc(−x) = = = −cscx
sin(−x) − sin x
(c) and (d) have been left as exercises.

25. (a) sin(3π − 2θ) = sin −(2θ − 3π = − sin(2θ − 3π,

(b) and (c) have been left as exercises.

26. (a) −3.732 (b) −3.731 (c) 3.732

27. (a) 0.9903 (b) 0.9908 (c) −0.9903

5
Unit 2

Trigonometric Relations and

Identities

2.1 Introduction
In this unit we concentrate on proving identities. An identity is the equivalence
between two diferent forms of the same expression. To prove any identity we use
the simple identities and some trigonometric rules. Below is a list of some of the
trigonometric identities that might be used in this unit.

1. Pythagorean Identities.

(a) cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1

(b) 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ
(c) cot2 θ + 1 = csc2 θ

2. Addition and difference formulas.

(a) sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

(b) sin(A − B) = sin A cos B − cos A sin B
(c) cos(A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B
(d) cos(A − B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan A + tan B
(e) tan(A + B) =
1 − tan A tan B
tan A − tan B
(f) tan(A − B) =
1 + tan A tan B
3. Double Angle Identities.

6
 (a) sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
(b) cos 2A = cos2 A − sin2 A = 2 cos2 A − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2 A
2 tan A
(c) tan 2A =
1 + tan2 A
4. Half angle identities.
r
1 − cos θ
(a) sin(θ/2) ±
2
r
cos θ + 1
(b) cos(θ/2) = ±
2
r
1 − cos θ
(c) tan(θ/2) = ±
1 + cos θ
sin θ
(d) (tan θ/2) =
1 + cos θ
5. Sum to Product and product to sum Identities.
1
(a) cos ω cos β = [cos(ω + β) + cos(ω − β)]
2
1
(b) sin ω sin β = [cos(ω − β) − cos(ω + β)]
2
1
(c) sin ω cos β = [sin(ω + β) + sin(ω − β)]
2
1
(d) cos ω sin β = [sin(ω + β) − sin(ω − β)]
2
   
ω+β ω−β
(e) cos ω + cos β = 2 cos cos
2 2
   
ω+β ω−β
(f) cos ω − cos β = −2 sin sin
2 2
   
ω+β ω−β
(g) sin ω + sin β = 2 sin cos
2 2
   
ω+β ω−β
(h) sin ω − sin β = 2 cos sin
2 2

2.2 Practice Questions

3
1. If sec θ = , find cos θ.
2
7
2. Simplify sin x + sin x cot2 x

3. Perform each indicated operation and simplify the result.

1
(a) cot θ +
cot θ
cos θ sin θ
(b) +
sin θ 1 + cos θ
1 1
(c) −
1 + cos θ 1 − cos θ
4. Find the exact values for each of the following problems. (Hint: Use the sum
difference identities)
7π π
(a) sec 75o , (b) sin (c) cos (d) cos 75
12 12
13π 5π
(e) sec 165o (f)sin 105o (g) cos , (h) csc
12 12
(i) cos 74 cos 44 + sin 74 sin 44 (j) sin 22 cos 38o + cos 22o sin 38o
o 0 o o o

tan 27o + tan 18o tan 110o − tan 50o

(k) (l)
1 − tan 27o tan 18o 1 + tan 110o tan 50o
5. Find the exact values of sin 2x, cos 2x and tan 2x. Given that tan x = 2,
π −1 3π −3 3π
0 < x , cos x = where π < x < , and sin x = where ≤ x ≤ 2π
2 3 2 5 5
6. Without using a calculator compute the exact value of each of the following.
( Hint; Use the half angle formula)
7π π
(a) sin 165o , (b) cos (c) cos (d) cos 15o
12 8
5π
(e) sin 22.5o (e)tan 75o (f) tan , (g) sin 157.5o .
12
7. Find sin(x − y) and tan(x + y) without using a calculator.
√
3 8
(a) sin x = , sin y = , x and y are both in the first quadrant.
4 3
2 −1
(b) sin x = , cos y = , x is in the second quadrant and y is in the 3rd
3 4
quadrant.
3 −1
(c) tan x = , tan y = , x is in the third quadrant and y is in the fourth.
4 2
8. Prove each of the following identities.

8
 cot x cot y − 1 2 tan x
(a) cot(x + y) = (b) tan 2x =
cot x + cot y 1 − tan2 x
sin(u + v) cot u + cot v cos(x + y)
(c) = (d) cot x − tan y =
sin(v − u) cot u − cot v sin x cos y
cot y − cot x
(e) tan(x − y) = (f) (sin x + cos x)2 = 1 + sin 2x
cot x cot y + 1
1 + tan x
(g) 1 − cos 2x = tan x sin 2x (h) tan(x + 45o ) =
1 − tan x
tan A + tan B
(i) sin(A + B) = (j) sin 3x = 3 sin x − 4 sin3 x
sec A sec B
1 − sin2 θ
(k) = cos θ (l) sin x − sin x cos2 x = cos3 x
cos θ
1 + tan x 1 − sin x
(m) sin4 −cos4 x = 1 − 2 cos2 x (n) + = 4 tan x sec x
1 − sin x 1 + sin x
(o) (sin x + cos x)(tan x + cot x) = sec x + csc x (p) (tan x + cot x)2 =
sec2 x csc2 x

9. Verify each of the following identities.

cos(x − y)
(a) tan x + cot y =
cos x sin y
sin(x − y)
(b) cot y − cot x =
sin x sin y
(c) sin(x + 2kπ) = sin x
(d) cot(x − π) = cot x

10. Verify each of the following identities.

(a) sin(x + y) + sin(x − y) = 2 sin x cos y

2(tan x − tan y
(b) tan(x − y) − tan(y − x) =
1 + tan x tan y
sin(x − y) tan x − tan y
(c) =
sin(x + y) tan x + tan y
tan θ − cot θ
(d) = 1 − 2cos2 θ
tan θ + cot θ
11. Evaluate exactly as real numbers without using a calculator.
   
−1 −4 −1 −3
(a) sin[cos + sin ]
5 5

9
  
−1 3
(b) cos[2 cos ]
5
 
−3
(c) tan[2 tan−1 ]
4
√ !  
−1 3 −1 −3
(d) tan[cos − sin ]
2 5
 
−1 1
(e) sin[sin + tan−1 (−3)]
2
3 π −5 3π
12. If sin u = for < u < π, and cos v = with π < v < , simplify the
5 2 6 2
following,

(a) sin(u + v) (b) cos(u + v) (c) tan(u + v),

13. Simplify the following.

 π
(a) sin x −
2
 
3π
(b) cos x +
2
 π
(c) cos x +
2
14. Write the given product as a sum.

(a) cos 3θ cos 5θ

(b) sin 9θ cos θ
(c) cos 2θ cos 6θ
(d) sin θ sin 3θ
(e) cos θ sin 3θ

15. Write the given sum as a product of trigonometric functions.

(a) cos 3θ + cos 5θ

(b) cos 5θ − cos 6θ
(c) sin 9θ − sin(−θ)
(d) sin 2θ − sin 7θ

16. Suppose θ is a first quadrant angle with sin θ = x, verify the following for-
mulas.

10
 √
(a) cos θ = 1 − x2
√
(b) sin 2θ = 2x 1 − x2
(c) cos 2θ = 1 − 2x2

2.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions

2
1.
3
2. csc x
3. (a) csc θ sec θ (b) sec θ (c) lesft as an exercise.
√ √ √ √
2 2 1+ 3 1+ 3 3−1
4. (a) √ (b) √ (c) √ (d) √
3−1 2 2 2 2 2 2
√ √ √ √
−2 2 1+ 3 −(1 + 3) 2 2
(e) √ (f) √ (g) √ (h) √
3−1 2 2 2 2 3+1
√ √
3 3 √
(i) (j) (k) 1 (l) 3.
2 2
2 −56 4
5. (a) (b) (c)
3 225 −3
p √ p √ p√ p√
2− 3 2− 3 2+2 3+2
6. (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2
p √ p √
2− 2 1 1 2− 2
(e) (f) √ (g) √ (h) .
2 2− 3 2− 3 2
√ √ √ √ √ √
3 8− 7 3 8+ 7 −4 − 75 −2 + 75
7. (a)i (a) ii √ (b)i (b) ii √ √
12 56 − 3 12 5 − 2 15
−2 2
(c) i √ (c) ii
5 11
cos x cos y sin x sin y
−
cos(x + y) cos x cos y − sin x sin y sin x sin y sin x sin y
8. (a) cot(x+y) = = =
sin(x + y) sin x cos y + sin y cos x sin x cos y sin y cos x
−
sin x sin y sin x sin y
cot x cot y − 1
=
cot y + cot x
sin(x + y) sin x cos x + sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x
(b) tan 2x = tan(x+y) = = =
cos(x + y) cos x cos x − sin x sin x cos2 x − sin2 x

