CLASS 8 SCIENCE

FRICTION
Question 1.
Fill in the blanks:
(a) Friction opposes between the surfaces in contact with each other.
(b) Friction depends on the of surfaces.
(c) Friction produces.
(d) A sprinkling of powder on the carrom board friction.
(e) Sliding friction is then static friction.
Answer:
(a) relative motion
(b) nature
(c) heat
(d) reduces
(e) less.

Question 2.
Four children were asked to arrange forces due to rolling, static, and sliding
frictions in decreasing order. Their arrangements are given below. Choose the
correct arrangement:
(a) rolling, static, sliding
(b) rolling, sliding, static
(c) static, sliding, rolling
(d) sliding, static, rolling
Answer:
(c) Static, sliding, rolling.
Question 3.
Alida runs her toy car on a dry marble floor, wet marble floor, newspaper, and
towel spread on the floor. The force of friction acting on the car on different
surfaces in increasing order will be
(a) wet marble floor, dry marble floor, newspaper, towel.
(b) newspaper, towel, dry marble floor, wet marble floor.
(c) towel, newspaper, dry marble floor, wet marble floor.
(d) wet marble floor, dry marble floor, towel, newspaper.
Answer:
(a) wet marble floor, dry marble floor, newspaper, towel.

Question 4.
Suppose your writing desk is tilted a little. A book kept on it starts sliding down.
Show the direction of frictional force acting on it.

Answer:
The book moves downwards. The frictional force is acting opposite to the
movement of the book. So it acts upwards.
Question 5.
You spill a bucket of soapy water on a marble floor accidentally. Would it make
it easier or more difficult for you to walk on the floor? Why?
Answer:
The layer of soap makes the floor smooth due to which the friction is reduced
and the foot cannot make a proper grip on the floor. Therefore, it is difficult to
walk on a soapy floor and we start to slip on the floor.

Question 6.
Explain why sportsmen use shoes with spikes.
Answer:
Sportsmen use shoes with a spike to increase the friction between shoes and
the surface. The shoes with spike do not slip while they run or play.
Question 7.
Iqbal has to push a lighter box and Seema has to push a similar heavier box on
the same floor. Who will have to apply a larger force and why?
Answer:
The heavy object will be pressed hard against the opposite surface and
produces more friction. So Seema will have to apply a larger force due to more
friction.
Question 8.
Explain why sliding friction is less than static friction.
Answer:
The two sliding objects find less time to get interlocked against each other
(objects and irregularities of the surface). So they get less friction. Therefore,
sliding friction is always less than static friction.

Question 9.
Give examples to show that friction is both a friend and a foe.
Answer:
Examples to show that friction is a friend and a foe:
Friction is a friend:
1. Friction allows us to grip and catch different objects.
2. It helps us to walk comfortably on the surface.
3. It helps to minimize the speed or to stop the moving objects.
4. It helps us to write on paper or blackboard.
5. The things do not move from their place due to the friction between the
surfaces.
Friction is a foe:
1. Friction causes wear and tear in objects.
2. It causes damage to the parts of the machines.
3. The machines or tools require regular maintenance due to which a lot of
money is wasted.
4. It reduces the speed of moving objects, so more force is required.
5. It does not allow the free movement of objects.

Question 10.
Explain why objects moving in fluids must have special shapes.
Answer:
The object moving in fluids must have a special shape. This type of shape is
called a streamlined shape. The streamlined shape helps to overcome the
friction between objects and fluids. The objects have pointed fronts with the
little broader middle portion which gets tapered at the back.

SOUND
Choose the correct answer
Question 1.
Sound can travel through:
(a) gases only
(b) solids only
(c) liquids only
(d) solids, liquids, and gases.
Answer:
(d) solids, liquids, and gases.
Question 2.
Voice of which of the following is likely to have a minimum frequency?
(a) Baby girl
(b) Baby boy
(c) A man
(d) A woman
Answer:
(a) Baby girl.

Question 3.
In the following statements, tick ‘T’ against those which are true, and ‘F’
against those which are false:
(a) Sound cannot travel in a vacuum.
(b) The number of oscillations per second of a vibrating object is called its time
period.
(c) If the amplitude of vibration is large, the sound is feeble.
(d) For human ears, the audible range is 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.
(e) The lower the frequency of vibration, the higher is the pitch.
(f) Unwanted or unpleasant sound is termed as music.
(g) Noise pollution may cause partial hearing impairment.
Answer:
(a) True
(b) False
(c) False
(b) True
(e) False
(f)False
(g) True.
Question 4.
in the blanks with suitable words:
(a) Time taken by an object to complete one oscillation is called ………
(b) Loudness is determined by the ………… of vibration.
(c) The unit of frequency is ………..
(d) Unwanted sound is called ……….
(e) The shrillness of a sound is determined by the ……….. of vibration.
Answer:
(a) time period
(b) amplitude
(c) hertz
(d) noise
(e) frequency

Question 5.
A pendulum oscillates 40 times in 4 seconds. Find its time period and
frequency.
Answer:
Number of oscillations = 40
Total time = 4 seconds
Time taken to complete one oscillation 4 1
= 440 = 110 = 0.1 second
So time period = 0.1 second.

