—Kruckiohds ssgounk & Y called gene - -Inballugence might net- be mbenKeble - | _GENETICS ee Be nee Ganthes ed ¢ of branstre of xcters [genes [erauky fromm ; Lparenits 2 ony - it sd stu of her, sg physical tis, J cnatucal talents ond healt disorders. Geamples ok these treats inclu a heag ib, complexion, langits cola And-tethiie of-haity ab ty & roll 1 a fongus: cobbiih of ahs nye sien & meth ancl senclabes » climples shipe ict din ates alinty-t eaaste: PTC CPhanyt Thcoroamide) a ~ Trastsows degormned byqunas ond chysimosomes Angers s d sagen, pol bitkecbecb litres bab vstiy twtens griye FE tpplurttions 1 puclubror, devalopmant, ecolsjy,, moledaborr borolegy, Foransics oes lines ie sud “i ger ofscertain Hess combination of genes) a aE s Teron ths * £ Gyae dl basic unck of mbaritance .Alucleotrele Sagmenk that codas a iporualde betur de brah i 3 2iChyomesomme > Ahvsadlite strechw es wluth ¢ found ind ny: fp Gene > bid —>climemasome ell => Tew gad <= Types of Chromesomes \LAuibssornal_clromesoere 2) Sex chvemosome [2>'46 Wiplad chrombtoynes: gu) aubvaomal, 2 .sex (23 Pople cdyvorn Si WP cosh seb ave pSix Cbiromeseme tute rmanss gender =X. | Aidesoinal, chwiinesomnes debarinii® ledhonadborsnfF “ Phanchipe: strona [ny able basta Pact, 0 pdukanoninsd ly nati compos dim of an indivdual Often apesentid by speach is [ening ie Pare ter bransmillabte Repessonta oy alphabet & pi jd same bitters 2g AA, aa ote. Ty doqunonie zhler = Ib iso elGrthak 8 ex reel above other. ee: [ iv) Lagi ny ox not axpenssed Representa fy aging. inal! Letter plate oh abtornahns Contra shing tr brovismubtable ¢ yp allede foe jf whos agit shoot ane fe {sad Gynerition: Sucassiva gene ration of Sicees ier 2 Ton orn hetero xyqous omssing i hd sis hat ie f Aesgamunt Niscuss © Garner + i Gantiobi be | ween map *) Gone peel ; - | Gene Flos vaca Lecrthin’ a gene poet hak occur aso asult of inkerbreediey - 2 Ibis 'd -teamstor of allotas fg coe latin te ameter oe To ahi Than ali be defined ag ean indie faationcy of iyGone flows $s a uruying Corcethedt prevent populations fromm dwerguns Go m-flow lrrales Used the geoqraphuea x fen boundlir-ias eat cold clvervuse isolate popilalrons « Asa rile ofvrsolatim baheven popwlakons andthe, conseyuent Uinukalians in snechonge of genes sive eocpect thot opulations wil duvtrae by genction dh fe or asia rasivlvel szlechon | for allots at adapt sch gopuilaion ts dsilocal niche Bub ‘fgure Ho occurs aa Spe ‘nigh level flea stherrise wolated populations will not diverge Taste they become anni dnd: voli ab airsing | woluhens [neti ds fl chavs vnllenee aQlaldinl® roo papules [Gene flow thus! introduces ‘nev iellates that can dusplacs old alleles, st ty org biter ndagtid tebe: wumsntshosb sits Jo popalidums Wehichions made-up of one oy & fxeasclsral Ln specail eats af “gone ‘Glia ean occur in vehuth 2ath done (ix genotype) | 2.) has ane! ina Hhak differs nbaote. ib roith | from: the os pe | toasting chore Gwen the fack-thak mam genes move hu as 4 block Nae fraseeualclorins, better te tlunuyol “quastyye (Une epee a 7 sO nelgpo Howathin obser the movannentesfiadtre gen ohypes é (sual [Link] sLnzeges) bekwasn