11
 2 sin x cos x
cos2 x 2 tan x
= 2 =
2
cos x sin x 1 − tan2 x
−
cos2 x cos2 x
(g) 1 − cos 2x = 1 − (cos2 x − sin2 x) = 1 − cos2 x + sin2 x
= 1 − cos2 x + 1 − cos2 x = 2 − 2 cos2 x = 2(1 − cos2 x) = 2 sin2 x
cos x sin x
= 2 sin2 x × = × 2 sin x cos x = tan x sin 2x
cos x cos x
(j) sin 3x = sin(2x + x) = sin 2x cos x + sin x cos 2x
= (2 sin 2x cos x) cos x + sin x(cos2 x − sin2 x)
= 2 sin x cos2 x + sin x cos2 x − sin3 x
= 3 sin x(1 − sin2 x) − sin3 x
= 3 sin x − 3 sin3 x − sin3 x = 3 sin x − 4 sin3 x
sin x cos y sin y sin x + cos y cos x sin(y + x)
9. (a) tan x + cot y = + = =
cos x sin y cos x sin y cos x sin y

tan θ − cot θ sin2 θ − cos2 θ sin θ cos θ

10. (d) = ×
tan θ + cot θ sin θ cos θ sin2 θ + cos2 θ
= 1 − cos2 θ − cos2 θ = 1 − 2 cos2 θ.
√
24 −7 −24 4+3 3 −1
11. (a) (b) (c) (d) √ (e) .
25 25 7 4 3−3 2
√ √ √
−15 + 4 11 20 + 3 11 −15 − 4 11
12. (a) (b) (c) √ .
30 30 20 + 3 11
π π π
13. (a) sin(x − ) = sin x cos − cos x sin = 0 − cos x = − cos x
2 2 2
(b) sin x (c) − sin x
1 1
14. (a) cos 3θ cos 5θ = [cos(3θ + 5θ) + cos(3θ − 5θ)] = (cos 8θ + cos 2θ)
2 2
1 1
(b) (sin 10θ + sin 8θ) (c) (cos 8θ + cos 4θ),
2 2
1 1
(d) (cos 2θ − cos 4θ) (e) (sin 4θ + sin 2θ
2 2
3θ + 5θ 3θ − 5θ
15. (a) cos 3θ = cos 5θ = 2 cos( ) cos( ) = 2 cos 4θ cos θ
2 2
12
    
11θ −θ
(b) −2 sin sin (c) 2 sin 5θ cos 4θ
2 2
   
9θ −5θ
(d) 2 cos sin
2 2
√
16. (a) cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1, cos2 θ = 1 − sin2 θ, cos2 = 1 − x2 sin θ = 1 − x2
√
(b) 2x 1 − x2

13
Unit 3

Graphs of Trigonometric
Functions

3.1 Introduction
1. The three basic trigonometric functions have the periods as demonstrated
below:

(a) The Sine function → period is 2π radians or 3600 .

(b) The cosine function → period is 2π radians or 360o .
(c) The tangent function → period is π radians or 180o .
(d) The graph of y = sin ax or y = cos ax makes a complete cycles between
2π 360o
0o and 360o . Each function has a period of or .
a a
(e) For the trigonometric function y = a sin(bx + c) + k, the amplitude is
|a|, period is 2π/b , frequency is 1/period = b/2π, phase shift is −c/b
and the vertical shift is k.
(f) The phase shift is the starting point to draw your graph, devide the
period by 4 to determine the five points to graph on the horizontal
axis. Use the five points to determine the corresponding y coordinates.

3.2 Practice Questions

1. State the period, amplitude and frequency of each of the following trigono-
metric functions.

(a) y = −2 cos 0.5θ

14
 (b) y = 3 cos 2θ.
−1 π
(c) y = cos θ
3 2
θ
(d) y = −2.5 cos
5
2. State the period, amplitude, frequency, phase shift and vertical shift of each
of the following trigonometric functions.
 
θ π
(a) y = 2 cos +
4 2
(b) y = 5 cos θ − 4.
 π
(c) y = sin θ + −4
3
 
θ π
(d) y = −2 + sin −
3 12
(e) y = 20 + 5 cos(3θ + π)
 
θ π
(f) y = − sin −
4 6
1
(g) y = cos(−x + π) − 1
2
3. Write an equation of the cosine function with the given amplitude and period.

(a) Amplitude = 1.5 and period 1.5π

3
(b) Amplitude = and period π
4
(c) Amplitude = 5 and period 2π
2π
(d) Amplitude = 0.5 and period
2
2 3π
(e) Amplitude = and period
5 5
4. Write an equation of the sine function with the given amplitude and period

(a) Amplitude = 0.5 and period π

π
(b) Amplitude = 7 and period
3
π
(c) Amplitude = 12 and period
4
5π
(d) Amplitude = 4.5 and period
4
15
5. Write the equation of the cosine function with amplitude, period, phase shift,
and vertical shift given below.
−π
(a) Amplitude =4, period =π, phase shift = , and vertical shift = −2
8
π π
(b) Amplitude =3.5, period = , phase shift = , and vertical shift = 7
2 4
π π
(c) Amplitude =6, period = , phase shift = , and vertical shift = 3
6 3
6. Write the equation of the sine function with amplitude, period, phase shift,
and vertical shift given below.

(a) Amplitude =7, period =3π, phase shift =π, and vertical shift = −7
3 π
(b) Amplitude = , period = , phase shift =π, and vertical shift = 2.5
4 5
π π
(c) Amplitude =3, period = , phase shift = , and vertical shift = 1
6 3
7. Draw separately the graph of each of the following trigonometric functions.
(Draw the graph that covers at least two periods.)

(a) y = sin θ.
(b) y = 2 sin θ.
(c) y = 2 sin 2θ.
(d) y = −2 cos 2θ.
 π
(e) y = 5 cos 2θ + .
2
 
θ π
(f) y = 2 cos +
4 2
(g) y = 5 cos θ − 4.
 π
(h) y = s sin θ + −4
3
 
θ π
(i) y = −2 + sin −
3 12
(j) y = 20 + 5 cos(3θ + π)
 
θ π
(k) y = − sin −
4 6
1
(l) y = cos(−x + π) − 1
2
(m) y = cos x + cos 2x.

16
 (n) y = cos θ − sin θ.

8. Graph each of the following functions.

(a) y = cos x, 5π ≤ x ≤ 3π
9π 13π
(b) y = sin x, ≤x≤
2 2
(c) y = x + cos x

3.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions

1
1. (a) period = 4π, Amplitude = 2 frequency =
2π
1
(b) period = π, Amplitude = 3 frequency =
π
1 1
(c) period = 4π, Amplitude = frequency = ,
3 4π
1
(d) period = 10π, Amplitude = 2.5 frequency =
10π
1
2. (a) period = 8π, Amplitude = 2, frequency = , phase shift = −2π, vertical
8π
shift = 0
1
(b) period = 2π, Amplitude = 5, frequency = , phase shift = 0, vertical
2π
shift = −4
1 −π
(c) period = 2π, Amplitude = 1, frequency = , phase shift = , vertical
2π 3
shift = −4
1 π
(d) period = 6π, Amplitude = 1, frequency = , phase shift = , vertical
6π 4
shift = −2
2π 3 −π
(e) period = , Amplitude = 5, frequency = , phase shift = , vertical
3 2π 3
shift = 20
1 2π
(f) period = 8π, Amplitude = 1, frequency = , phase shift = , vertical
8π 3
shift = 0
1
(g) period = 2π, Amplitude = 0.5, frequency = , phase shift = π, vertical
2π
shift = −1

17
 3 4θ 3
3. (a) y = ± cos (b) y = ± cos 2θ,
2 3 4
1 2 10θ
(c) y = ±5 cos θ (d) ± cos 4θ (e) y = ± cos
2 5 3
1
4. (a) ± sin 2θ (b) y = ±7 sin 3θ (c) y = ±12 sin 8θ,
2
9 8
(d) y = ± sin θ
2 5
π
5. (a) y = ±4 cos(2θ + ) − 2,
4
7
(b) y = ± cos(4θ − π) + 7 (c) y = ±6 cos(12θ − 4π) + 3
2
2 3
6. (a) y = ±7 sin( θ − π) − 7
3 2
3
(b) y = ± sin(10θ − 2π) + 2.5 (c) y = ±3 sin(12θ − 4π) + 1
4

18
Unit 4

Inverse Triginometric Functions

4.1 Introduction
1. The inverse of a given trigonometric function gives an angle as its solution.
Each trigonometric inverse is defined on a specific interval.
1
2. Note that sin−1 6=
sin x
3. The inverse function y = cos−1 x has the domain of [−1, 1] and its range is
(0, π).

4. The inverse function sin−1 x is defined on the domain [−1, 1] and its range
is (−π/2, π/2).

5. The inverse function tan−1 x has the domain (−∞, ∞)and its range is (− π2 , π2 ).

6. From the statements above sin−1 (sin x) is not always equal to x, this is
because sin−1 is only defined where the sine function has a restricted domain
π π
( , ).
2 2
7. To draw the graph of the inverse trigonometric function say y = cos−1 2x,
1
first write the function as cos x, then draw the table of values in the interval
2
(0, π). Plot the points and connect them with a smooth curve.

4.2 Practice Questions

 
−1 3
1. If sin , find cos x.
5

19
 √ √
7π 2 −1 2 7π
2. True or false? If cos = , then cos = .
4 3 3 4
  
−1 8π
3. Evaluate sin sin .
7

4. Evaluate if possible cot(sin−1 2).

−1
5. Find the principal value of sin−1 .
2
6. Find the exact value without a calculator for sin(tan−1 1).

7. Sketch the graph of each of the following functions.

(a) y = sin−1 x
(b) y = sin−1 2x
(c) y = cos−1 x
(d) y = tan−1 3x
(e) y = sin−1 (x + 3)
(f) y = cos−1 3x
(g) y = tan−1 (x + 1)

8. Evaluate each of the following.

(a) y = cos(tan−1 1 − sin−1 1)

(b) y = sin(tan−1 1 − sin−1 1)
(c) y = cos(sin −1x)
(d) y = csc(sin −1x)

9. Simplify each of the following.

  
−1 1
(a) y = sin sin
2
  
−1 1
(b) y = tan sin √
2
  
5π
(c) y = cos−1 sin
4
  
1
(d) y = cos sin−1
2

20
   
−1 11π
(e) y = cos cos
6
  
3
(f) tan cos−1
5
6 11
(g) tan−1 + tan−1
17 23
  
π −1
(h) sin − sin−1
3 2
10. Determine whether each of the following function is odd, even, or neither.

