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PHYSICS CHAPTER 1 PHYSICS CHAPTER 2 lOMoARcPSD|61772471

Systems of Units Physics Revision notes KHMHSS VALAKKULAM Average speed:- Physics Revision notes KHMHSS VALAKKULAM PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
▪ CGS system - centimetre, gram and second. DIMENSION OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES The average speed is defined as the ratio of the total
▪ FPS system - foot, pound and second. KINEMATIC EQUATIONS FOR UNIFORMLY Scalar quantity and vector quantity Physics Revision notes KHMHSS VALAKKULAM
Dimensions of a physical quantity are the powers to which path length covered by the particle to the total time
▪ MKS system - metre, kilogram and second ACCELERATED MOTION Scalar quantity: A quantity with magnitude only. It is
the fundamental quantities be raised in order to represent taken
specified completely by a single number,along with the 2) Parallelogram law of addition met
▪ S I : Système Internationale that quantity. a). 1st equation:-
SI system there are seven fundamental units and Average velocity:- proper unit. Eg : mass, temperature , distance
APPLICATIONS OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS a= slope of v- t graph
two supplementary units It is the ratio of displacement to the time taken Vector quantity: A quantity that has both magnitude and
[Link] check the correctness of an equation
direction and obeys vector algebra .Eg: displacement,
Here we use the principle of homogeneity to check
velocity, acceleration , force
the correctness of the equation Vector Addition – Analytical Method
Instantaneous velocity (Velocity):- Types of Vectors
Q.2: Check whether this equation S = ut + ½at2 is
The time rate of change of position [Link] vectors: Two vecto. A &B are said to be equal
dimensionally correct. b). 2nd equation :-
with time at any instant is called when they have equal magnitude and same direction
+1 physics full (rev) Instantaneousvelocity
S= area of graph
and represent the same physical quantity.
Uniform motion (Uniform velocity) :- If a body covers equal
2 2 2
displacement in equal interval of time , then the body is said [Link] vectors: Those vectors which act along the OS = ON + SN but [ ON =OP + PN ie ON= A + B Cos θ ]
to be in uniform motion. During uniform motion magnitude same line. The angle between them can be 0° or 180°. OS2 = (A + B cos θ )2 + (B sin θ )2 [ SN = B sin θ ]
We have
Physics HL (St. Mary's Higher Secondary School) and direction of the velocity remains constant. [Link] Vectors: If two vectors A & B act in the same R2= A2 + 2AB cos θ + B2 cos2θ +B2sin2θ
Since all term has the same dimension , the given Position - time graph direction along the same line or on parallel lines( the
equation is dimensionally correct angle between them is 0°)
c). 3rd equation:-
Q.3: To derive the relation among various physical
We have. v = u + at Projectile Motion
quantities period of oscillation of the simple pendulum
Squaring v2 = u2 + 2uat + (at)2 An object that is in flight after being thrown or projected
depends on its length (l), mass of the bob (m) and
v2 = u2 + 2a ( ut+ ½at2) is called a projectile.
acceleration due to gravity (g). Derive the expression for its
time period using method ofdimensions.
➢The slope of position time graph(Δx/Δt)gives the velocity.
Scan to open on Studocu Velocity - time graph Motion of an object under Free Fall :-
for uniform motion

➢ The path (trajectory)of a projectile is a parabole

➢The area under the velocity - time graph is equal to Time of Flight of a projectile (T):-
the displacement The total time T during which the projectile is in flight
➢The slope of velocity time graph gives acceleration
MULTIPLES AND SUB MULTIPLES OF UNITS
a-t graph v- t graph Position -t graph We have S = ut + ½at
2
Consider the motion in vertical direction
To express magnitude of physical quantities,which are Average Acceleration :- The average acceleration a Q.1: The slope of position-time graph gives Velocity 0 = u sin θ t - ½ gt
2

very large or small, we use prefixes to the unit over a time interval is defined as the Q.2: The area under velocity -time graph gives Displacement
change of velocity divided by the time interval . Q.3: The slope of velocity-time graph gives acceleration
Rounding off:
Position-time graph for motion with Q.4:What do you mean retardation Horizontal range of a projectile (R):-
a)7.32 rounded off to 7.3 b)17.26 rounded off to 17.3
Ans: negative acceleration or velocity decreases, the The horizontal distance travelled by a projectile during its T
c)7.352 rounded off to 7.4 d) 3.45 is rounded off to 3.4 Addition and Subtraction of Vectors—Graphical Method
acceleration becomes negative R = hori Vel x time of flight T
Q.4: Write two physical quantities having no unit and 1. Triangle law of vector addition :-
Q.5: Define Average and instantaneous Velocity.
dimension. If two vectors are
Ans : ........(refer above note)
Q.5: Derive the equation for kinetic energy E and momentum represented in
Q.6: Derive kinematic equation for uniform
P of a body of mass m moving with velocity v magnitude and d
2
Q.6: check the equation mgh = ½mv + FS+PAS Were m
accelerated motion Maximum height of a projectile (H):-
irection by the two sides of a triangle taken in order ,then
is Ans: ...(refer above note) v2 – u2 = 2as [u = u sin θ ,v = 0 ,a = -g ,s = H ]
their resultant is given by the third side of the triangle
dimensionally correct Q.7: a)Which portion of the graph 0 - u2 sin2θ = -2gH
+Ve direction represents uniform retardation? taken in reverse order R= A+B
Q.7: Using dimensional method +Ve direction -ve direction Uniform Circular Motion
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES :-The digits that are known With -ve b)Find the displacement in time 2s to 7s. Subtraction of vectors
With Angular velocity (ω)=
reliably plus the first uncertain digit are known as put the missing ‘C’ at the proper place Positive With acceleration
Negative Ans: a)BC R2 = A + (-B) ω=2π/T or ω=2πυ
significant figures Q.8: Write any two limitations of dimensional analysis. acceleration Negative With change b)area of rectangle 6x5=30 m
acceleration AxB=AB sinθ Angular Acceleration
Q.1:The number of significant figures Q.9: In the given equatio x= a + bt + ct𝟐 acceleration In direction Q.8: A stone is dropped from a height h. Arrive at an expression
a) 78900 = 3 SF b) 0.0007 = 1 SF c) 5.630= 4 SF for the time taken to reach the ground. A.B = AB cosθ α=
find the dimensions of a,b and c Q.9: Draw the velocity-time graph
d) 6.02x1024 = 3 SF e)123.00 = 5 SF f) 0.0100= 3SF Q.10: a)1N = .............dyne. . b) 1Joule = ........erg of a freely falling body.
