Transfer Operations - Heat

Heat Transfer
Difference between temperature and heat
• Temperature
 It is a measure of the amount of energy possessed by
the molecules of a substance.
 It is a degree of hotness, and can be used to
predict the direction of heat transfer.
 Symbol: T, Unit: oC or K

• Heat
 It is the energy in transit.
 It flows from a hotter body to a colder one
 Symbol: Q, Unit: J or Cal
 Introduction to Heat Transfer
• Heat always moves from a warmer place to a cooler place.
• Hot objects in a cooler room will cool to room temperature.
• Cold objects in a warmer room will heat up to room
temperature.
• Heat is a form of energy which passes from a body at
higher temperature to a body at a lower temperature.
• Heat will continue to move until both substances are the
same temperature
• The greater the difference in temperature between the
substances, the faster the heat will transfer.
 Heat Transfer in Process Industries
• A wide variety of industrial processes involve the transfer
of heat energy.
• Throughout any industrial facility, heat must be added,
removed, or moved from one process stream to another
and it has become a major task for industrial necessity.
• These processes provide a source for energy recovery
and process fluid heating/cooling.
• The transfer of heat from waste (exit streams) in an
industrial process may save energy, reduce process time,
raise thermal rating and lengthen the working life of an
equipment.
 Modes of Heat Transfer

Heat can travel through a medium and also

through vacuum.

• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
 Conduction
• An energy transfer across a system boundary
due to a temperature difference by the
mechanism of inter-molecular interactions.
Conduction needs matter and does not require
any bulk motion of matter
• Conduction is the transfer of energy from
more energetic particles of a substance to
adjacent less energetic ones as a result of
interaction between particles.
• Conduction is the process by which heat is
transmitted through a medium from one particle
to another.
• This mode of heat transfer is also called
molecular heat transfer, because it involves the
transfer of kinetic energy from one molecule to
the one adjacent to it.
If you put one end of a metal rod over a fire, that
end will absorb the energy from the flame. The
molecules at this end of the rod will gain energy
and begin to vibrate faster. As they do their
temperature increases and they begin to bump into
the molecules next to them. The heat is being
transferred from the warm end to the cold end.
• Conduction can takes place in solids, liquids, or gases
• In gases and liquids, conduction is due to the collisions
and diffusion of the molecules during their random
motion.
• In solids, it is due to the combination of vibrations of
the molecules in a lattice and the energy transport by
free electrons.
• Conduction in the bulk of fluids is normally
overshadowed by convection but it assumes great
importance at fluid boundaries.
• The mechanism of conduction is most easily
understood by the study of conduction through solids,
because in this case convection is not present.
 dT
Qk A
dx
Q T Where, R 
L

A R k

Q dT
or q k
A dx

Q - Rate of heat flow, J/s (or) W

k - Thermal conductivity of substance, W/m K
A - Cross sectional area perpendicular to direction of heat flow, m2
dT - Temperature difference between two ends, K
dx(L)- Thickness of material, m
q - Heat flux, J/m2s or W/m2
R - Thermal resistance, K/W (a heat property and a measurement of a
temperature difference by which an object or material resists a heat
flow)
 Convection
• An energy transfer across a system boundary
due to a temperature difference by the
combined mechanism of inter-molecular
interactions and bulk motion. Convection
needs fluid matter.
• It is a transfer of heat related to the
movement that occurs within a fluid due to
the rising of hotter materials paired with the
sinking of colder materials. This occurs
because hotter materials have less density
than colder ones.
 Newton’s Law of Cooling

q
Q  hAs T Or Q  h T
As

Q - Rate of heat flow, J/s (or) W

h - Heat Transfer Coefficient, W/m2 K
As - Surface area from which convection is occurring, m2
dT - Temperature difference between surface and coolant =
Ts - T, K
q - Heat flux, J/m2s or W/m2
Types of Convection
• Natural convection, known also as free convection is a
mechanism, or type of mass and heat transport, in which the
fluid motion is generated only by density differences in the
fluid occurring due to temperature gradients, not by any
external source (like a pump, fan, suction device, etc.).

• Forced convection is a mechanism, or type of transport, in

which fluid motion is generated by an external source (like a
pump, fan, suction device, etc.)

• The key difference between natural and forced convection is

that in natural convection, the motion of the fluid is influenced
by natural means whereas, in forced convection, the motion of
fluids is influenced by external means.
 Radiation
Radiation heat transfer involves transfer of heat by
electromagnetic radiation that arises due to the
temperature of the body. Radiation does not need
matter
 Stefan Boltzmen Law
Q
 Steady State Conduction
• Heat flow through flat wall (Series of layers)
 T A
For layer A: QA  k A A
BA
TB
For layer B: QB  k B A
BB
TC
For layer C: QC  kC A
BC

The overall temperature drop T  TA  TB  TC

Rearranging for T
QA BA QB BB Qc Bc
T  TA  TB  TC 
A kA

A kB

A kc
1  QA BA QB BB Qc Bc 
    
A  kA kB kc 
At steady state, all the heat that passes through the first
resistance must pass through the second and in turn
pass through the third, Therefore
Q  QA  QB  QC