(a) y = sin−1 x
(b) y = cos−1 x
(c) y = tan−1 x
8 3 77
11. Prove that sin−1 + sin−1 = sin−1 .
17 5 85

4.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions

4
1.
5
2. False
−π
3.
7
4. Impossible because sin−1 2 is undefined.
−π
5.
6
√
2
6.
2
7. sketch the graphs.
√ √
2 − 2 √ 1
8. (a) (b) (c) 1 − x2 (d) .
2 2 x
√
1 3 4 π 1
9. (a) (b)1 (c) −45 (d) (e) 150o (f) (g) (h)
2 2 3 4 2
10. (a) odd (b) even (c) odd

21
 8 8 3 3
11. Let sin−1 = x, then sin x = . Let sin−1 = y, then sin y =
17 17 5 5
Therefore,
8 3
sin[sin−1 ( ) + sin−1 ] = sin(x + y)
17 5
8 4 3 15 32 9 77
= sin x cos y + sin y cos x = ( )( ) + ( )( ) = + =
17 5 5 17 85 17 85
Therefore,
77
x + y = sin−1 ( )
85
8 3 77
sin−1 + sin−1 = sin−1
17 5 85

22
Unit 5

Trigonometric Equations

5.1 Introduction
1. Solving trigonometric equations is process of finding angles from the givven
interval whose trigonomrtric ratio has been given.

2. To solve a trigonometric equation, use standard algebraic techniques such as

collecting like terms and factoring.

3. Rewrite the equation in the form f (x) = a where f (x) is a trig function and
a is a constant. Then solve for x.

4. Sometimes the trigonometric equation will take the form of a quadratic equa-
tion. To solve these equations factor out the equation and solve each factor
equal to zero. If the equation is can not be factorised and is the sum of two
different trigonometric functions, using the appropriate trigonometric iden-
tity reduce the trigonometric equation to one containing one trigonometric
function.

5. Some trigonometric equations will demand solution from a specific given

interval, it means the solutions must be the angles from the given interval.

6. If the interval is not given then a general solution must be given. i.e. x±360o n
for sine or cosine functions. While for tangent function the general solution
is x ± 180o .

7. If the trig function involves multiples angles say sin kθ, cos kθ, first solve for
kθ. Then the general solution is found by adding to the value of kθ 360o
after which is when we divide by k to find the value of θ.

23
5.2 Practice Questions
1. Solve the following trigonometric equations give all values of x in the indi-
cated interval.

(a) 2 tan2 x = 10 − sec x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 360o

(b) sec x = 3 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
(c) 3 cos2 x − 2 sin x + 2 = 0
(d) sin x = sin(2x) on [0, 5π]
(e) 2 sin2 x − sin x − 1 = 0 on [0, 2π]

2. Solve the following trigonometric equations.

(a) 2 cos 3t − 1 = 0.
1
(b) sin x = √ for 0 < x < 360o
2
−1
(c) cos x = for 0 < x < 360o
2
1
(d) tan x = √ for 0 < x < 360o
3
(e) cos x = −1 for 0 < x < 360o

3. Find all the solutions of each of the following equations in the given range.

(a) 3 cos2 x − 3 = sin2 x − 1 for 0 < x < 360o

(b) 5 cos2 x = 4 − 3 sin2 x for −180o < x < 180o
(c) tan2 x = 2 sec2 x − 3 for −180o < x < 180o
(d) cos2 x + 3 cos x = sin2 x − 2 for 0 < x < 360o

4. Find all the solutions of each of the following equations in the given range.
√
(a) tan x = 3 for 0 < x < 2π
(b) sin 2x = −1 for −π < x < π
1
(c) cos 3x = √ for −π < x < π
2
1
(d) tan x = −1 for −2π < x < 0
2
5. Find the general solution to the following trigonometric equations.

24
 (a) 1 + sin x = 2 cos2 x
(b) −3 cos x + 3 = 2 sin2 x
(c) cos 3x = cos2 x
(d) 2 cos2 x − cos x = 3
(e) 3 cos(2x) + cos(x) + 2 = 0
(f) cos(2x) = 5 sin(x) − 2
(g) cot2 (x) = 3 csc(x) − 3
(h) cos(x) csc(x) cot(x) = 6 − cot2 (x)
(i) sin(2x) = tan(x)
(j) tan3 (x) = 3 tan(x)
(k) sin(6x) cos(x) = − cos(6x) sin(x)
(l) sin(3x) cos(x) = cos(3x) sin(x)

6. Find the solutions to the following trigonometric equations on the interval

[0, 2π].

(a) 2 sin2 x = cos x + 1

(b) 2 cos2 x + 3 sin x = 3
(c) sec(x) = 2 csc(x)
(d) sec2 x = 4
(e) 2 sec2 (x) = 3 − tan(x)
(f) tan2 (x) = 1 − sec(x)
(g) cos(2x) cos(x) + sin(2x) sin(x) = 1
(h) cos(2x) + csc2 (x) = 0
(i) cos(3x) = cos(5x)
(j) cos(4x) = cos(2x)
(k) sin(5x) = sin(3x)

7. Solve the following equations.

(a) cos−1 (2x) = π

(b) π − 2 sin−1 (x) = 2π
(c) tan−1 (3x − 1) − π = 0
(d) cot−1 (2x) − 5π = 0

25
  
−1 −x
(e) sec =π
2
 
−1 −x π
(f) csc =
3 4
8. Find all the solutions of each of the following equations in the given range.

(a) 3 tan2 x − 2 = 5 sec2 x − 9 for 0 < x < 2π

(b) 3 cos2 x − 6 cos x = sin2 x − 3 for −π < x < π

9. Solve each of the following equations.

(a) sin x = − sin2 x

(b) sin x = − cos x
1
(c) tan2 x =
3
(d) cos x sin x = cos x
(e) tan x = tan2 x

10. Show that the equation tan2 = 2 sec x + 2 can be written as sec2 x − 2 sec x −
3 = 0 hence solve the equation tan2 = 2 sec x + 2 give the values of x in
radians to two decimal places in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
3 cot x + 4
11. Show that the equation csc2 x = can be written as 2 cot2 x −
2
3 cot x + 4
3 cot x − 2 = 0 hence solve the equation csc2 x = giving all values
2
of x in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π in rad to two decimal places.

5.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions

1. (a) 104.48o , 48.19o (b) 1.23 rad (c) has no solution
π 5π 7π 11π 13π π 7π 11π
(d) 0, π, 3π, 4π, 5π, , , , , . (e) , , .
3 3 3 3 3 2 6 6
2. (a) 30o + 120o n, 100o + 120o n, where n is an integer. (b) 45o , 135o
(c) 225o , 135o (d) 30o , 210o (e) 360o
π 5π 7π 11π
3. (a) , , , (b) −45o , −135o , 45o , 135o .
6 6 6 6
(c) −45o , −135o , 45o , 135o (d) 120o , 240o , 180o

26
 π 4π −π −π π −π −5π
4. (a) , (b) (c) , (d) ,
3 3 4 12 12 2 2
5. (a) 30o ± 360o n, 330o ± 360o n, 270o ± 360o n, 60o ± 360o n, 180o ± 360o n
(d) 90o ± 360o n, 270o ± 360o n, 360o n, 138.59o ± 360o n, 221.41o ± 360o n
(e) 70.53o ± 360o n, 289.47o ± 360o n, 120o ± 360o n, 240o ± 360o n
(f) 30o ± 360o n, 150o ± 360o n (g) 30o ± 360o n, 150o ± 360o n, 90o ± 360o n
(h) 30o ± 360o n, 150o ± 360o n, 210o ± 360o n, 330o ∓ 360o n ,
(i) ±360o n, 180o ± 360o n, 60o ± 360o n (j) ±180o n, 60o ± 180o n, 120o ± 180o n
360o 180o 360o n
(k) , + (l) 180o n, 90o ± 180o n
7 7 7
π 5π π
6. (a) π (b) , , , (c) 1.107 rad, 4.249 rad. (d) 0.889 rad, 5.394 rad.
6 6 2
7π 3π 2π 4π π 3π
(e) 0.464rad, 3.605 rad, , (f) π, , (g) 0, 2π (h) ,
4 4 3 3 2 2
π π π 2π π 3π
(i) 0, , π, (j) 0, , π, 2π, (k) , , π, 0, 2π
4 2 3 3 8 8
−1 1 √
7. (a) (b) −1 (c) (d) has no solution. (e) 2 (f) −3 2
2 3
π 3π 5π 7π
8. , , , (b) −60o , 0o , 60o .
4 4 4 4
9. (a) ±360o n, 180o ± 360o n, 270o ± 360o n
3π
(b) ± πn (c) 30o ± 180o n, 150o ± 180o n (d) 90o ± 360o n, 270o ± 360o n
4
10. 1.231 rad, 5.052 rad, 0, 2π rad.