clish ass apeths Ge Eso Z rs only for organisms that have 4 signthea rity afer seual componen ‘ she tether bbe cyele - Som of -he factirs which affect the rake of gene does between diflaredt populations rnclude. | Metniutys Gunacter_molsbety of an induidual tps 6 que_ck qnater| | Locating and idanbhyang gents 19 a gentle map 6 Clad gente mapping mugratéry oolirtial fe tes Hevisbtvonaibo gens pools ducing the gendlis. Bs Solara adaaso Aen otivee 2 tes gvoup set BASON, ae saxlizns srt errr ws # ogaunst SPECIAI oy encane ridhitasg bl k a Tbs, : amd) thus, rapawnng te kuvcbprig siensnves guatic venation thal Bs so ol ppl hte oe full spetsatisn ancl ecwadion st. dauahor species _jare er) sample f- these pa sit anddionts Lids Soblabs dimins gen _indindual swvives and ppiveluces(k popwlahon’s alate | ep i the Frackion of the copies. of one! geyesthab shoot « particulary feet) The. sipallor the: portals se more. us bible. sie fe such ancom changs Gene Ma bi Ikvis a cvephuc “apis antetion 4 the anrange nant ofa gene Oe @DNAL sequwince-on 2 Somersuire A genatic nap wised te locals and ojrelent thes pier tpraspab genic brat detecrtinesa parintiley inherited jsishnr sah tifpool iiclicates lew genelic diversity reduced chances of acquaring oaycal hene'ss, and vnersased possibility of extinction. pool increqses cohen Mubwtion occurs! ainel survives - Gene size is signihcarttly eeclucecl (eg famine, ‘gunetic olissase, eee). he eepsaqupaces vole gene peel is gm alk ang Live ferry, and increase A ipmbabildry of nequinng gembe Assists and eliforimits si vcigiatd Gene pool gives an sclea of the nurber of genes) andathe type of genesreécbleblastoma ~ Lo Neek Fire call division. differonnalion + inte it. Functronal and struckteyral cells A complet, cotl cycle tates place routhin at leash) JXhrs | phase | mdse phase: Metres occurs Phrase con _be propriate grmath shinning ta i 5 atzd te G phase:Most o 2 secreted deh sages: tus protiin mlease enzyme which alles the cl te undergo duwvision Cogelui dap encherc kinase Regulation of cell Cycle glatid. by. pomitubernakers we check pounds oth x certain wehidenb by cectan cls that x abnormal woh blocks called tumor- suppre | Gceure luring somatic grovsth (qrncih of the boy) 4 Prepha se zMebaphace cAnaphase i - Tebophase zeondensalion of chrremesome + Disintegralen of 2a | 1k 6 the only esnstant phase coll cycle * HeGolehuane ib also en qnis—snftommalmy agent usb arresting athtis in enhhanee precuctren of cytotore drug? wich can be wedia d trabment of) carrcer Most of these oide effects ag. also pulls healthy “cells undergoing normal dovisien ait eytvtoxit clwugs have liv irso sister chammabids of hamologrusichromegoms+ Te can be woryzi5 ei loneatinaat-dery Adialion oe inerea§a tn maternal ag 7 7 __pomudondly loetween ageing omel eet cliveron* + — ce will colchicine ores coll eget io metaphase . a Of abhacks of polyserositis» Te is admtustersd bey dnouth 5 |q@mnmon side _altocts ave Naus.2a, ere diatthoea aod sterach easy ty See ARIA nuows 1a} of colchicine’ to Forested ii pims2; so vshen you lok-dawn the Suomscope, ysu have ia lavgor Hurbar of- calls ati as stage vohere Siscn