2 2 2
Ans: s=ut+½at , h=0+½gt ie t = 2h/g
( A stone vertically falling downwards)
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PHYSICS chapter 5 work energy power PHYSICS chapter 6 system of particles and rotational motion PHYSICS chapter 7 gravitation
PHYSICS CHAPTER 4 Work:- Physics Revision notes KHMHSS VALAKKULAM centre of mass:- It is the point where all the mass of Physics Revision notes KHMHSS VALAKKULAM KEPLER’S LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION:- Physics Revision notes KHMHSS VALAKKULAM
Newton's laws of motion:- Physics Revision notes KHMHSS VALAKKULAM The work done by the force is defined to be the product of Graphical variation of KE and PE with height from ground: the system may be assumed to be concentrated and Angular Velocity ω and its Relation with Linear Velocity [Link] of orbits :- Variation of 'g' with depth and
Newton's First law ( law of inertia):- EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCES & concurrent force:- component of the force in the direction of the displacement . where the resultant of all the external forces acts. ω = dθ/dt, v= rω All planets moves around the height from the earth's surface
Every body continues to be in its state of rest or of When the net external force on the particle is zero , and the magnitude of this displacement. . The position of centre Angular acceleration (α) Sun in an elliptical orbit with Gravitational Potential Energy:-
uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled by then the body is in equilibrium ie w= Fd cos θ . of mass is given by α= dω/dt a= rα the Sun at one of the foci work done in displacing the particle from infinity to that point
some external force to change that state. Ifthe lines of forces are acting ➢Work and Energy are scalar quantities Power:- rate of change of work done Motion of centre of mass:- angular force or moment of force or torque τ:- [Link] of areas :- We have F= GMm/x
2

➢SI unit is kgm s or joule (J), DF-> [work] = [ML T ] Average power = W/t
2 -2 2 –2
Inertia:-Inertia is the inability of an object to change at a common point ,then the τ is the rotational analogue of force The line joining the
its velocity by itself collection of forces is said to be concurrent forces Zero Work:- Instantaneous power = τ= f ⊥ lar distance (⊥ distance= rsinθ) Sun to a planet sweeps
➢ SI Unit : watt (W) Dimensional Formula -
Inertia of rest:- passengers in a bus fall backward If force and displacement are mutually perpendicular θ = 90° 2 -2
τ = f rsinθ. ie τ= r x f DF of τ=[ML T ],SI unit kgm s or Nm
2 -2
equal areas in equal intervals of time
APPARENT WEIGHT (Motion of a body in a lift)
when the driver starts the bus suddenly. Positive Work Angular momentum or moment of momentum(L):- 3. Law of period:-
2
T αa
3
The square of the time Escape velocity or Escape speed:-minimum speed for an
i) Stationary or Velouniform R= mg CollisionsIn all collisions the total linear momentum is conserved
inertia of motion:- passengers in a bus fall forward If θ is between 0° and 90° , cos θ positive and work positive. rotational analogue of linear momentum period of revolution of a planet is proportional to the cube of object to escape from the earth’s gravitational pull(infinity)
ii upward motion R= mg+ ma Elastic Collisions The collisions in which both linear momentum
when the driver stops the bus suddenly Negative work L= p ⊥ lar distance ➢ ( ⊥ distance= rsinθ) the semi- major axis of the ellipse traced out by the planet
iii)downward motion R= mg - ma and kinetic energy are conserved eg: atomic collisions
-1
Momentum P :- product of mass m and its velocity If θ is between90°and180°,cos θ is negative and work negative
Inelastic Collisions : collisions in which linear momentum L= f rsinθ ie L = r x p DF of L=[ML2T -1], SI unit kgm2s UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATIONforce of attraction b/w
iv)lift falls down freelyR= 0 (the body experience weightlessness)
-1 Work done by a Variable Force Relation connecting Torque and Angular momentum:- two bodies in universe is directly proportional
P= mv SI unit kgm/s & [P] = [MLT ] it is vector quantity Friction:- force that opposes (impending or actual) is conserved, but kinetic energy is not conserved
L= rxp to the product of their masses and inversely
Newton’s Second Law f Motion:- relative motion between two surfaces in contact eg: Collision between macroscopic objects
proportional to the square of the distance
The rate of change of momentum of a body is Static friction (fs): opposes the initiation of motion of Elastic Collisions in One Dimension F G - Universal gravitational const
directly proportional to the applied force and takes By conservation of KE
an object on the surface. Acceleration due to gravity ( g )of the Earth :- Orbital velocity:- speed with which a satellites revolves
Kinetic Energy : energy possessed by a body by virtue of MA= Fext Conservation of angular momentum:-
place in the direction in which the force acts Kinetic friction fk: Frictional force that opposes( actual ) then around [Link] fcentripetal provided by gravitational force
limit Δt →0
its motion KE = ½mv² ➢ centre of mass of a system of particles moves as if all τ= 0 ie = 0 then L = lω is const ie l1ω1= l2ω2
➢g - independent of mass of the [Link]=9.8m/s2
relative motion between surfaces in contact.
&
Potential Energy ‘stored energy’ by virtue of the position the mass of the system is concentrated at the centre of ➢total external torque on a system of particles is zero, then
Rolling friction & sliding friction frolling < fsliding & μk < μs
➢Gravitational Potential Energy , V =mgh mass and all the external forces are applied at that point. the total angular momentum of the system is conserved g at h height above the surface of the earth:-
k=1 Q . friction is said to be a necessary evil explain.
➢ mr ω is a const
2
Equation of force from Newton's second law of motion
WORK– ENERGY THEOREM FOR CONSTANT FORCE :- Examples of centre of mass motion:- Examples:-.
Ans: friction has advantage s and disadvantages at same time
We have v2 = u2+ 2as multipy by ½m (1) Explosion of a shell in flight. 1)When the dancer stretches out then
[Link] three methods to reduce friction.
½mv² = ½mu² + mas ie ½mv² - ½mu² =f s This shell will follow a parabolic Relation Connecting Escape Velocity and Orbital Velocity
lubricating the surfaces , use of ball bearings ,polishing thesurface (f=ma) her hands, moment of inertia
Angle of Friction (θ) OR Angle of repose'- [Link] explosion,the fragments increases and angular velocity decreases.