27
Unit 6

Limit and Continuity of Functions

6.1 Introduction
1. Propeties of limits.
If L, M, a, and k are real numbers and lim f (x) = L and lim = M , then
x→a x→a

(a) Sum Rule: lim f (x) + g(x) = L + M

x→a

(b) Difference Rule: lim f (x) − g(x) = L − M

x→a

(c) Product Rule: lim (f (x).g(x)) = L.M

x→a

(d) Constant Multiple Rule: lim (k.f (x)) = kL

x→a

f (x) L
(e) Quotient Rule: lim = , provided M 6= 0
x→a g(x) M
(f) Power Rule: If w and q are integers, q 6= 0 then lim (f (x))w/q = Lw/q
x→a

2. One-sided and Two-sided Limits

(a) One sided limits: lim+ f (x) is a limit from the right, lim− f (x) is a limit
x→a x→a
from the left.
(b) A function f (x) has a limit as x approaches a if and only if the right-
hand and left hand limits at a exist and are equal.

3. Continuty of Functions:

(a) A function y = f (x) is continuous at a pont e of its domain if lim+ f (x) =

x→e
f (e).

28
 (b) A function y = f (x) is continuous at left endpoint d or is continuous at
a right endpoint b of its domain if
(c) lim f (x) = f (d),
x→d

(d) lim f (x) = f (b), respectively.

x→b

(e) If a function f (x) is not continuous at a point e, we say that f is dis-

continuous at e and e is a point of discontinuity of f (x).

Techniques to Evaluation of limits:

4. Direct Substitution - plug the x-value in the function if you get a real number
∞ c
you are done if you get a form like or where c is a constant,( ie an
∞ 0
indeterminate form) then,

5. Try to factor the expression. Cancel common factors and try direct substi-
tution again.

6. Try plugging in a number close to the x-value to the right and the left.

7. Try to rationalize the denominator or the numerator depending on which

part is in surd form.

8. If f (x) and g(x) are two polynomial functions with orders m and n respec-
fx
tively then lim .
x→∞ g(x)

(a) = 0 if n > m,
(b) does not exist if m > n,
(c) is equal to the ratio of the leading coefficients if m = n

6.2 Practice Questions

LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS

1. Calculate the limit of each of the following functions if it exists.

5x4 + 8x2
(a) lim
x→0 3x4 − 16x2

(b) lim
x2 − 4
x→2
x2 + 4

29
 x3 − 8
(c) lim
x→2 x2 − 4
x+2
(d) lim 2
x→−2 x + 3x + 2
√
4+h−2
(e) lim
h→0 h
(x − 3) cos(x − 3)
(f) lim
x→3 x(x2 − 5x + 6
x3 − x2 + 2x − 2
(g) lim
x→1 x3 + 3x2 − 4x
√
x+9−3
(h) lim
x→0 3
t
(i) lim √
t→0 4−t−2
2
x − 7x + 12
(j) lim
x→3 x−3
2
r − 3r + 2
(k) lim
r→1 r−1
1 1
−
(l) lim 2 + k 2
k→0 k
p
(m) lim 9 − p4
4
p→5

|4x − 12|
(n) lim−
x→3 x−3
2
y + 5y + 6
(o) lim
y→2 (y + 2)
x+4
(p) lim + 2
x→−4 x + 10x + 24
3
−1
(q) lim x − 1
x→4 x−4
x2 − 25
(r) lim−
x→5 |x − 5|

x2 + 2x
(s) lim
x→−2 x2 − 3x − 10

2. Calculate the limit to infinity of each of the following functions if it exists.

30
 (2x − 1)(3 − x)
(a) lim
x→∞ (x − 1)(x + 3)

x3 − 2x2 + 3x − 4
(b) lim
x→∞ 4x3 − 3x2 + 2x − 1

4 − x2
(c) lim 2
x→∞ x − 1

x−3
(d) lim 2
x→∞ x − 2x − 3

5x3 + 27
(e) lim
x→∞ 20x2 + 10x + 9

(2x4 − 137)4
(f) lim
x→∞ (x2 + 429)10

(5x10 + 32)3
(g) lim
x→∞ (1 − 2x6 )5

x2 + x + 1
(h) lim
x→∞ (3x + 2)2

2x2
(i) lim
x→∞ (x + 2)3

2x + 3
(j) lim √
x→∞ 25x2 + x
3 − 2x3
(k) lim
x→∞ 3x − 1
(
2x − 1, x < 2
3. f (x) = . Find the lim f (x) if it exist.
x2 + 1, x > 2 x→2

(
3x + 3, x < −2
4. f (x) = . Find the lim f (x) if it exist
x2 + 3x − 1, x ≥ −2 x→−2

(
1, 0 ≤ x < 1
5. Consider the function f (x) = . Find the following
x2 , x > 1

(a) lim+ f (x)

x→1

(b) lim− f (x)

x→1

(c) lim f (x)

x→1

31
 (
4 − x2 , x < 1
6. Consider the function f (x) = . Find the following
2 + x2 , x > 1

(a) lim+ f (x)

x→1
(b) lim− f (x)
x→1
(c) lim f (x)
x→1

7. Assume that lim f (x) = 0 and lim g(x) = 3, evaluate the following,
x→4 x→4

(a) lim (g(x) + 3)

x→4
(b) lim g 2 (x)
x→4
g(x)
(c) lim
x→4 f (x) − 3
(
x + 2, x ≤ 3
8. Given that f (x) = . Find the lim f (x) if it exist.
4x − 7, x > 3 x→3

9. Assume that lim f (x) = 7 and lim g(x) = −3, evaluate the following,
x→b x→b

(a) lim(f (x) + g(x))

x→b
(b) lim(f (x).g(x))
x→b

CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS
10. (
State whether the function f (x) is continuous at x = 3 Given that f (x) =
√
x + 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 3
5 − x, x > 3

x2 − x
f (x) = , x 6= 0

11. If 2x and if f is continuous at x = 0, Then k =?
f (0) = k,
(
A + x, x < 2
12. Suppose that f (x) = . Find the value of A such that f (x)
1 + x2 , x ≥ 2
is continuous at x = 2.
(
2x2 + 3, x ≤ 3
13. Suppose that f (x) = . Find the value of B such that f (x)
3x + B, x > 3
is continuous at x = 3.

32
 (
2x2 + b, x ≥ −1
14. Suppose that f (x) = . Find the value of b such that
−x3 + bx, x < −1
f (x) is continuous.
(
ax2 + 3, x ≥ 2
15. Find a such that g(x) given below is continuous, g(x) = .
−2x + 2, x < 2

16. Find the value of a so that each of the functions given below are continuous,
(
x2 − 1, x < 3
(a) f (x) =
2ax, x ≥ 3
(
2x + 3, x ≤ 2
(b) f (x) =
ax + 1, x > 2
(
4 − x2 , x < −1
(c) f (x) =
ax2 − 1, x ≥ −1

17. State whether each of the following functions is continuous.


x + 3, x < 2

(a) f (x) = 5, x = 2 .

 4
x − 11, x > 2
(
x3 − 1, x < 3
(b) f (x) = .
x2 + 14, x ≥ 3
 2

 x − 7, x ≤ 3

−x + 5, 3 < x < 4
18. Where is the function f below not continuous f (x) =
1, x = 4


2x − 3, x > 4



2
x + k, x < 2

19. Consider the function f (x) below f (x) = c, x = 2 a) Find the

kx − 3, x > 2,

value of k so that lim f (x) exists. b) Find the value of c that makes f (x)
x→2
continuous at x = 2

20. Is there a way to define f (c) for the following functions so that f (x) is
continuous at x = c.

33
 x2 − 16
(a) f (x) = at c = 4.
x−4
8x
(b) f (x) = at c = 1 .
x−1
21. For what values of x are each of the following functions discontinuous?
1
(a) f (x) =
x
2
(b) f (x) =
x−2
x+1
(c) f (x) = 2
x −1
1
(d) f (x) =
cos x − 1
x2 + 2
(e) g(x) = 2
x +5
x+4
(f) k(x) =
x+4
(g) h(−4) = 1

6.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions

−1 1 1 3
1. (a) (b) 0 (c) 3 (d) −1 (e) (f) (g) (h) 0 (i) −4,
2 4 3 5
−1 1
(j) −1 (k) −1 (l) (m) does not exit (n) −4 (o) 5 (p)
4 2
1 2
(q) (r) −10 (s)
3 7
1 −125
2. (a) −2 (b) (c) −1 (d) 0 (e) does not exit (f) 0 (g)
4 32
1 2
(h) (i) 0 (j) (k) does not exist
9 5
3. does not exist.

4. −3.

5. (a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 1

6. (a) 3 (b) 3 (c) 3

34
 7. (a) 6 (b) 9 (c) −1

8. 5

9. (a) 4 (b) −21

10. Continuous
−1
11.
2
12. A = 3

13. B = 12
−3
14. b =
2
−5
15. a =
4
4
16. a = (b) a = 3 (c) a = 4
3
17. (a) Continouos (b) not continuous at x = 3

18. at x = 4

19. (a) k = 7 (b) c = 11.

20. (a) f (4) = 8 (b) No f (1) can not be defined in any way to make the function
continuous at x = 1

21. (a) at x = 1 (b) at x = 2 (c) at x = 1 (d) at x = ±2nπ where n is any

integer (e) continuous everywhere
(f) continuous everywhere (g) cannot be determine since the function has
only been defined at x = −4

35
Unit 7

Differentiation Formulae and

Techniques

CHAIN RULE, QUOTIENT RULE AND PRODUCT RULE

7.1 Introduction
1. Definition of Derivative.
f (x + δx) − f (x)
The derivative of the function f at x is the value of the limit lim =
δx→0 δx
f 0 (x).