v8 chromosomes cong hhigitly visible Cotductre. patescaie the h eerapose Amettion of spindle Abygs, thadny making clive pb ae ke be ms eagily stuckied~ Zist_Octeben 2012 Ped “ erPophaye & metaphase in ouleas 5 mel ene & bod See ates vod they duvice ot the oak i ateteonen Chrmmesomnes' ofrem pairs (hvala) caring of bane homolegous chronnasomes (chromosomes bros onary PMagia - “Crossing over begins * Groscing - over of homoloyous cyromesurrss occur in bebosen aehyeere’ and duplobene Go altais) exchange of geretic matter) 3 oe oecors ae bipletan gas » crossing over cours ape tesa “cmrsmogornes, vehuth oe Pam & ake Homologous chyvmosomes, biw which ( by) omssing over has occuned,; are meds te seporadell [Link] ®hodSach Aonighter atl unclergo méivss Tat d same hme but __|2 CO A | NS es JAC Tae pe een oo© Scrsalicte tHat coer outed 6 2, of genic « % ot ~ le ane j80 teil Recessive xbers can only by eaepressed 10 homezyqove Porm « suit ove Sind faveeok-Genglies. 7 | Law of seqregetln ol sabwring, beghvacntionpenb, Betrucatioxsenty gamete a genbhc rer fall seperatas such iad 7A oa eftlers_each gomute havo ef-tidependent Keune ine 2. thers agetBtuc tire or bres’ E considers agedar 1, | Sageag ate ot oko fratuk A indepenctent oo» | d ceqa siben ob lf rack bovations fom Mendeban Procppl and Rates. __1[Tocomplate. dominanes (Blending) > Eapeassion of traits that cme _ i ants fn “tna ob Beet tet e sabes mus Gamekes a bb Eris) ee Ae 2 mais eco Se each Clpaticee oro sack see) et ea oo aering ara Amity k end up ) 1 dif gomates ies cS fod yrlonoM ie ce dnb ae Tecestive allelty voll orys be Dy © masked ley demunane alleles . f= &b Bb’. Bor) Bb. 4 i ALE BLE 5 ps ee ee ryt _eswiloval + brood 2 pipet sre ueBitlienS BOs 6D sll, ec On ©. Qs vo 2 - = Sronz iz ‘Abst 1 Phenetypic ratio > 122-1 skspang 88 Bins Boa th coset | Black BeeRRTT somite $55 Brush gu Behe RE ROS AIRE ct rt PRRTT | RETEL RTT Re Tejon RATE [RRtE | RrTE] Rett ReTet| WT per tT ReFE]Rr te Te tele RT, Rts eT ck ave the fe psc got fram Foran ved and tall 0B ced and short * 3 whit and tall “V whit. and short {ports R—o Genuine wnms axvise fom dation ow oumsertona of gets [enareralsalenormet nes of whole eb clave mosommes org ever Pom musplacennent obs gona sire mA * in et bee nce partis sient oan can tangs from relatwe allergies oN EH errtly dehects land intantiimortaldy - . ne uebhiods 4 detract cbromesomal =)7.7 fo ah reoeth Hinged 4 sive. st z ; | {om ssiae dak ek Be stilt uorclor ger coll dwistsn In-wine wR, Telenere’ w short wm) # dare (a) Bando light banda. Je contromus sor er) wteng conga bleaig fis ol “SWometneentric © onsale it Tala canbe ti t matneunirtes bhserol rsier geda aka novo Constrichon + Ingicle a. 1° constrictury they sn U9 9° Uaial Knew. of chyomesonne -is terra)Aye -theerthcal wut bain of shurctanc PAG eM chert an drs Hain ctostothahaate tact thie dayne ot hatte E” Telomere = the end of a chromosome, whith consists of rzpeated f has boon completzd’ Each hme a, °| call divides, sombisequanes of A tplsmere arp lost; aftar COW 10D dyrswna’ in on serait dal yeh bol cles | Clincal Coyeplacte Replication, Fetzlomeres’ is digect eet