[Link] a cricketer draws his hands backwards during a catch
mg sin θ = μsN Relation between Momentum and Kinetic Energy travel in their own parabolic path
When he draws his hands backwards, the time 2)A diver after leaving the board curling his body .
mg cosθ N and the centre of mass of the
interval (Δt) to stop the ball increases . Then Or Rotational Equilibrium:- total external τ on a rigid body is 0
➢tangent of θ gives the coefficient of friction system will continue to follow the
force decreases and it does not hurt his hands. Elastic potential energy ( potential energy of a spring) Principles of Moments:- d1f1- d2 f2= 0 ie
Circular Motion :-. fcentripetal = mv²/r same parabolic path of the shell before explosion
Impulse (I) :- large force acts for a very short duration We have F = − kx u1 + v1 = v2+ u2 ie v2 = u1 + v1 - u2 --------- (5)
Motion of a car on a curved level road: (2)Motion of earth–moon system :Moon moves round the
producing a finite change in momentum of the body Substitute eqn (5) in eqn (3) Using binomial expressionand neglecting
earth, earth moves round the sun,we can say that the centre
I = F x Δt SI unit is kgm/s or N s [I] =M L T−1 ie Couple:-A pair of equal and opposite forces higher order terms Time period of a satellite:-
of mass of the earth–moon system moves round the sun. Time taken by the satellite to revolve once around the earth.
Impulse momentum Principle CONSERVATIVE FORCE work done by the force in moving Law of Conservation of Momentum for a System of Particles
with differentlines of action
Impulse is equal to the change in momentum of the
Motion of a car on a banked road
the body depends only on the initial and final positions of the ➢A couple produces rotation without translation ➢as we go above the surface of the earth acceleration .
body then FxΔt=ΔP ie Impulse I = ΔP body and not on the nature of the path followed between the Moment of Inertia :-rotational analogue of mass. due to gravity decreases (1-2h/R)
➢ Dimensionally impulse and momentum are equal Variation of 'g' with depth or g at d depth below surface
2
initial and final [Link] mechanical energy remains I= mr
Newton’s Third Law of Motion N cos θ - f sin θ = mg---(1) constant in a conservative force field. Eg :Elastic spring force, The l of rigid body is
To every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction. --(2) Electrostatic force, Magnetic force, Gravitational force, etc SI unit kgm2 DF = [ML2]
Special case
➢ Action and reaction forces act on different bodies, Dividing throughout by N cosθ NON CONSERVATIVE FORCE work done by or against the Body Rotational Axis Moment of Inertia
force in moving a body depends upon the path between the Examples:- ⊥ to plane at centre I= mR2
not on the same body. So they do not cancel each F/N = μs ===> COLLISIONS IN TWO DIMENSIONS ring, of radius R
initial and final positions. Eg: Frictional forces, The force due (1)Decay of nucleus:Consider the decay of a parent nuclei Diameter I= ½mR2
other , eventhough they are equal and opposite. ring, of radius R
to air resistance, viscous force , etc. at rest into two [Link] move in opposite directions ⊥ to plane at centre I= ½mR2
FAB = –FBA ie (force on A by B) = – (force on B by A) Disc, of radius R
with different [Link] momentum is conserved and the I= ¼mR2
THE CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY (IN Disc, of radius R Diameter
Law of Conservation of Momentum :- centre of mass of decay product continuous to be at rest.
If friction is absent, μs = 0 CASE OF A FREELY FALLING BODY):- Hollow cylinder Axis of cylinder I= mR
2
total momentum remains constant , When there is no (2) Motion of binary stars: In case of motion of binary
Then Optimum speed, Q.1:Relation between Power and velocity is p= f v Solid cylinder Axis of cylinder l= ½mR2 Energy of an orbiting satellite:-
external force acting on a system ie, Pbefore = Pafter stars, if no external forces act, the centre of mass
Q.A circular track of radius 300 m is banked at an angle of Q.2:kWh is the unit of energy (1kWh= 3.6×106 J) Diameter KE = ½mv
2
Application of law of conservation of momentum:- Solid sphere I= ⅖mR
2
15°.If the coefficient of friction 0.2, what is the(a) optimum Q.3: F=( 3i+4j+5k )N and displacement d= ( 5i+4j+3k )m find moves like a free particle
Recoil of gun: When a bullet is fired from a gun , the speed of the car to avoid wear and tear on its tyres, and f.d and magnitude of f and d . What is the angle between them. Vector Product or Cross product of Two Vectors:- Thin rod,length L ⊥ to rod, mid point I= mL2/12
backward movement of gun is called recoil of the gun. (b) maximum permissible speed to avoid slipping ? Ans: KINETIC ENERGY OF ROLLING MOTION:-
Pb -PG=0 ie, Pb = -PG Ans:v= √rg tanθ = √300x9.8xtan15 =28.1m/S 2
KEtotal= ½mv + ½lω
2

mv1 = MV2 = 38.1m/s WORK AND POWER IN ROTATIONAL MOTION

➢as we go down below earth’s surface, g- decreases by (1-2h/R)
Recoil vel of gun V2 = dw= τdθ,and power.

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Chapter 9 Mechanical Properties of Fluids Chapter 11 Thermodynamics

Pressure:- The normal force(F) exerted by a fluid on Viscosity:- The internal frictional force that acts when
Chapter 10 Thermal Properties of Matter Thermal equilibrium:- Two systems are said to be in Cyclic Process:- the system returns to its initial state ΔU = 0
Mechanical Properties of Solids an area A is called pressure. Pressure, P = 𝐅 /𝐀 there is relative motion between layers of the liquid
Heat :- Heat is the form of energy transferred between Change of State:- All matter exists normally in three states thermal equilibrium, when there is no flow of thermal For cyclic process ΔU = 0 then ΔQ= ΔW
Depending upon the types of stress and strain there are −2
Stress:-The restoring force per unit area. SI unit is Nm or pascal (Pa) Pressure is a Coefficient of viscosity( 𝛈):- The ratio of shearing stress energy between them ,when they are connected Carnot Engine:- Sadi Carnot developed Carnot engine
two systems by virtue of temperature difference as solids, liquids or gases. The temperature of the system
The SI unit of stress is N 𝑚−2 or pascal (Pa)
three moduli of elasticity. Dimensional formula [ML −1T −2] scalar quantity to the strain rate Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics:- R.H. Fowler in 1931 Carnot engine is a reversible engine operating between
does not change during change of state.