2. If this formula is used it is called differention from first principles.

3. for basic function f (x) = axn where a and n are real numbers, the derivative
of f (x) is given by f (x) = anxn−1 .

4. If f (x) = p(x) + q(x), then f 0 (x) = p0 (x) + q 0 (x).

5. If f (x) = p(x) − q(x), then f 0 (x) = p0 (x) − q 0 (x).

6. If f (x) = p(x).q(x), than f 0 (x) = p0 (x).q(x) + q 0 (x).p(x).

p(x) p0 (x)q(x) − p(x)q 0 (x)

7. If f (x) = , then f 0 (x) = .
q(x) q 2 (x)

8. If f (x) = p(q(x)) where q(x) is a function of x, then f 0 (x) = p0 (x).q 0 (x)

9. If f (x) = y a , then f 0 (x) = ay a−1 y 0

36
7.2 Practice Questions
1. Differentiate the following functions from first principles.

(a) y = 7x
(b) y = 4x2
(c) y = −2x2 + 3x − 12
2x
(d) y =
3
(e) y = x2 + 15x − 4
(f) y = x3

2. Find f 0 (x) for each of the following functions.

1
2
(a) f (x) = 5x + 2x 2
(b) f (x) = x3
1 3
(c) f (x) = 18x 6 + 8x 4
(d) f (x) = (x4 − 3x2 )(2x3 + x6 )
(e) f (x) = 2x3 + 3x2 − 4x − 1
(f) f (x) = 3x2 − 2x + 1

3. Find y 0 for each of the following functions.

2(1 − x2 )
(a) y = 2
(x + 1)2
2x
(b) y = 2
x +1
2x − 5
(c) y =
4−x
(d) y = (x + 1)(x2 + 2x)
4x −2
(e) y =( )
x+1
√
4. Find a point a such that the tangent line to the graph of the curve y = x
at x = a has y - intercept 3. Find the value of a.

5. Let f (x) = ax2 + bx + c for all x, if f (2) = 26 , f 0 (2) = 23, and f 00 (2) = 14,
Find the values of a, b, and c.

37
 6. Find a number k such that the line y = 6x + 4 is a tangent to the curve
y = x2 + k
2x2 − 4
7. Given that f (x) = , find f 0 (4).
x+3

0 x2 − 2x + 1
8. Evaluate f (2) given that f (x) =
x3 + 1
9. Evaluate f 0 (x) of each of the following functions,

(a) f (x) = x2 (x98 + 1)

√
(b) f (x) = (x5 − 1)( x3 − x + 1)
(c) f (x) = 2(8x − 1)3
(d) f (x) = (4 − 3x)9
 x −7
(e) f (x) = 1 −
7
 −1
1 7 1
(f) f (x) = (3x − 2) + 4 − 2
21 2x
(g) f (x) = (4x + 3)4 (x + 1)−3
1
(h) f (x) = (1 + )
x
√ −1
(i) f (x) = (1 − x)
√
(j) f (x) = 3x2 + 4x − 1
5(x − 3x2 )
(k) f (x) =
(x3 − 2x + 6)6
√
(l) f (x) = 3 2x
(m) f (x) = (2x3 − 5x)5

10. Use implicut differentiation to find y 0 for each of the following functions.

(a) x2 y + xy 2 = 6
(b) 2xy + y 2 = x + y
(c) x3 + 4xy = 3y
(d) x3 − xy + y 3 = 1
(e) x2 (x − y) = x2 − y 2
x−y
(f) x2 =
x+y

38
 (g) x3 + y 3 = 16
(h) xy + y 2 = 1
(i) y 2 + x2 = y 4 − 2x
(j) x2 + xy − y 2 = 1
(k) 6x2 + 3xy + 2y 2 + 17y − 6 = 0
(l) xy + x2 + y 2 = 2

11. For each of the following functions find f 0 (a) for the given value of a.

(a) f (x) = 3x2 − 4x, at a = 1

1 2
(b) f (x) = 3x 3 − 5x 3 , a = 27
x2 + 3x − 5
(c) f (x) = ,a=1
x2 − 7x + 5
(d) f (x) = (x2 + 3)(x3 + 2), a = 1

RELATED RATES

12. Find the derivative of each of the following functions with respect to time.

(a) A = πr2
(b) S = 4πr2
(c) V = πr2 h
p
(d) S = x2 + y 2

7.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions

2
1. (a) 7 (b) 8x (c) −4x + 3 (d) (e) 2x + 15 (f) 3x2
3
−1 −5 −1
2 2
2. (a) 10x + x 2 (b) 3x (c) 3x 6 + 6x 4
(d) 10x9 − 24x7 + 14x6 − 3x4 (e) 6x2 + 6x − 4 (f) 6x − 2

−4x(x2 + 1) − 8x(1 − x2 ) −2x2 + 2 −2x2 + 6x − 5

3. (a) y 0 = (b) (c)
(x2 + 1)4 (x2 + 1)2 (4 − x)2
1−x
(d) (x2 + 2x) + 2(x + 1)2 (e)
32x3
39
 4. 36
5. a = 7 b = −5 c = 8
6. k = 13
12
7.
7
2
8.
27
10x(x3 − x + 1) + (x5 − 1)(3x2 − 1)
9. (a) 100x99 + 2x (b) √ (c) 48(8x − 1)2
2 x3 − x = 1
x 1
(d) −27(4 − 3x)8 (e)(1 − )−8 (f) (3x − 2)6 − x−3 (4 − 2 )−2
7 2x
−1
(g) 16(4x + 3)3 (x + 1)−3 − 3(x + 1)−4 (4x + 3)4 (h) 2
x
1 √ −2 (6x + 4)
(i) √ (1 − x) ( j) √
2 2 3x2 + 4x − 1
5(1 − 6x)(x3 − 2x + 6)6 − 30(x − 3x2 )(3x3 − 3x + 6)5 (6x2 − 2)
(k)
(x3 − 2x + 6)12
2
(l) √ 3
(m) 5(6x2 − 5)(2x3 − 5x)4
3 x2
−2xy − y 2 1 − 2y 3x2 + 4y
10. (a) y 0 = (b) y 0
= (c) y 0
=
x2 + 2xy 2x + 2y − 1 3 − 4x
y − 3x2 2x − 3x2 + 2xy −3x2 − 2xy
( d) y 0 = (e) y 0
= (f) y 0
=
3y − x 2y − x2 x2 + 1
x2 −y −1 − x
(g) y 0 = 2 (h) y 0 = (i) y 0 =
y x + 2y y − 2y 3
2x + y −12 − 3y −2x − y
(j) y 0 = (k) y 0 = (l) y 0 = .
2y − x 3x + 2y + 17 x + 2y
11. (a) 2 (b) −1 (c) 18
dA dr ds dr
12. (a) = 2πr (b) = 8πh
dt dt dt dt
dV dr dh
(c) = 2πrh + πr2
dt dt dt
ds 1 dx dy
(d) =p (2x + 2y
dt 2
x +y 2 dt dt

40
Unit 8

Derivatives of Transendental
Functions

8.1 Introduction
1. For f (x) = sin x, f 0 (x) = cos x.

2. For f (x) = cos x, f 0 (x) = − sin x.

3. For f (x) = tan x, f 0 (x) = sec2 x.

4. For f (x) = sec x, f 0 (x) = sec x tan x.

5. For f (x) = csc x, f 0 (x) = − csc x cot x.

6. For f (x) = cot x, f 0 (x) = − csc2 x.

1
7. For f (x) = ln x, f 0 (x) = .
x
1
8. For f (x) = loga x, where a is a constant f 0 (x) = .
x ln a
9. For f (x) = ex , f 0 (x) = ex .

10. For f (x) = ax where a is a constant, f 0 (x) = ax ln a.

8.2 Practice Questions

1. Find f 0 (x) of each of the following functions.

(a) f (x) = ln(9x + 4)

41
 (b) f (x) = ln(4x3 − x2 + 2)
√
(c) f (x) = ln( 3 7x2 + 7x)
(d) f (x) = ln(x3 ) + (ln x)3
x2
(e) f (x) = ln
(x + 5)2
(f) f (x) = e−5x
2
(g) f (x) = e3x
√
(h) f (x) = e2x + 2x
(i) f (x) = (e3x − e−3x )4
√ √
(j) f (x) = e x + ex
√
(k) f (x) = ln e2x + e−2x
2 +1
(l) f (x) = 8x
(m) f (x) = 53x−4
(n) f (x) = (10x + 10−x )
√
(o) f (x) = log10 x2 + 1
(p) f (x) = log10 (3x2 + 2)5
√
x4 +9
(q) f (x) = 7
(r) f (x) = ln(log10 x)
2 +4
(s) f (x) = xx
(t) f (x) = ln(e4x + 9)

2. Find f 0 (x) if f (x) equals the given expression.

(a) sin(8x + 3)
x
(b) cos(
2
(c) cot(x3 − 2x)
√
(d) tan 3 5 − 6x
(e) cos2 3x
(f) tan2 x sec3 x
(g) x2 sec3 4x
(h) cot3 (3x + 1)
(i) ln sec 2x

42
 (j) sin(2x + 3)4
csc 3x
(k) 3
x +1
(l) ln cos2 3x

3. Use implicit differentiation to find y 0 .

(a) 3y − x2 + ln(xy) = 2
x
(b) y 2 + ln( ) − 4x + 3 = 0
y
(c) x ln y − y ln x = 1
(d) exy − x3 + 3y 2 = 11
(e) xey − yex = 2
(f) 1 + xy = exy
(g) y = x sin y
(h) xy = tan(xy)
(i) cos(x − y) = y

4. Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of the given function at
the indicated point.