Aindemal- clisniBes Bie penser ih ancl lence’) ted a pacar. < ofweon Cor cells oJ rer ( ED part of aichwunosoms that joins da dreamaels o0ch other ar csenes ablached f 4 spmdle during spt _avidanneinsise, When dikiea yer dumahen tenes lace, iguana wopid Qithrpadlife stranats! Prammeliby longutuci ner! % o jam cherorae $20 004% during pmatosis A muupsis « They emoun |Ge motanal, voch is placsion A chymoesone, Ik is alsoArchutpctural gpiusionk raspensilole) ford mieqredion of pretain me _d stucturé opidircoll- @ am whkact form. This porns 4 analysis of anorSoy por! eadtrurpd c-> colls)-Ersscope: slide eke aye Geietly pp Fi in andistaun with Bladsein * Srudy with a ucresce peE worl Patti Ja 38 at Bae ail } 5) Sub mebacentri¢ 7 carte mer» ii loca — 2 ardiendl pent of-ich® chromosomes.) Si WW | Acro ntrre 2 C3nbromore ie va shovi'p. [Link] ,Spe clecrgase sth merpasal ng + i ating Lp u Wedium~sized isubmetrcnbric chromosomes woh 6 dilhoutt: ee © | Rho avstngvalsh fro zack otter Js fo Ss Che mesens parr, 13-15. Medium steed ieee pdhirgmes ONES Een ) SM Bm Ope 16218 Réladrasly \ishort)/ch mmesenae «vo ch. (a Briss) practices com be jdferenh dled 2asily inet )pair [6 woh “fpebeentste and pair 11-18 \vech © submetacentric- Bb picd” vi ge CpHtI-2Q0 o. Short meta contre cmemesomes . SA) GA? eiph @ieda shot chromosomes Pairs Qh Ba ¥ shore _ Li) dacrvetiBrit! vet sebpllite the ehremeseme Rees Lenn yy oi Patel hasne satelite Gon weuably lee cclerofeet - i wait pra ckices Fire lusty te cnasonsy di Qlvelwemesomes © actually Shortie-tpomn fF [Link] ifidvition | 2 d_chromesimes & Bandid Bid chs baa main banding nae lt js bagact oon 4 agree! ee orbs “tunes Bhi geen. a panes es Spal -almogt aber! 4 onbire chvomesems component * | ae ee ele Le on abla Spatteins foal dex dio oa pop eocploxt «ann ed varrahen nh Mh strictaara ond (9 7 NSD cel GE hao Pd * mmaeanroris ¥ 4e |of dh clvemosorne* Te beelrigur _ cil baadund) ora vary wwosky stalin such as ey: at ug Gjemsa, or ber "Leishman+ Tur grea of G-banding ° Re banding: AlLof those rechmg pl pattacen, amet d ee ee ceils oe Sade er daximcogedachclacadands va fate Tes sl fw wore defined im the wubalqaisua) b Pbubovg | “EIST. | NORitdo] ford) short arin igvall aor entree a ay [domes omes i 99-6 ows | Hy { GAL Controriare sof chvomesome fl Importance of Banding - ltl 2) Confrnation ef deletion and inversioo abating etibrn A Kanelsctanre _& diffonomace |e chuvomneim ee trial opal adniblebntelidy cermelauhd eA neg Lo rane 4 Feulaurns te yond excisene unys IS dec. adamined erad rund | palemef di chuld has lest ot palmar danategeaphics * bragnosis eds pF $ qx g. hnettemical basis: | What itd pelriaar: cabnormnabdty called ? Other Paakurss of this abenbrmabty | oi fn - : Te discusses chromosomal abnorcnalties) which enswis a3 sult of mutates @toratisn RBA composition ef anduds of conuplion: d develop Foetus ret Iclosing Senta goed iat n ~thot ene ae x “Jean Lamarck “tesry of eveluhon (ard) * marta Lesscaie tad woth speeche: eet cal sale criteas Be rs __ om abet camerival 4 shuctiral eomponenss of 1 dyomosxe, the change oo alect sd Ses wnt choromisinss_ and) oe _d autosomal xomes- Insome