Dimensional formula of stress is [ M𝐿 −1𝑇 −2 ] 1) Young’s Modulus(Y):- Y = = Variation of Pressure with Depth:- η = = = Commonly used thermometer scales are = = Two systems in thermal equilibrium two temperatures T1 (source) and T2 (sink). The working
melting point (MP):- Change of state from solid to liquid
Consider a cylindrical element 𝐏𝐕= 𝛍𝐑T - ideal-gas equation 𝟏 with a third system separately are in substance of the Carnot engine is an ideal gas.
Strain:- the fractional change in dimension.
Young’s modulus of steel is greater. steel is preferred in The dimension are [ML −1T −1] The melting point decreases with pressure. ( M P ∝ )
of fluid Absolute zero (0 k):- thermal equilibrium with each other’ Carnot cycle:- The 4 processes involved in carnot cycle are
Strain = heavy-duty machines and in structural designs In equilibrium, the resultant The SI unit of η is 𝟐 or Pa s Regelation:- When pressure is applied, ice melts at low
The minimum temperature temperature. If pressure is removed
if 𝐓𝐀= 𝐓 𝐂 and 𝐓𝐁= 𝐓𝐂 then 𝐓𝐀= 𝐓B
Strain has no unit and dimension. 2) Bulk Modulus(B) :- Y = = vertical forces should be balanced Or poiseiulle (Pl). for an ideal gas or zero kelvin First Law of Thermodynamics:-The heat supplied to the
water refreezes. This refreezing
three types of stress and strain P2A = P1A+mg Stokes’ Law:- The viscous force F on a sphere of radius a This temperature is -273.15°C system is partly used to increase the internal energy of
The reciprocal of the bulk modulus is called compressibility is called regelation.
[Link] Stress and Strain:- P2A - P1A =mg (m = ρhA) moving with velocity v through a fluid of η is, F = 6π η a v Thermal Expansion:- The increase in the dimensions of a the system and the rest is used to do work on the
boiling point(BP):- change of state from liquid to vapour
3) Rigidity Modulus(G):- = = (P2 - P1)A = ρhA g Terminal velocity:- The constant speed that a freely falling ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW (ΔW =P ΔV)
Longitudinal body due to the increase in its temperature. 3 types The boiling point increases with pressure ( B P ∝ P ) environment.
P2 - P1 = ρ g h object eventually reaches when the sum of drag force and  Cooking is difficult on hills. At high altitudes
Poisson’s ratio (σ ) :- The ratio of lateral strain to [Link] Expansion:- expansion in length Specific Heat Capacities of Gases:-
Longitudinal Strain = = At top of fluid P1 may be replaced by atmospheric buoyancy is equal to the downward gravity force  Boiling Pont is increased Inside a pressure cooker
longitudinal strain is called Poisson’s ratio.
Expression for Terminal velocity:-
∝ ΔT ie = 𝜶𝒍 ΔT Molar specific heat capacity at constant pressure CV = [ 𝐓] P
pressure (Pa) and we replace P2 by P by increasing the pressure. Hence cooking is faster.
[Link] Stress and Strain:- 𝒍
σ = = = Gauge pressure (excess of pressure), 𝐏 - 𝐏𝐚 = ρ gh Fupward = Fdownward = Fv + FB = FG 𝜶𝒍 = Latent Heat:- heat/unit mass transferred during change of state Molar specific heat capacity at constant volume CV = [ ]V 1. Isothermal Expansion:-from(𝐏 , ,𝐓 ) to (𝐏 , ,𝐓 ).
Absolute Pressure, 𝐏 = 𝐏𝐚 + ρ gh 𝟒 𝟒 𝒍 𝐓
Shearing
 6πηavt + πa3 ς g = πa3 ρ g L = / 𝐦 SI unit of Latent Heat is J k𝑔 −1 𝐖→ = = 𝐑𝐓1 𝐥𝐧 [ ]
The strain perpendicular to the direction of
Hydrostatic paradox:-The liquid pressure is the same at all 𝟑 𝟑 𝛼𝑙 is known as the coefficient of linear expansion Equation of state:- The connection between the state
Shearing Strain = 𝟒 Temperature versus heat for water:-
applied force is called lateral strain. points at the same horizontal 6πηavt = πa3(ρ −ς)g Metals expand more and have relatively high values of αl variables is called the equation of state 2. Adiabatic Expansion :- from (𝐏 , ,𝐓 ) to (𝐏𝟑, 𝟑, 𝐓)
 Poisson ′ s ratio has no unit and dimension. 𝟑
[Link] Expansion:- expansion in area For an ideal gas, the equation of state is P V = μ R T 𝐑
level(same depth).The result is 𝟐 𝟐 𝐖 →3 = [T − T ]
= tan θ (θ is very small, tanθ ≈ θ) θ = =strain
Elastic Potential Energy in a Stretched String:- appreciated through the example of hydrostatic paradox. then Vt = ∝ ΔT ie = 𝜶A ΔT Extensive Variables:- indicate the ‘size’ of the system.
𝛈 3. Isothermal Compression:- from(𝐏𝟑,
W=∫ 𝐅𝑳 Atmospheric Pressure:- The pressure exerted by the Eg: Internal energy, Volume , Mass 𝟑,𝐓 ) to (𝐏𝟒, 𝟒,𝐓 ).
Y= Bernoulli’s Principle:- The sum of pressure energy, KE
[Link] Stress and strain(Volume Strain):- 𝐀𝒍 atmosphere at sea level. 1 atm = 1.013 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 Pa 𝜶A = Intensive Variables:- do not indicate the ‘size’ of the 𝐖3→4 = = 𝐑𝐓2 𝐥𝐧 [ 𝟒 ]
Hydraulic stress W=∫ and PE per unit volume of an incompressible, non- bvbww 𝟑
Mercury barometer is used to measure Atmospheric 𝛼A is known as the coefficient of area expansion system. Eg: Pressure, Temperature , Density
F =
𝐘𝐀𝒍
viscous fluid is a constant. 𝟏
𝟐 Heat Transfer:- three distinct modes of heat transfer 4. Adiabatic Compression:- from (𝐏𝟒, 𝟒,𝐓 ) to (𝐏 , ,𝐓 )
Volume Strain = = [ ] 𝑳 Pressure: PA = PB
Relation between 𝜶𝒍 and 𝜶A A = 𝒍𝟐 1. Conduction:- process of direct transfer of heat through
Thermodynamic Process:- change from one equilibrium
𝐖4→1 =
𝐑
[ T1 − T2 ]
ρ g h = Pa 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 ΔV - 𝟐 ΔV = - ΔV state to another.