(a) y = x2 + ln(2x − 5) at the point with abscissa 3

(b) x3 − x ln y + y 3 = 2x + 5 at the point (2, 1)
(c) y = (x − 1)ex + 3 ln x + 20 at the point (1, 2)
2 −1
(d) y = 4xex at the point (1, 4)

5. Find the points on the graph of y = x2 + 4 ln x at which the tangent line is

parallel to the line y − 6x + 3 = 0.

8.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions

9 12x2 − 2x 14x + 7
1. (a) (b) 3 2
(c) ,
9x + 4 4x − x + 2 21x2 + 21x
3x2 3(ln x)2 2(x + 5)2 − 2x(x + 5) 2
(d) 3 + (e) 2
(f) −5e−5x (g) 6xe3x
x x x(x + 5)
2e2x + 2
(h) √ (i) 4(e3x − e−3x )3 (3e3x + 3e−3x )
2 ex2x + 2x

43
 √
e x ex 2e2x − 2e−2x
(j) √ + √ x (k) 2x
x 2 e e + e−2x
2 +1)
(l) 2x(8(x ) ln 2 (m) 3 ln 5(53x−4 ) (n) 10x ln 10 − 10−x ln 10
x 30x(3x2 + 2)4
(o) (p)
(x2 + 1) ln 10 (3x2 + 2)5 ln 10
√
x4 +9
2x3 (7 ) ln 7 1
(q) √ (r) ln 10
x4 + 9 x log10 x
x2 + 4 x2 +4 4e4x
(s) (2x ln x + )x (t) 4x
x e +9
−1 x
2. (a) 8 cos(8x + 3) (b) sin (c) −(3x2 − 2x) csc(x3 − 2x)
2 2
√
−2 sec2 ( 3 5 − 6x)
(d) p (e) −6 cos 3x sin 3x
3
(5 − 6x)2
2 sin x cos6 x + 5 cos4 x sin3 x
(f)
cos10 x
2x cos (4x) + 12x2 cos2 (4x) sin(4x)
3
(g) 6
(h) −9 cot2 (3x + 1) csc2 (3x + 1)
cos (4x)
(i) 2 tan(2x) ( j) 8(2x + 4)3 cos(2x + 4)4
−3 csc(3x) cot(3x)(x3 + 1) − 3x2 csc(3x) −6 sin 3x
(k) 3 2
(l)
(x + 1) cos(3x)
y(2x2 − 1) y(4x − 1) y 2 − xy ln y
3. (a) y 0 = (b) y 0 = (c) y 0 = 2 ,
x(3y + 1) x(2y − 1) x − xy ln x
3x2 − yexy yex − ey xexy − y
(d) y 0 = (e) y 0 = (f) y 0
= ,
xexy + 6y xey − ex x − xexy
sin x y sec2 (xy) − y sin(x − y)
(g) y 0 = (h) y 0 = (
(i) y 0 =
1 − x cos y x − x sec xy) sin(x − y) − 1
4. (a) y = 7x − 12 (b) y = −10x + 21 (c) y = (3 + e)x − 14e (d) y = 12x − 8

5. (1, 1) and (2, 4 + 4 ln 2

44
Unit 9

Application of Derivatives

9.1 Introduction
1. In this unit emphasis is on solving problems involving application of deriva-
tives. Some techniques given in the previous units will be used in solving
problems in this unit.

2. Some problems will help you draw conclusions from derivatives about the
extreme values of a function and about the general shape of a function’s
graph.

3. If a function f(x) has a local maximum value or a local minimum value at an

interior point c of its domain, and if f 0 (x) exists at c, then f 0 (c) = 0.

4. A point in the interior of the domain of a function f (x) at which f 0 (c) = 0

or f 0 (x) does not exist is a critical point of f (x).

5. Let f be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b)

a. If f 0 > 0 at each point of (a, b), then f increases on [a, b].
b. If f 0 < 0 at each point of (a, b), then f decreases on [a, b].

6. If f 0 changes sign from positive to negative at c, then f has a local maximum

value at c.

7. If f 0 changes sign from negative to positive at c, then f has a local minimum

value at c.

8. If f 0 does not change sign at c has the same sign on both sides of c, then f
has no local extreme value at c. i.e c is the point of inflection.

45
 9. The graph of a twice-differentiable function y = f (x)
(a) concaves up on any interval where f 00 > 0.
(b) concaves down on any interval where f 00 < 0 .

10. Second Derivative Test for Local Extrema

a. If f 0 (c) = 0 and f 00 < 0, then f has a local maximum at x = c.
b. If f 0 (c) = 0 and f (c) > 0, then f has a local minimum at x = c.

9.2 Practice Questions

dx
1. Given = 6m/sec, the ladder is 13 m long and x = 5 when y = 12. At
dt
dy
the instant time find if x2 + y 2 = 169
dt
2. Find the absolute Maximum and minimum of f on the indicated closed
interval.

(a) f (x) = 5 − 6x2 − 2x3 , [−3, 1].

2
(b) f (x) = 1 − x 3 , [−1, 8].
(c) f (x) = 3x2 − 10x + 7, [1, 3].
(d) f (x) = 5 − 7x − 4x2 , [−1, 1].
(e) f (x) = 6x2 − 9x + 5, [−4, 2].
(f) f (x) = x3 − x2 − 40x + 8, [−4, 5].

3. Find the critical numbers of the functions below.

(a) f (x) = 4x2 − 3x + 2,

(b) f (x) = 2t3 + t2 − 20t + 4
√
(c) f (x) = 3 x2 − x − 2
(d) f (x) = (2x − 3)(x2 − 9)

4. Find the local extrema of f . Describe the interval in which f is increasing

or decreasing.

(a) f (x) = 5 − 7x − 4x2

(b) f (x) = x3 − x2 − 40x + 8

46
 (c) f (x) = x4 − 8x2 + 1
(d) f (x) = 4x3 − 3x4
(e) f (x) = x3 − 3x
(f) f (x) = (x − 2)(x + 1)2
(g) f (x) = xex
(h) f (x) = x2 e−2x

5. If f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, determine values of a, b, c and d such that f

has a local maximum 2 at x = −1 and locla minimum −1 at x = 1.

6. If f (x) = ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e, determine values of a, b, c, d and esuch

that f has a local maximum 2 at x = 0 , local minimum −14 at x = −2 and
2 respectively.

7. Using the first derivative test, find the local extrema and describe the interval
in which each of the following functions is increasing or decreasing.

(a) f (x) = −x3 + 4x2 + 3x

(b) f (x) = x(9 − x2 )
(c) f (x) = 40x3 − x6

8. Use the second derivative test to find the local extrema of each of the fol-
lowing functions.

(a) f (x) = x3 − 2x2 + x + 1

(b) f (x) = 3x4 − 4x3 + 6
(c) f (x) = (x2 − 1)2
(d) f (x) = 3x5 − 5x3
(e) f (x) = 8x2 − 2x4
x2
(f) f (x) =
x2 + 1
9. An open box with rectangular base is to be constructed from a rectangular
piece of paper 16cm wide and 21 cm long by cutting out a square from each
corner and then bending up the sides. Find the size of the corner square
which will produce a box having the largest possible volume.

10. Find two positive real numbers whose sum is 40 and whose product is a
maximum.

47
 11. Find the dimensions of the right circular cylinder of maximum volume that
can be inscribed in a cirlce of radius a cm.

12. A window has the shape of a rectangle surmounted by a semicircle. If the

perimeter of the window is 21m, find the dimensions which will allow the
maximum amount of light to enter.

13. A stone is droped into a lake causing circular waves. If after t seconds the
radius of one of the wave is 40tcm, find the rate of change with respect to
t of the area of the circle formed by the wave at (a) t = 1, (b) t = 2 , (c)
t = 3.

14. For each of the following functions, find the Velocity and acceleration at time
t.

(a) s = 3t2 − 12t + 1

(b) s = 24 + 6t − t3
(c) s = 2t4 − 6t2
(d) s = t3

15. A ladder 20m long leans against a vertical building. If the bottom of the
ladder slides away from the building horizontally at a rate of 3m/sec, how
fast is the ladder sliding down the building when the top of the ladder is 8m
from the ground.

16. Gas is escaping from a spherical balloon at a rate of 10m3 /hr. At what rate
is the radius changing when the volume is 400m3 ?

