Teaching And
Learning:
Principles And
Practices
Define Teaching
• Teaching is a deliberate intervention that involves planning and
implementation of instructional activities and experiences
to meet the intended learner outcomes according to a
teaching plan.
Define Learning
• Changing in behavior, knowledge, attitudes and/or skills that
can be observed or measured and that occurs at any time or in
any place as a result to environmental stimuli.
Characteristics of The Teacher
1. A key factor in any teaching – learning process.
2. Constructs well designed plan to achieve to objectives of the lesson.
3. Prepares learning environment.
4. Selects appropriate content/ strategies and learning activities.
5. Adjusts content/activities strategies/ learning environment to the
learners.
Characteristics Of The Learner
1. He/She is an embodied spirit.
2. He/She is a union of a Conscious body and a rational soul.
3. He / She are the Most important element of teaching.
4. The natural characteristics of learners are:
5. Age
6. Maturity
7. Grade level
8. Health
9. Abilities
10. Family background
11. Experiences and motivation and his /her culture including values, attitudes and
traditions which influence the teaching – learning process to a very large extent.
Characteristics Of The
Learning
• Learning is growth of mental abilities.
• Learning involves change.
• All learning involves activities.
• Learning Requires Interaction.
• Learning is a Lifelong Process.
• Learning Occurs Randomly Throughout Life.
• Learning Involves Problems Solving.
• Learning is the Process of Acquiring Information.
• Learning is an active process.
Schön’s model of reflective Learning
Process
Schön (1987) distinguished between two types of reflection
Reflection-in-action is the process of thinking about and altering an action
during an episode.
1. Experiencing
2. Thinking on your feet
3. Thinking about what to do next
4. Acting straight way
Reflection-on-action is the process of looking back at an event and analyzing
it to make explicit the knowledge which guided action.
1. Thinking about something that has happened
2. Thinking what you do differently next time
Schön’s model of reflective Learning
Process
Examples:
Reflection in Action:
1. You are in a lecture and keep being distracted by your phone.
2. You are taking a workshop and you are thinking what you would have for
lunch after the workshop
Reflection On Action:
1. You revise in you’re your mind what teacher has taught you in the lecture.
2. You are Actively recalling the heading of the topic you just have learned.
3. You are reflecting that you will go to class with a diary to take notes while
taking a lecture for better understanding.
PEDAGOGY
• Pedagogy describes the art and science of teaching students. The term
comes from the Greek word ‘paidagogos,’ a combination of ‘paidos’
(child) and ‘agogos’ (leader).
• Science: the knowledge of theories of learning and instructional
strategies for teaching
• Art: correctly putting theories into practice and building up teaching
experiences.
• Effective teachers use an array of teaching strategies because there is
no single, universal approach that suits all situations. Different
strategies used in different combinations with different groupings of
students will improve learning outcomes.
ANDRAGOGY
• Andr-Man & Agogos-Leader Of.
• Method and Techniques of Teaching Adults
• Andragogy means the understanding of the science and practice of
adult learning.
GERAGOGY
• Geragogy refers to the management of teaching and learning for older
adults and has become a well-known term applied to teaching and
learning in later life.