Q  BA BB Bc 
T     
A  k A k B kc 

T  RA  RB  Rc 
Q
A
Q
T  R
A
Q T
Or q  
A R
Also, at steady state;
T TA TB TC
  
R RA RB RC
Heat flow through a Cylinder
 dT dT
Qk A Q   k (2rL)
dr dr
dr 2Lk
 dT
r Q
dr 2Lk
ro Ti


ri
r

Q  dT
To

2Lk
ln ro  ln ri  Ti  To 
Q
k( 2L)(Ti  T o)
Q
ln
ro 
 r 
 i 

Multiplying and dividing the above by (ro – ri)

 k( 2L)(Ti  T o) ro  ri 
Q
ln
ro 
 r 
ro  ri 
 i 

k( 2L) (Ti  T o) ro  ri 

Q
ro  ri  ln
ro 
 r 
 i 
k( 2L) (Ti  T o)
Q rL
ro  ri 
k( 2rL L) (Ti  T o)
Q
ro  ri 
k AL (Ti  T o)
Q
ro  ri 
Q T
q 
AL R
 Heat Exchangers
A heat exchanger is a device (system) used to transfer
heat between two or more fluids. Heat exchangers are
used in both cooling and heating processes. The fluids
may be separated by a solid wall to prevent mixing or
they may be in direct contact.
Types
Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Plate Heat Exchanger
Finned Tube Heat Exchanger
Helical/Spiral Heat Exchanger
Double pipe heat exchanger
Type of flow: Co Current
Counter Current
Mixed Current
Co Current flow (Parallel Flow)
Counter Current flow
 Heat Transfer Coefficient
• It is a quantitative characteristic of
convective heat transfer between a fluid
medium (a fluid) and the surface (wall) flowed
over by the fluid.
• It is the measure of the intensity of heat
transfer between the surface of a body and its
surroundings .
From Newton’s law of cooling
Q
h
As T

• Unit: J/s.m2.K (or) W/m2.K

• It is the quantity of heat transferred in unit

time through unit area at a temperature
difference of one degree between the surface
and surroundings
• Individual Heat Transfer Coefficient (h)
It is used only for convection systems where
there is only a single resistance to the heat transfer
surface

• Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U)

It is usually used in conduction-convection
systems where there are several resistances in
series formed on the heat transfer surface.
Consider a double pipe heat exchanger system and
Assume; Cold fluid - Inner pipe
Hot fluid - Annular space
Individual Heat Transfer Coefficients
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
 Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)
LMTD is introduced due to the fact, the temperature change that
takes place across the heat exchanger from the entrance to the exit
is not linear.

TA  TB
Tln 
TA
ln
TB

T A  Th , in  Tc , out 
TB  Th , out  Tc , in 
 Arithmetic Mean Temperature Difference (AMTD)

TA  TB
Tm 
2

THigher
If ,  2 , then AMTD can be used
TLower

• If LMTD is zero, it represents no further transfer of heat is possible

and an infinite area is required to carry out further heat transfer
which is not possible.
• If TA  TB then AMTD can be used instead of LMTD
 Equations for heat flow rate Q
Q  m c P T (1)
Q  h A T (2)
Q  U A Tln (3)
(1) tells the heat required to raise the temperature of a material through a
finite temperature difference T.
(2) tells the convective heat transfer rate which is proportional to the
difference in the temperatures between the body and its surroundings.
(3) tells the rate of heat transfer across a finite temperature difference
between 2 surfaces or fluids for a given surface area and is used only for
heat transfer between 2 fluids separated by an external surface.
Important Dimensionless Numbers in Heat Transfer
Nusselt number
It is the ratio of convective to conductive heat transfer across a
boundary. The convection and conduction heat flows are parallel to
each other and to the surface normal of the boundary surface, and
are all perpendicular to the mean fluid flow.
Convective Heat Transfer
N Nu 
Conductive Heat Transfer

h A T
N Nu 
T
kA
x
hD h D ho Do
N Nu  N Nu,i  i i N Nu ,o 
k k k
Important Dimensionless Numbers in Heat Transfer
Prandtl number
It is the ratio of momentum diffusivity to thermal diffusivity.

Momentum Diffusivity
N Pr 
Thermal Diffusivity


N Pr 
k
 CP

Cp 
N Pr 
k
Important Dimensionless Numbers in Heat Transfer
Grashof number
It is the ratio is a dimensionless number in fluid dynamics and heat
transfer which approximates the ratio of
the buoyancy to viscous force acting on a fluid. It frequently arises in
the study of situations involving natural convection and is analogous
to the Reynolds number
In natural convection, Grashof number dictates
Buoyancy Force whether the flow is laminar or turbulent. If the
N Gr  number is greater than 109 then the flow is
Viscous Force turbulent.

g  T D 3
N Gr  
1  dV 
 2  
V  dT  p
Free Convection : Nu = f (Gr, Pr)
Forced Convection : Nu = f (Re, Pr)

Dittus - Boelter Equation Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Prn

n = 0.4 for heating
n = 0.3 for cooling

Seider – Tate Equation Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr1/3