ΔA = 𝒍 + 𝚫𝒍 𝟐 - 𝒍𝟐 matter due to temperature difference.
Volume Strain = = h -height of the mercury column 𝟏 𝟐 Δk + ΔU 𝜶A = = =2 = 𝒍𝟐 + 𝟐𝒍𝚫𝒍 + 𝚫𝒍𝟐 - 𝒍𝟐
1) Quasi-static process: - In a quasi-static process, the Total work done by the gas in one complete cycle is
ρ - density of mercury The rate of flow of heat 𝐇 = 𝐊 𝐀 pressure and temperature of the environment can differ
Hooke’s Law 𝜶A = 2 𝜶𝒍 --- (1) ΔA = 𝟐𝒍𝚫𝒍 W= 𝐖 → + 𝐖 →3 + 𝐖3→4 + 𝐖4→1 As the two
= x Young’s modulus x ( 𝑎𝑖𝑛 ) x volume At sea level h= 76 cm and is equivalent to 1 atm.
𝐊 -thermal conductivity of the material from those of the system only infinitesimally. processes involved
For small deformations the stress is directly Open-tube manometer:- An open-tube manometer is 3. Volume Expansion:- The expansion in volume = 𝐑𝐓1 𝐥𝐧 [ ] + 𝐑𝐓2 𝐥𝐧 [ 𝟒 ] are adiabatic
proportional to strain. Stress ∝ Strain ΔV= ½ m( - The SI unit of K is J S −1m−1bK −1 or W m−1 K −1 𝐇= dQ/dt A quasi-static process is an infinitely slow process 𝟑 cancel each other
U = x sx 𝑎𝑖𝑛 x volume a used for measuring Guagepressure or pressure - ) + mg( - (dividing by ΔV ) ∝ ΔT ie = 𝜶A ΔT Wood , glass and wool have small thermal conductivities 2)Isothermal process:- A process in which the temperature W= 𝐑𝐓1 𝐥𝐧 [ ] – 𝐑𝐓2 𝐥𝐧 [ ] 𝐕𝟐 𝐕𝟑
= k is known as Modulus of Elasticity differences. : PA = PB 𝟏+ ½ ρ 𝟏 𝟐+ 𝟐
𝟏 = 𝟐 +½ ρ 𝟐 +ρg 𝟐 ( m/Δv ) of the system is constant throughout (T = constant)
Applications of Elastic Behaviour of Materials :- 𝟐 𝜶V = 2. Convection:- heat transfer by actual motion of matter. It 𝐕𝟏 𝐕𝟒
The SI unit is N 𝑚−2 or pascal (Pa) (same as that of [Link] used for lifting and moving heavy loads have a P = Pa + ρ gh We have P V = μ R T for isothermal process PV = constant W = 𝐑 𝐥𝐧 [ ] [𝐓1 - 𝐓2 ]
is possible only in fluids.
The gauge pressure is proportional to Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle:- 𝛼V is known as the coefficient Work done by an isothermal process:- ( P= μ R T /V )
Dimensional formula is [ M𝐿 −1𝑇 −2 ] stress ,since thick metal rope . This is due to the fact that metals have Efficiency (η) :- η =output/inputη =
strain is unitless) manometer height h. 1) Speed of Efflux: Torricelli’s Law:- speed of efflux of fluid of Volume expansion
Stress-Strain Curve:- greater youngs modulus. W=∫
[Link] maximum height of a mountain on earth is ~10 Pascal’s law :- Whenever external pressure is applied through a small hole at a depth h of an open tank is equal to Relation between 𝜶𝒍 and 𝜶V 𝐑 𝐥𝐧 𝐓𝟐 𝐐𝟐
on any part of a continues fluid contained in a vessel, the speed of a freely falling body i.e, √ 𝒍 𝒍
V = 𝒍𝟑 =∫ η= = ie η = 1-
𝑺𝒚 km. The height is limited by the elastic properties of
𝟐 𝜶A = = =3 ΔV = 𝒍 + 𝚫𝒍 𝟑 - 𝒍𝟑 𝐑 𝐥𝐧 𝐓𝟏 𝐐𝟏
it is transmitted undiminished and equally in all 𝟏+ ½ρ + 𝟏= 𝟐 +½ρ 𝟐 𝟐 +ρg 𝟐
rocks. 𝟏
𝟐
=𝒍𝟑 + 𝟑𝒍𝟐 𝚫𝒍 + 𝟑𝒍𝚫𝒍𝟐 - 𝒍𝟑 W =μ R T∫ Carnot’s theorem (a) working between T1 and T2 of the hot
𝟏+ ½ ρ + ρg 𝟐 (P1=pa)
directions.
3. In the construction of bridges and buildings , the beams 𝟏 + 𝟏= 𝜶V = 3 𝜶𝒍 --- (2) ΔV = 𝟑𝒍𝟐 𝚫𝒍 Trade wind: Then cold air from poles moves to the equator
W = μR T [ln V2 - ln V1]
Applications of Pascal’s law:- and cold reservoirs respectively, no engine can have
From eqs(1) and (2) 𝜶𝒍 : 𝜶A : 𝜶V = 𝟏 : : Forced Convection: pump by some other physical means.
should not bend too much or break. To reduce the bending for
𝐅𝟐 𝐅𝟏 𝐯𝟏 = √ 𝟐 (P=pa) V2 √𝟐 efficiency more than that of the Carnot engine
a given load, a material with a large Young’s modulus Y is used. [Link] lift:- 𝐀𝟐 𝐀𝟏 [Link]:- heat transfer which does not require a medium W = 𝐑𝐓 𝐥𝐧 [ ]
Buckling:- Bending can be effectively 𝟐 [Link] Lift:- 𝛂𝐯 = 𝟏 / ( for an ideal gas at constant pressure) Black bodies can absorb or emit maximum heat radiation
(b) the efficiency of the Carnot engine is independent of
F2 = F1 The applied Anomalous Behaviour of Water:- water contracts on [Link] process:- the system is insulated from the the nature of the working substance.
