What is a
volcano?
VOLCANO
➢ is a natural opening
in the surface of the
Earth where molten
rocks, hot gases,
smoke, and ash are
ejected.
How
Volcanoes
Form?
Volcanoes are formed when
magma from within the Earth's
upper mantle works its way to
the surface. At the surface, it
erupts to form lava flows and
ash deposits. Over time as
the volcano continues to erupt,
it will get bigger and bigger.
According to the Philippine
Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (PHIVOLCS), our
country is an ideal site for any
volcanic activity.
It is therefore, important for
us to know how this natural
phenomenon happens to reduce
the risks and effects it may
cause.
What are the
basic parts of a
volcano?
Summit
Slope
Base
External
parts of a
volcano
ACTIVITY 2: BASIC PARTS OF A VOLCANO
WORKSHEET
Ash and Gas Cloud
crater
Side Vent
lava
Main vent
Crust
Magma chamber
Side Vent
crater
Ash and Gas Cloud
Crust
Magma chamber
lava
Main vent
Volcanoes are classified
according to:
A. Record of eruption
• active
• inactive
Active volcanoes
➢are those that have a record
of eruption within the last
600 years or those that
erupted 10, 000 years ago
based on analyses of their
materials.
Inactive volcanoes
➢are those that have not
erupted for the last 10, 000
years and their physical form
is being changed by agents of
weathering and erosion
active extinct
dormant
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
classifies volcanoes according to its eruptive history
ACTIVE -Erupted within historical times (within the last 600
years), accounts of these eruptions were documented by man
erupted within the last 10,000 years based on the analyses of
material from young volcanic deposits
.
POTENTIALLY ACTIVE (DORMANT)-Morphologically young-
looking but with no historical or analytical records of eruption
EXTINCT- An extinct volcano has not had an eruption for at
least 10,000 years and is not expected to erupt again in a
comparable time scale of the future.
What is the effect of
high temperature
on the gas
formation in
Volcanoes?
high temperature causes
more gas to form inside the
volcano, and this gas
increases pressure until the
volcano releases it.
Volcanic landforms and
eruptive styles
• Volcanoes come in different shapes
and sizes, and each structure has a
unique history of eruption.
• However, volcanologists have been
able to classify them according to
their landforms and eruptive
patterns.
• Volcanic activity can be very
fascinating.
• After an explosive eruption, a scenic
cone-shaped structure may be
produced or changes on its slope can
be observed.
• The emissions of a volcano provide us
with clues on what materials are
found inside the Earth.
• Some eruptions are very explosive,
while many others are not.
Volcanoes erupt in two ways. Some volcanoes erupt
through a circular vent above a tube-shaped
chimney. Other volcanoes erupt out of a long crack,
called fissure, and produce a curtain of lava as
shown in Fig. 5.3
What
determines
the nature
of eruption?
What determines the nature
of eruption?
• It depends on the
viscosity of the
magma.
What is
viscosity?
Viscosity
➢ is a measure of a material’s
resistance to flow .
➢ It is also described as the
liquid’s thickness and
stickiness.
Viscosity
➢ The more viscous and thicker
the material is, the greater is its
resistance to flow.
➢ For instance, syrup is more
viscous than water.
What are the
factors affecting
the viscosity of
the magma?
Viscosity is controlled by:
[Link] magma’s temperature
[Link] chemical composition
of the magma
[Link] of dissolved gases
in the magma
MAGMA’S
TEMPERATURE
Very Hot Magma – Low viscosity
Cool Magma- High Viscosity
How the composition of magma affects
its viscosity?
• Magmas with high silica content
are more viscous than those with
low silica content as shown in
Figure 6.
• The magma that contains less
silica is relatively fluid and travels
far before solidifying.
MAGMA
COMPOSITION
Greatest amount of Silica– High
viscosity
Low amount of Silica- Low
Viscosity
How the amount of gases
contained in the magma affects its
viscosity?
DISSOLVED GASES
high viscosity- doesn’t allow
gases to escape
HIGH VISCOSITY= MORE GAS
BUILD UP= MORE VIOLENT
ERUPTION
DISSOLVED GASES
Low viscosity- allow gases to
escape
LOW VISCOSITY= LESS GAS
BUILD UP= LESS VIOLENT
ERUPTION
Types of
volcanic
eruptions
• Volcanoes erupt differently.
• They are generally classified
as wet or dry depending on
the magma’s water content.
• Volcanoes are described
according to the style of
eruption as follows:
a. Phreatic or hydrothermal
➢ is a stream-driven eruption as
the hot rocks come in contact
with water.
➢ It is shortlived, characterized
by ash columns but may be an
onset of a larger eruption.
a. Phreatic or hydrothermal
➢ occur when superheated
water trapped below the surface of
the earth rapidly converts from
liquid to steam, violently disrupting
the confining rock.
b. Phreatomagmatic
➢ is a violent eruption due to the
contact between water and magma.
➢As a result, a large column of very
fine ash and high-speed and
sideway emission of pyroclastics
called base surges are observed.
b. Phreatomagmatic
➢are volcanic eruptions driven
by the direct interaction
between magma and external
bodies of water such as the
sea, lakes or groundwater.
c. Strombolian
➢A periodic weak to violent
eruption characterized by
fountain lava.
d. Vulcanian
➢characterized by tall
eruption columns that reach
up to 20 km high with
pyroclastic flow and ashfall
e. Plinian
➢ excessively explosive type of
eruption of gas and
pyroclastics, just like our
Pinatubo Volcano in
Zambales.