wnstance, beth Kinds vr. hh aknormabty Boe | saedlae bie sacle iro Bae a exaust gre y mbalamee- Gonete factors inehecte amomalias by boxe _ patios Slemethes creas at. d Subcollubar cellislae ee) bssue (ovel - te wees’ Gl fe sroptueb aceHaed-4 Paulus, wagiueg Ss than 5009; thad: ® expelled From vn Bree "tt oO deal or rai ae surviving d fe =e whole chromoso set \Cpdysioidy) poe eee —— a |e iainuttipla-of ie haploid sia dipland)-Toman, | polypotel calls ue ually found sir brecies. fromiabec Ebene Geos ts land shllsbirth oi» Trpledd aseurs as a mgult: of toe 5 ant eng. cary vale be preclucsiol

| Menosomy : (3 2n-1) When one xoms is cussineprt d dirle et | ee [xomepyist as. poypeid appears be be thal 1 mon so dees Preeti amd less of an aut somay Pre Ad %taca hac been confir-| wdicin_ humans sith neneis ony. 5 weith perhaps d a : _|Keeptin efovery tome Urbants auch p evevived wile monosomy RP Ken Semple: Totner's, Syndrome othaeie Ponty monase _tempablie vith Ube (45x) oso thevgh 98% tl, Fopbuses | ectileg jndroore nts o'spantewtbousby: alot ed Fu foe hoe | ullacomy secours when a kome 6 Sey i “ebrasomy 3» — four Ford copes = prerat: ft Sb huey genes” 223) pS fir out other features) yome 2h Sd emallest humenn xx He hain scrloed | vn spyeral) daserelers. jn man «In. FE eee ae eet 6 jeune im Paris (95s) thot poreant saith New. Syndevine (norgetiim). aE 9 tes «Lomas en al)e ee studs weeenbid a eh Meion Syadeeme: ndroor mids sii essere ‘Rdward 5 By i se i, eglaaicethas ‘trisol _kbinefeLter Syndrome, aa ang 41143 yadrome fess i sitll nealakals ba OW sett.ie yt “da ia ‘hewing in 4baorial xome na amd: Sbers baring, normal: D b affected twdwndwals may: exhulat hers or men of “asetrtea ofa prtbede 4 ae F temnelocanens: 2 pamaulonly eeePureh I | Frsorny a ee solos) coused i orn exctra i capac! N Aor | bess they chiabbc during missy Ne pSETECTS Sis en Matenel Kome » | Foorturss © td Vamsth retardation cay very rng: A Yi ab ef intullectual deraler- | lex ag) Craniofacial abnormalities 5 finelucling upvoard slantory bs » apicanithal folds: ( Geum stein) Polis outed. quae comers of sb Ar Cicllndatn pte Si2orkes onsetrof hictaind s disease aigiinganiiipsy’ Ow ) ledoniga Grmostly couse ae cuspundian durvig gst] wie Kamal zpmd Jo wou) ~ 2 leeae 09 fanunign | shovelan extra |Sth Chavsome He souls, fea oe meiosis: [b atects: fumalas nasty Najorty ok Sinem ae these woth ty sypcleam dias bebe -Mumeraall oars ean arise NES etre eather of iB. marti sand colwen dofailume of a roel b&b segregate inte ol clang hte cols Wud eeulte idan extra _kome, matting d haplord ne 24+ wiskead of 23. Forti zation of Ne or nsdn by sperm that wrtain an extra Xome cesults 0 5 4, a, ace of Kone 18 Becomes attadned 2 Lia s000 17 nwobern’ Geo ¢. best bho roma Crremsbocatid bt or ox after can cephOn- Affpobedl , (He, copes acer 18 + ext, Carvel firm Siosoh / sathiogepii cle disorder chad clue mally malformations: indude: 6) microcapla aA. y nepipanital. nf sip bredghdnt: (occipat) [8 bo 6 | |b) lmo-gok pmalfsrmad ears 5 ¢) abnormal, fa+2 Cmucrognsatiua)| __ A clk lip ZoleFt pala 2) upturned aos) of) narme syolds (7 Fucsion of fingers and Wands-