reduced by increasing the depth d of the 𝟏 a) Ball with spin:Magnus Effect  During winter, we use dark coloured clothes & light
𝟐
b) Aerofoil or lift on aircraft wing heating from 0 to 4°[Link] it is heated after 4°C ,it expands surroundings and heat absorbed or released is zero. Second Law of Thermodynamics:-
beam. But on increasing the depth, unless Force has been increased by a factor of and this coloured clothes in summer
𝟏 like other [Link] has a maximum density at 4°C For adiabatic process ΔQ=0 then ΔW = -ΔU Kelvin-Planck statement :-No process is possible whose
the load is exactly at the right place , the factor is the mechanical advantage of the device. Surface Tension(S):- force per unit length S= SI unit N/m  bottoms of the utensils for cooking food are blackened
OA region, stress ∝ strain i.e, Hooke’s law is obeyed. Equation of adiabatic process P = constant =𝐂𝐩/ 𝐂v sole result is the absorption of heat from a reservoir and
deep bar may bend sidewise(as in figure). [Link] brakes:- A small force on the pedal Surface Energy :- a liquid surface have some extra energy Stefan-Boltzmann Law:- The energy emitted by a perfect
B in the curve is known as yield point or elastic limit Work done during an Adiabatic Process: ( P =k ) the complete conversion of the heat into work.
This is called buckling. produces a large retarding force on the wheel. Angle of Contact θ:- The angle between radiator (black body) per unit time is 𝐇 = 𝐀𝛔 4
The stress corresponding to yield point is known as yield
To avoid buckling, beams with cross-sectional Stefan-Boltzmann constant σ = 5.67 x 10−8 W m− 2 K −4 W=∫ W=∫ ) Clausius statement :- No process is possible whose sole
strength (𝑺𝒚) of the material Streamline Flow (Steady Flow):- at any given point, tangent to the liquid surface at the point
result is the transfer of heat from a colder object to a
shape of I is used. the velocity of each passing fluid of contact and solid surface inside the liquid Wien’s Displacement Law:- The wavelength 𝛌𝐦 for which = [ ] k = P1 = P2
Beyond the point B ,the strain increases rapidly hotter object.
A beam of length l, breadth b, and depth d when particle remains constant in time. Excess Pressure inside a spherical drop:- energy emitted by a blackbody
even for a small change in the stress. When the Due to anomalous expansion of water, water bodies W= [P2 - P1 ] The two statements above are completely equivalent
loaded at the centre by a load W sags by an amount Tangent gives the direction of the fluid velocity at that point. W = fxds =SΔA f=P𝐢A- PoA & ds= Δr) is the maximum , is inversely
load is removed, at some point C between B & D, such as lakes and ponds, freeze at the top first protects Heat Pump And refrigerator :-
given by :- Turbulent Flow:- Beyond a limiting value, (critical (𝐏𝐢 - 𝐏𝐨) x 4π𝐫𝟐Δr = S ΔA (ΔA= 𝟖𝛑𝐫𝚫𝐫) proportional to the temperature.
W= [𝐏 −𝐏 ] PV=μRT
the body does not regain its original dimension. aquatic animal and plant life in polar region. A refrigerator is a cyclic device,
speed), the flow of fluid loses (𝐏𝐢 - 𝐏𝐨) x 4π𝐫𝟐 x Δr = S 𝟖𝛑𝐫𝚫𝐫 𝐦𝛂 ie 𝛌𝐦 = constant which absorbs heat from
The material is said to have a permanent set. The Specific Heat capacity:-amount of heat required to raise [μ R T − μ R T ]
steadiness and becomes turbulent 𝐏𝐢 - 𝐏𝐨 = 𝟐S/r Newton’s Law of Cooling:- rate of cooling of a body is W=
sink and reject heat to a heat
material shows plastic behaviour in this region the temperature of unit mass of the substance by one unit.
bending reduces when a material with a large Young’s Equation of Continuity:- A bubble has two free surfaces 𝐏𝐢 - 𝐏𝐨 = 4S/r proportional the difference 𝐑 source by consuming work.
Pont E is called Fracture Point. M1=m2 ie ρ1 A1 V1 Δt = ρ2 A2 V2 Δt Capillary Rise:- rises up in a tube in against gravity s= −1
S l unit is J kg K −1
of temperature of the body T2 W= [T − T ]
modulus Y is used. Bending can also be reduced by A heat pump is just the reverse of the refrigerator.
D and E are close  brittle. increasing the breadth b, and depth d of the beam Ρ1 = ρ2 then A1 V1 = A2 V2 𝐏𝐢 - 𝐏𝐨 = h ρg = 𝟐S/r (r = a/cos θ) 𝟏 and the surroundings T1. 4. Isochoric process:- Volume V is constant. W=0 Both the refrigerator and the heat pump captures
D and E are far apart  ductile. Av = constant it is a statement of conservation of mass 𝟐 𝐨 Molar Specific Heat Capacity(C):- C= the heat from a low-temperature reservoir
hρg = 𝟐S/r then h= 𝛍 5. Isobaric Process:- P is constant. ΔW=PΔV ie W= P( −
S l unit is J mol−1 K −1 - =𝐤( − 𝟏 ) )
Physics Revision notes KHMHSS VALAKKULAM
Physics Revision notes KHMHSS VALAKKULAM Physics Revision notes KHMHSS VALAKKULAM Physics Revision notes KHMHSS VALAKKULAM
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Chapter 12 Kinetic Theory Chapter 13 - Oscillations Chapter 14 - Waves

Ideal gas equation:- PV = μ RT (Periodic & Oscillatory)motion:- Every oscillatory The Total Energy in SHM:- Three types of Waves :- The speed of a longitudinal wave in an ideal gas:-
TE = PE + KE
PV = μ NAKB T R =NAKB Root Mean Square (rms) Speed:- √ √ motion is periodic, but every periodic motion need TE = PE + KE 1 1. Mechanical waves:- governed by Newton’s laws, and 1. Newton’s Formula:- Newton assumed that, the pressure
μ NA = N number of molecules = k (A2-x2) + k x 2 𝐏
PV = NKB T
Degrees f Freedom:- The total number of independent ways in not be oscillatory. = k A2 cos2ωt + k A2 sin2ωt require a material medium for their propagation variations in a medium during propagation of
v= √
𝟏 sound are isothermal.
then , = constant Period (T):- Time required for one complete oscillation TE = k A 2
Eg: water waves, sound waves, seismic waves, etc. ρ
which a system can possess energy is called degree of freedom. = k A2(cos2ωt + sin2ωt) 𝟐
2. Electromagnetic waves:do not require any medium 2. Laplace correction to Newton’s formula:- the pressure
From graph it is clear that A molecule has one degree of freedom for motion in a line. Frequency(𝛎): the number of oscillations per unit time.