17. Find the equation of the tangent to the graph of the equation 6x2 −2xy+y 3 =
9 at the point P (2, −3)

9.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions

dy
1. = −2.5 m/sec.
dt
2. (a)The absolute maximun is 113, and absolute minimum is −1,
(b) The absolute maximun is 1, and absolute minimum is −3
(c) The absolute maximun is 4, and absolute minimum is −3.89
129
(d) The absolute maximun is , and absolute minimum is −6
16
48
 (e) The absolute maximun is 137, and absolute minimum is 1
2516
(f) The absolute maximun is , and absolute minimum is −104
27
3 10 1
3. (a) , (b) t = , −2 (c) x = , 2, −1, (d) x = 2, −1
8 6 2
121 −7
4. (a) Local maximum is , the function is increasing on the interval (−∞, )
18 8
−7
and decreasing on the interval (− , ∞).
8
5
(b) Local maximum is 93 , local minimum is −104, the function is in-
27
−10
creasing on the intervals (−∞, ) ∪ (4, ∞) and decreasing on the interval
3
−10
( , 4).
3
(c) Local maximum is 1, local minimum is −15, the function is increasing on
the interval (−2, 0) ∪ (2, ∞) and decreasing on the interval (−∞, −2) ∪ (0, 2).
(d) Local maximum is 1, the function is increasing on the interval (0, 1) and
decreasing on the interval (1, ∞).
(e) Local maximum is 2, local minimum is −2, the function is increasing on
the interval (−∞, 1) ∪ (1, ∞) and decreasing on the interval (−1, 1).
(f) Local maximum is 0, local minimum is −4, the function is increasing on
the interval (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, ∞) and decreasing on the interval (−1, 1).
(g) Local maximum is −e−1 , the function is increasing on the interval (−∞, −1)
and decreasing on the interval (−1, ∞).
(h) Local maximum is e−2 , local minimum is 0, the function is increasing on
the interval (0, 1) and decreasing on the interval (−∞, 0) ∪ (1, ∞).
3 −9 1
5. a = , b = 0, c = ,d= .
4 4 2
6. a = 1 , b = 0, c = −8, d = 0, e = 2
40
7. (a) Local maximum is 18, local minimum is , the function is increasing on
70
1 1
the interval (− , 3) and decreasing on the interval (−∞, − ) ∪ (3, ∞.
3 3
(b) Local maximum is 10.39, √ √ local minimum is −10.39, the function √ is in-
creasing
√ on the interval (− 3, 3) and decreasing on the interval (−∞, 3)∪
( 3, ∞).

49
 (c) Local maximum is 66, point of inflection
√ exits at x = 0, the function is
increasing
√ on the interval (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, 20) and decreasing on the interval
( 20, ∞).
31
8. (a) Local maximun , local minimum 1. (b) local minimum 5.
27
(c) Local maximun 1, local minimum 0. (d) Local maximun 2, local minimum
−2.
(e) Local maximun 8, local minimum 0. (f) local minimum 0.

9. Each square cut is of dimension 3 cm.

10. The two numbers are 20 and 20.

r
29 2
11. Height √ cm and radius .
3 3
12. Length 2.94 m, width 5.88 m.

13. (a) 3200π cm/sec, (b) 6400πcm/sec, (c) 9600πcm/sec.

14. (a) v = 6t − 12, a = 6 units/sec2 (b) v = 6 − 3t2 , a = −6t

(c) v = 8t3 − 12t, a = 24t2 − 12 (d) v = 3t2 , a = 6t

15. −6.87m/sec.

16. −0.06m/sec

17. y = 3x − 9

50
Unit 10

Indefinite and Definite Integrals

10.1 Introduction
Rd Rc
1. If c > d, then f (x)dx = − d f (x)dx, provided the integral exists.
c
Ra
2. If f (a) exists, then a f (x)dx = 0.

3. If f is continuous on [a, b], then f is integrable on [a, b].

4. Properties of definite integrals.

If f and g are integrable on [a, b], and k is any real number then,
Rb Rb
(a) a kf (x)dx = k a f (x)dx.
Rb Rb Rb
(b) a [f (x) + g(x)]dx = a f (x)dx − a g(x)dx.

5. If a < c < b and f is integrable both on [a, c] and [c, b], then f is integrable
Rb Rc Rb
on [a, b] and a f (x)dx = a f (x)dx + c f (x)dx.
Rb
6. If F is any antiderivative of f , then a f (x)dx = F (b) − F (a)dx.

7. If F 0 (x) = f (x), then f (x)dx = F (x)+cdx where c is an arbitrary constant.

R

8. Integrals of some common functions.

R xn+1
(a) xn dx = + c provided n + 1 6= 0.
n+1
R
(b) dx = x + c.
R
(c) cos xdx = sin x + c.
R
(d) sin xdx = − cos x + c.

51
 R
(e) sec2 xdx = tan x + c.
R
(f) sec x tan xdx = sec x + c.
R
(g) csc x cot xdx = − csc +c
R
(h) ex dx = ex + c.
R 1
(i) dx = ln x + c.
x
R ax
(j) ax dx = .
ln a

10.2 Practice Questions

1. Evaluate the following definite integrals.
R4
(a) −2 5dx
R −3
(b) 4 dx
R4
(c) 1 (3x2 + 5)dx
R5
(d) −2 (3x + 2)2 dx
R1 √
(e) 4 ( 5x)dx
R1 √ √
(f) 4 (3 x + 1)( x − 2)dx
Rb
2. Express each sum or difference as a single integral of the form a
f (x)dx.
R1 R5
(a) 5 f (x)dx + −3 f (x)dx
R6 R2
(b) −2 f (x)dx − −2 f (x)dx
R c+h Rh
(c) c f (x)dx − c f (x)dx
R1 R4
(d) 4 f (x)dx + 6 f (x)dx

3. Evaluate the following integrals

R4
(a) 1 (x2 − 4x − 3)dx
R3
(b) −2 (8z 3 + 3z − 1)dz
R −2
(c) −2 100xdx
R −1
(d) −6 8dx
R9 t−3
(e) 4 ( √ )dt
t

52
 R5 √ 3
√
(f) ( x 2+ x5 + 1)dx
5
R1
(g) −1 (x2 + 1)2 dx
R 3 2x3 − 4x2 + 5
(h) 1
( )dx
x2
R1
(i) 1 (4x2 − 5)100 dx
4. Evaluate the following indefinate integrals.
R
(a) (3x + 1)dx
R
(b) z(9 − z 2 )dz
R
(c) (x2 − 4x + 3)(x − 3)dx
R
(d) (1 − 2s2 )ds
R5
5. Suppose that f and g are continuous functions and that 1 f (x)dx = 6 ,
R2 R5
1
f (x)dx = −4 , 1
g(x)dx = 8, find each of the following integrals.
R3
(a) 3 f (x)dx
R1
(b) 2 f (x)dx
R5
(c) 1 −4g(x)dx
R1
(d) 5 [4f (x) − g(x)]dx
R3 R4
6. Suppose f is continuous and that 0 f (z)dz = 3 and 0 f (z)dz = 7. Find
each of the following integrals.
R4
(a) 3 f (z)dz
R3
(b) 4 f (t)dt
7. Evalutae the following definite integrals.
R 2π
(a) π sin xdx
π
R2
(b) 0 cos(x + π)dx
π
R4
(c) 0 sec2 xdx
Re 1
(d) 1 dx
x+1
π
R2 π
(e) 0 2 sin(2x − )dx
2
53
 π
R6
(f) 0 sin 3xdx
R2 1
(g) 1 dx
3x + 1
π
R6 π
(h) π cos(2x − )dx
2
4
8. Evalutae the following indefinite integrals.
R
(a) ex dx
R
(b) (4e3x + 1)dx
R
(c) (2x2 + ex )dx
R √ 1
(d) ( x − √ )2 dx
x
R√
(e) x(7x2 + 5x + 3)dx
R
(f) sin 2xdx
R π
(g) sec2 ( + 2x)dx
3
R
(h) 5 sec 4x tan 4xdx
R
(i) (sec2 2x − csc2 4x)dx
R
(j) 42+x dx
R
(k) 2x + x2 dx
(l) 6e−2x dx
R
R
(m) a1−2x dx where a is constant.
R
(n) csc2 3xdx

9. solve for x if
Rx 14
(a) 0 (2u − 1)2 du =
3
R x+2
(b) x udu = 0

10.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions

1
1. (a) 10 (b) −7 (c) 78 (d) 539 (e) √ (f) 18.75
20 5

54
 R R6 R c+h R1
2. (a) −
31 f (x)dx (b) 2
f (x)dx (c) h
f (x)dx (d) 6
f (x)dx
−235 20 −56 131
3. (a) −18 (b) (c) 0 (d) 40 (e) (f) 0 (g) (h) (i) 0
2 3 15 81
3 1 9 1 7 9 2
4. (a) x2 +x+c (b) − z 4 + z 4 +c (c) x4 − x3 − x2 −9x+c (d) − s3 +s+c
2 4 2 4 3 2 3
5. (a) 0 (b) 4 (c) −40 (d) −16

6. (a) 4 (b) −4.

e+1 1 7 −1
7. (a) −2 (b) −1 (c) 1 (d) ln (e) 0 (f) 1 (g) ln( ) (h)
2 3 4 4
4 3x 2
8. (a) ex + c (b) e (c) x3 + ex + c
3 3
7 5 3
1 2 1
(d) x − 2x − + c (e) 6x 2 + 4x 2 + 2x 2 + c
2 2x
−1 1 π 5
(f) cos 2x + c (g) tan 9 + 2x) + c (h) sec 4x + c
2 2 3 4
1 1 1 −2x
(i) tan 2x + cot 4x + c (j) 4 +c
2 4 ln 4
1 x x3 −1 1−2x −1
(k) 2 + + c (l) −3e−2x + c (m) a + c (n) cot 3x + c.
ln 2 3 2 3
9. (a) x = 2 (b) x = −1

55
Unit 11

Integration Formulae and

Techniques

11.1 Introduction
1. Some problems involving integration will not be simple, hence there will be
nee to use one or two techniques to solve such problems.
Rb R g(b)
2. Change of variables (substitution) a f (g(x))g 0 (x)dx = g(a) f (u)du where
u = g(x).
0
R R 0
3. IntegrationRby parts: f (x)g (x)dx = f (x)g(x)− f (x)g(x)dx altelnatively
written as udv = uv − vdu where u = f (x) and dv = g 0 (x)
R

R q(x)
4. Partial fractions: For the integral of rational function , first rewrite
p(x)
the integral so that q(x) should have a lower degree than p(x) this can be done
by long division. If the degree of q(x) is less than the degree of p(x) then
resolve the fraction into partial fraction by using an appropriate method,
study MAT121 module 2 to exprole more on how to decompose a fraction.
Once the function has been decomposed, use the stratigies discussed above
and in the previous unit to integrate the fractions formed.