𝟏
k = m ω2 variations in a medium during propagation γ𝐏
real gases approach ideal Two degrees of freedom for motion in a plane. Or It is the reciprocal of period 𝛎 = 𝟏/ 𝐓. Sl unitHz TE = k A2 or  TE = 𝟏 m ω2 A2 for their propagation E.g, visible light, UV light, radio v= √
gas behaviour at 𝟐 waves, microwaves, x-rays etc. of sound are adiabatic and not isothermal. ρ
low pressures Three degrees of freedom for motion in space. Amplitude(A) :- The maximum displacement from 𝟏
and high temperatures. Law of Equipartition of Energy:- in equilibrium, the total TE = m ω2 A2 3. Matter waves :- associated with moving electrons, The Principle of Superposition of Waves:-YR = Y1+Y2
the mean poition is called amplitude
energy is equally distributed in all possible energy modes, Variation of PE , KE and the Total Energy with time protons, neutrons and other fundamental particles Y1 & Y2 are displacements individual waves
Simple Harmonic Motion: - The simplest form of Constructive
Superposition of two waves are in phase(𝛟 = 0):- interference
Boyle’s Law:-(const T)P∝ Charles’Law :-(constP)V∝T Transverse waves:- medium oscillate perpendicular to
with each mode having an average energy equal to k T B oscillatory motion in which the restoring force or position at which
𝟐 the direction of wave propagation.
Each vibrational degree of freedom contributes kB T acceleration acting on the particle should always be
proportional to the displacement of the particle and
KE =PE •It acts in two dimensions . =
Mayer’s relation:- for an ideal gas Cp – Cv = R k (A2-x2) = k x 2 •made of troughs and crests
directed towards the equilibrium position.
Specific Heat capacities of Monoatomic Gases:- (γ = ) A2-x2 = x 2 •produced in solid and liquid’s . Amplitude  A = 2a
F∝- or ∝ Surface Resultant displacement y (x,t) = 2a sin(kx – ωt)
monatomic gas has only 3 translational degrees of freedom 𝑨
Mathematical expression for an SHM:- position can be X= E.g, Waves on a stretched string, Superposition of two waves are in phase (𝛟 =π):-

Dalton’s law of partial pressures:- the total pressure of a

Average energy of a molecule =3 x kB T = kB T represented as a function of time x (t) = Acos (ωt + 𝛟)
A  Amplitude , ω  angular frequency ϕ phase angle
Some Systems Executing Simple Harmonic Motion:-
√𝟐
longitudinal wave:- The medium moves in the same
direction of the wave
+ = Destructive
Interference
The total internal energy of a mole U= kBTxNA RT 1) Oscillations due to a Spring:-
mixture of ideal gases is the sum of partial pressures 𝟐
(ωt+ϕ) phase. •It acts in one dimension Y1=a sin (kx – ωt) Y2=a sin(kx –ωt + π) Y=Y1+Y2 =0
Consider a mixture of non-interacting ideal gases F = –k x
U = RT we have Cv = = ie Cv = R
x (t) = Acos(ωt+𝛟) •rarefactions & Compressions Reflection of Wave:-
PV =(μ1 + μ2 + μ3 +. . . . )RT 𝟐
▪reflection at a rigid boundary:The reflected wave will have
T = √ • produced in any medium
Then P = μ1 + μ2 μ3 ......... Cp = Cv + R = R +R ie Cp = R Then =γ= maximum value of displacement is A(amplitude ) a phase reversal i.e, a phase difference of π radian or 1800
𝟐 such as gas, liquid or solid
= + 𝟐 + 3. . . . . . Specific heat capacities of rigid Diatomic Gases Velocity in Simple Harmonic Motion:- Two spring:- E.g, sound waves, vibrations in a spring. ▪Reflection at an Open Boundary:The reflected wave will have
Kinetic Theory of an Ideal Gas(postulates):- 3 translational and 2 rotational (2+3=5) DOF v(t) = = If Two identical springs of spring constant k are attached to Displacement Relation in transverse wave:- same sign (no phase reversal) & amplitude as the incident wave.
particles in a gas are in constant, random motion a block of mass m and to fixed supports as shown in Fig. y (x, t ) = a sin (kx – ωt + ϕ)  along +ve x-axis ▪maximum displacement at the boundary(pulse generated)
Average energy of a molecule =5 x kB T = kB T
 Particles are point masses with negligible volume V(t)= -Aωsin(ωt+𝛟) then the period of oscillations when the mass is displaced Standing Waves:- The interference of two identical waves
y (x, t ) = a sin (kx + ωt + ϕ)  along -ve x-axis
 The interaction between the molecules is negligible. U = RT we have Cv = = ie Cv =
𝟐
R Or v = – ω√ from its equilibrium (kx – ωt + ϕ) is the phase of the wave
moving in opposite directions
 The molecules make elastic collisions with each other Cp = Cv + R = R +R ie Cp = R Then = γ= •Maxi- value of velocity is Aω position on either side is
y (x, t ) is displacement ,
produces standing waves.
𝟐 𝑦1(x, t) = a sin (kx – ωt)
and also with the walls of the container . •At Extreme position Velocity =0  still accelerating k Angular Wave Number k= 𝟐𝝅 /λ SI unit is rad 𝑚−1
 As the collisions are elastic , total kinetic energy and Specific heat capacities of Non rigid Diatomic Gases:- T= √ = √ 𝑦2(x, t) = a sin (kx + ωt)
• At Mean position v  velocity is maximum ϕ is the initial phase angle. Determined by the initial
total momentum are conserved . 3 translational , 2 rotational (2+3=5) and 1 vibrational 2) Oscillations of a Simple Pendulum:- 𝑦1(x, t) + 𝑦2(x, t)= y (x, t)= (2a sin kx) cos ωt This equation
acceleration in Simple Harmonic Motion:-
displacement(at, t=0)and velocity of the element(at,x= 0) represents a standing wave, Amplitude A= 2a sin kx.
 The average kinetic energy of a gas particle is directly Average energy of a molecule = kBT + kB T = kBT F = - mgsinθ (from fig )
proportional to the temperature KE ∝ T
𝟐 𝟐 a(t) = = Wavelength(λ):- the minimum distance between two nodes The positions of zero amplitude in a standing wave
U = RT we have Cv = = ie Cv = R If θ is small  sinθ ≈ θ
Pressure of an Ideal Gas:- 𝟐 a(t) = - Aω2cos(ωt+𝛟)
consecutive troughs or crests Antinodes the positions of maximum amplitude
then F = - mgθ or two consecutive points in [Link] waves in a Stretched string:-
Momentum imparted to wall =2mvx Cp = Cv + R = R + R ie Cp = 𝟐 R Then = γ= or a(t) = - ω2 x θ small
No of molecules in this volume =nAvx Δt the same phase of wave motion. 1stharmoncs 2ndharmoncs 3rdharmoncs
•Maxi- value of velocity is Aω
2
No of molecules in +x direction=½nA vxΔt
Specific heat capacities of Polyatomic Gases then arc AP be x & (θ = ) Angular Wave Number k= 𝟐𝝅/𝝀
3 tran, 3 rot (3+3=6) and a certain number ( ) of vibrational
momentum on the wall ΔP=(2mvx)(½nAvx Δt ) Force Law for Simple Harmonic Motion:-
𝟐 𝐤 F = - mg The Speed of a Travelling Wave:- a wave in +ve x
ΔP= nmA vx 2 Δt Average energy of a molecule =6 x kBT+ fkBT = (3+f)kBT F = ma = –m ω2 x ( a= – ω2 x ) 𝛚 = direction with initial phaseϕ =0 y(x,t)=a sin (kx – ωt ) L= , 𝝂𝟏 L= ,𝝂2=𝟐 L= ,𝝂3=𝟑
𝒎 We have F = ma 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
F = –k x ( k= m ω2) As the wave moves, each point of the waveform (say A) 𝝂𝟏: 𝝂𝟐: 𝝂𝟑 = 𝟏: 𝟐: 𝟑 all harmonics are possible.
F= = = U=(3+f)RT we have Cv = (3+f) ie Cv = ( + 𝐟 )R 𝐤 ma = - mg
Kinetic Energy in SHM:- 𝛚 = √𝒎 retains its displacement y This is possible only when [Link] modes of vibration in a closed pipe:-
𝟐 Cp = Cv + R =(3+f) R + R ie Cp =( 𝟒 + 𝐟 )R ( a= - )
P= =
𝟒 𝐟 KE = mv 2 ( V= - A ω sinωt ) kx – ωt =constant then 1st harmoncs 3rd harmoncs 5th harmoncs
= + + Then = = γ - =- ( = ) –
𝐟 = m(-Aω sinωt )2 k E= = mv 2 =0 , =0 ,
but =⅓ Specific Heat Capacity of Solids:- average energy = 3kBT 𝑳
𝟐 = m A2ω2 sin2ωt ( k= m ω2) but v= – ω√ 𝑨𝟐 𝒙𝟐
=√ then =√ T =𝟐𝝅√
then P = C= = = Specific heat capacity 𝐂 = 𝟏2 2
𝒈 = , V= (ω = 2𝜋𝜈) & ( k = ) L=
𝟒
, 𝝂𝟏 𝟒
L=
𝟒
,𝝂2=𝟑 𝟒
L=
𝟒
,𝝂3=𝟓 𝟒
𝟏
Kinetic Interpretation of Temperature:- 𝑁 KE = k A2 sin2ωt or  k E = 𝟐 k (A - x ) 𝝂𝟏: 𝝂𝟐: 𝝂𝟑 = 𝟏: 3: 5 only odd harmonics are possible
𝑛 Mean Free Path :-The mean free path 𝑙 is the average 𝟏
The length of seconds pendulum ( T = 2 second ) V=𝝂𝝀 general relation valid for all progressive waves
𝟐 𝟐
•Maximum value of KE is  KE = k A
2
P= P= 𝑣 distance covered by a molecule between two successive Speed of a Transverse Wave on Stretched String:-
The modes of vibration in a an open pipe:-
2
𝟐 𝟐 collisions. 𝟏
• At mean position (x=0) , =KE = k A2 ie KE is maximum
T = √ ie T = then L = 1stharmoncs 2ndharmoncs 3rdharmoncs
P= then P =
Rate of collision = nπ〈v〉d 2 v= √ μ is the linear mass density or mass /unit length
𝟏 • At Extreme position (x=A) , KE = 0 ie KE is minimum
P
𝟐
= (N m 𝟐
) ie P =
𝟐
N KE 𝟐
m𝑽 𝟐 KE Time between two successive collisions is on the average T = 2s L = = 0.994 ≈ 1m Speed of a Longitudinal Wave(Sound):-travel in the form
𝟐 Potential Energy in S H M:-
τ= P E= = k x 2 k= m ω2 of compressions & rarefactions or changes in density, ρ. L = , 𝝂𝟏 L= ,𝝂2=𝟐 𝟐 L= 𝟐 ,𝝂3=𝟑 𝟐
We have P =N kB T 𝟐
〈 〉 PE = k x 2 ( x= A cos ωt ) The oscillations of a simple pendulum are SHM (Proof):- 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
▪speed of a longitudinal wave in a fluid 𝝂𝟏: 𝝂𝟐: 𝝂𝟑 = 𝟏: 𝟐: 𝟑 all harmonics are possible
𝟐 the mean free path 𝑙 = 〈v〉 τ P E= = m ω2 x 2 F= mgsinθ F=mg 𝑩
N KE = N kB T then KE = kB T
𝟐 〈 〉
𝟏
PE = k A cos ωt
2 2
or  B= bulk modulus v= √ Beats:- The periodic variations(wavering) of sound intensity
𝑙= 𝟐 then 𝑙 = F=−k.x ρ
ie KE ∝T (The avg kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional 〈 〉 𝟐 𝟏 { k= } ρ = the density of the medium when two waves of nearly same frequencies and amplitudes
•Maximum value of PE is  PE = k A2
to the absolute temperature of the gas; it is independent of Fαx ▪speed of a longitudinal wave in a solid bar travelling in the same direction, are superimposed on each
pressure, volume or the nature of the ideal gas) √𝟐 𝟐 • At Mean position (x=0) ,PE (U) =0  PE is minimum 𝒀 other is called beats
Hence we can say that motion of a pendulum is Y =Young’s modulus v= √
Physics Revision notes KHMHSS VALAKKULAM 𝟏
•At Extreme position (x=A),U == k A2  PE is maximum simple harmonic ρ=density of the medium ρ 𝝂 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒕 = 𝝂𝟏 – 𝝂2
𝝂𝟏 𝝂2
Physics Revision notes KHMHSS VALAKKULAM Physics Revision notes KHMHSS VALAKKULAM
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