11.2 Practice Questions

A. CHANGING OF VARIABLES ( SUBSTITUTION)
1. Evaluate the following indefinate integrals.
R
(a) (3x + 1)4 dx

56
 R √
(b) ( 9 − z 2 z)dz
R x−2
(c) ( 2 )dx
x − 4x + 3
R s
(d) ( √
3
)ds
1 − 2s2
2. Integrate the following functions.
R √
(a) x2 x3 + 5dx
(b) cos x sin3 xdx
R
R 4
(c) 4x3 ex dx
R
(d) sin xecos x dx
3
(e) (3x2 − 2)ex −2x dx
R
R 2
(f) (2x + 1)ex +x dx
R √
(g) x 1 − x2 dx
R
(h) cos 2x(sin 2x + 3)2 dx
R √
(i) ex 3 1 + ex dθ
R
(j) (sec2 x) tan3 xdθ
(k) sin5 xdx
R
R
(l) cos3 xdx
R
(m) cos7 xdx
R
(n) sin 4x cos 3xdx
R √
(o) sin θ 1 − cos θdθ
R
(p) csc2 θ(1 + cot θ)dθ
R
(q) x(2x + 3)99
2
(r) (x − 1)ex −2x+4 dx
R

R sin x
(s) dx
1 + cos x
R sec x tan x
(t)
4 + sec x
3. Evaluate the following
π
R4
(a) 0 (sec2 x)etan x dx

57
 π
R6
(b) 0 cos x(1 + sin2 x)dx
R2
(c) 1 x2 (x3 − 1)4 dx
π
R2
(d) 0 cos x sin4 xdx
R3 1
(e) 1 (ln x)dx
x
π
(f) 4 sin3 xdx
R
0
π
R4
(g) 0 cos x cos 5xdx

B. INTEGRATION BY PARTS

4. Perform the following integrals.

R
(a) (x + 1)2 ex dx
(b) cos x sin5 xdx
R
R
(c) xn ln xdx
R 2
(d) (1 + x)e(1+x) dx
R 1
(e) ln(2 − x)dx
2−x
R
(f) e2x cos xdx
(g) x3 e−x dx
R
R
(h) e4x sin 5xdx
R
(i) (ln x)2 dx
R
(j) (x + 1)10 (x + 2)dx
R
(k) sin x ln cos xdx

5. Evaluate the following definite integrals.

R2
(a) 1 x5 ln xdx
R2 √
(b) 1 x x − 1dx
R1
(c) 0 x2 ex dx
π
R2 2
(d) 0 x cos xdx

58
 C. PARTIAL FRACTIONS
6. Perform the following integrals.
R 2
(a) dx
x(x + 1)
R x
(b) dx
x+4
R x2 − 2
(c) dx
x2 − 1
R x+2
(d) dx
x(x + 4)
R 5
(e) 2
dx
x +x−6
R x+2
(f) dx
x2 + 2x − 8
R 3x
(g) dx
(2x − 1)(x − 3)
R x2
(h) dx
x− 4
R 2−x
(i) dx
x(1 − x)
R 5x − 12
(j) dx
x(x − 4)
R x + 34
(k) dx
(x − 6)(x + 2)
R 4x2 + 54x + 134
(l) dx
(x − 1)(x + 5)(x + 3)
R 4x3 − 3x2 + 6x − 27
(m) dx
x4 − 9x2
R x2 + 3x + 1
(n) dx
x4 + 5x2 + 4

11.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions

3
1 −1 1
1. (a) (3x + 1)5 + c (b) (9 − z 2 ) 2 + c (c) ln(x2 − 4x + 3) + c
15 3 2
2
−3
(d) (1 − 2s2 ) 3 + c
8
59
 3
2 3 1 4
2. (a) (x + 5) 2 + c (b) sin4 x + c (c) ex + c
9 4
3
cos x x3 −2x x2 +x −1 2 2
(d) −e + c (e) e + c (f) e + c (g) (1 − x ) + c
3
4
3
(h) (sin(2x + 3)) + c (i) (1 + e ) + c (j) tan4 x + c
3 x 3
4
2 1 1
(k) −(cos x − cos3 x + cos5 x) + k (l) sin x − sin3 x + k
3 5 3
3 −1 1
(m) sin x − sin3 x + sin5 x + k (n) cos 7θ − cos θ + k
5 14 2
3
1
(o) (1 − cos x) 2 + C (p) −(cot θ + cot2 θ) + c
2
1 1 2
(q) − cos x ln | cos x| + cos x + k (r) (2x + 9)100 + c (s) ex −2x+4 + k
200 2
(t) − ln |1 + cos x| + k (u) ln |4 + sec x|
25 1 1 −1 −1
3. (a) e − 1 (b) (c) 16807 (d) (e) (ln 3)2 (f) (g)
24 5 2 4 3
1
4. (a) (x + 1)2 ex − 2(x + 1)ex + k (b) sin6 x + k
6
n+1 2
 n+1 
x x 1 2
(c) |lnx − + k (d) e(1+x) + k
n+1 n+1 2
−1 1
(e) (ln(x − x)2 ) + k (f) (e2x sin x + 2e2x cos x + k
2 5
−5 4x 4
(g) −x3 e−x − 3x2 e−x − 6xe−x + k (h) e cos 5x + e4x sin 5x + k
41 41
1 1
(i) x(ln x)2 − 2x ln x + 2x + k (j) (x + 2)(x + 1)11 − +k
11 132(x + 112
32 65 2 π
5. (a) ln 2 − (b) (c) −e (d) − 2
3 36 5 2
x 1 1
6. (a) 2 ln + k (b) x − 4 ln |x + 4| (c) x − |(x − 1)| + k (d) ln |x(x +
x+1 2 2
x−2 1 2 −3 9
4)| + k (e) ln + k (f) (ln |x + 4| + (g) ln |2x − 1| + ∈
x+x 3 3 ln |x − 2| 10 4
1 2
|x − 3| + k (h) x + 4 ln |x − 4| + K, (i) 2 ln x − ln |1 − x| + k
2
60
(j) 3 ln x + 2 ln |x − 4| + k (k) 3 ln(x − 6) + 4 ln(x + 2) (l) −16 ln |x − 1| −
51 ln |x + 5| + 71 ln(x + 3)
−2 3 4 10
(m) ln x − + ln(x − 3) + ln(x + 3) + k
3 x 3 3
1 1 1 x
(n) ln |x2 + 1| − ln |x2 + 4| + tan− + k Note the last part is the
2 2 2 2
1
integral of 2 done by trig substitution.
x +4

61
Unit 12

Application of Integration

12.1 Introduction
1. Integration can be used to find an area between a curve and the x-axis and
areas between curves.

2. When calculating the area between a curve and the x-axis, carry out separate
calculations for the parts of the curve above the axis, and the parts of the
curve below the axis. The integral for a part of the curve below the axis gives
minus the area for that part. You may draw a sketch of the curve for the
required range of x-values, in order to see how many separate calculations
will be needed.

3. The area between two curves may be calculated by finding the area between
one curve and the x-axis, and subtracting the area between the other curve
and the x-axis. It is important to draw a sketch, in order to find the points
where the curves cross, so that the ordinates can be calculated. The sketch
will also show which areas should be subtracted. It may be necessary to
calculate the area in a number of different parts and add the results.

12.2 Practice Questions

1. In each quetion below find the area with the given boundaries.

(a) x − axis, the curve y = x2 + 3, and lines x = 1 and x = 2.

√
(b) y = x, x − axis, the lines x = 4 and x = 9.
1
(c) x − axis, the curve y = x3 + 2x, the lines x = 1, and x = 2.
2
62
 (d) x − axis, the curve y = 1 − x3 , and lines x = 2 and x = 3.
(e) x − axis, y − axis, the curvey = (x − 1)2 .
(f) The curve y + x2 = 6 and the line y + 2x − 3 = 0.
(g) x = y, y = 3x, and x + y = 4.
(h) y = x3 − x, and y = 0
(i) y 2 = 4 + x, and y 2 + x = 2
(j) y = x3 and y = x2 .
(k) y = 4 − x2 and y = −4
(l) y = −x2 , and y = x2 − 8.
√
2. If f (x) = sin x, find the area of the regiom under the graph of f from 0 to
π2.

3. If f (x) = x2 + 1, find the area of the region under the graph of f from −1
to 2.

12.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions

16 38 39 61 1 5
1. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) 11.333 (g)
3 3 8 4 3 3
1 1
(h) (i) 3.846 (j) (k) 28.169 (l) 24.
2 12
2. 4

3. 6

63
Bibliography

[1] L. Bostock, S. Chandler, Core Maths for Advanced Level, (3rd ed.), New York,
Nelson Thornes, 2000.

[2] E. Swokowski, J. Cole, Algebra and Trigonometry with Analytic Geometry,

(12th ed.), USA: Brooks/Cole, 2010.

[3] M. Sullivan, Algebra and Trigonometry (8th ed.), USA:Pearson Prentice Hall,
2008.

[4] E. W. Swokowski, Calculus with Analytic Geometry, (2nd Ed.),Boston:

Prindle, Weber & Schmidt, 1979.

[5] J. F. Talbert and H. H. Heng, Additional Mathematics: Pure and Applied,

South Asia: Pearson Education, 1990.

64