Question 6.
The sound from a mosquito is produced when it vibrates its wings at an
average rate of 500 vibrations per second, what is the time period of the
vibration?
Answer:
Total vibrations = 500
Time taken = 1 second
Time taken to complete one vibration
= 1500 = 0.002 seconds.
So time period = 0.002 seconds.

Question 7.
Identify the part which vibrates to produce sound in the following instruments.
(a) Dholak
(b) Sitar
(c) Flute
Answer:
(a) Stretched membrane
(b) Strings
(c) Air column.
Question 8.
What is the difference between noise and music? Can music become noise
sometimes?
Answer:
The sound which is unpleasant for our ears is called noise while music is the
sound that is pleasant for our ears. Music becomes noise sometimes when it
crosses the bearable range of sound for our ears.
Question 9.
List sources of noise pollution in your surroundings.
Answer:
Sources of noise pollution: Honking of horns, loudspeakers, loud sounds of
machines in factories, loud sounds of T.V., radio, domestic appliances etc.
Question 10.
Explain in what way noise pollution is harmful to humans.
Answer:
Harmful effects of noise pollution:
 It causes deafness
 It causes mental illness
 It causes headache and high blood pressure
Question 11.
Your parents are going to buy a house. They have been offered one on the
roadside and another three lanes away from the roadside. Which house would
you suggest to your parents to buy? Explain your answer.
Answer:
I would suggest my parents buy the house three lanes away from the roadside.
This house would safeguard our health and peace of mind.

Question 12.
Sketch larynx and explain its function in your own words.
Answer:
The larynx is also known as the voice box. It has vocal cords which have air
column vibrating in them, which cause sound in humans.

Question 13.
Lightning and thunder take place in the sky at the same time and at the same
distance from us. Lightning is seen earlier and thunder is heard later. Can you
explain why?
Answer:
The speed of light is more than that of sound. Due to more speed, the light
reaches us before the sound does. So lightning is seen earlier and thunder is
heard later.
Chemical Effects of Electric Current
Question 1.
Fill in the blanks:
(а) Most liquids that conduct electricity are solutions of …………… and ………….
(b) The passage of an electric current through a solution causes effects ………….
(c) If you pass current through copper sulfate solution, copper gets deposited
on the plate connected to the ………… terminal of the battery …………..
(d) The process of depositing a layer of any desired metal on another material,
by means of electricity, is called ………..
Answer:
(a) acids, bases, salts
(b) chemical
(c) negative
(d) electroplating.

Question 2.
When the free ends of a tester are dipped into a solution, the magnetic needle
shows deflection. Can you explain the reason?
Answer:
Yes, we can explain the reason. The magnetic needle will show deflection when
the circuit is complete. The deflection of the magnetic needle shows that the
solution is a good conductor.
Question 3.
Name three liquids, which when tested in the manner shown in Fig. 14.1 may
cause the magnetic needle to deflect.
Answer:
Tap water, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide.

Question 4.
The bulb does not glow in the set up shown in Fig. 14.2. List the possible
reasons. Explain your answer.
Answer:
The possible reasons may be:
 The connections of the circuit may be loose.
 The bulb may be fused.
 Cells may be used up.
 The liquid may be a poor conductor.
Question 5.
A tester is used to check the conduction of electricity through two liquids,
labelled A and B. It is found that the bulb of the tester glows brightly for liquid
A while it glows very dimly for liquid B. You would conclude that:
1. liquid A is a better conductor than liquid B.
2. liquid B is a better conductor than liquid A.
3. both liquids are equally conducting.
4. conducting properties of liquid cannot be compared in this manner.
Answer:
1. liquid A is a better conductor than liquid B

Question 6.
Does pure water conduct electricity? If not what can we do to make it
conducting?
Answer:
No, pure water does not conduct electricity. Pure water can be made
conducting by dissolving salt in it.
Question 7.
In case of a fire, before the firemen use the water hoses, they shut off the main
electrical supply for the area. Explain why they do this.
Answer:
The water used in water hoses is a good conductor of electricity. Firemen shut
off the main electrical supply, because if the supply of electricity continues
there may be a high risk of electrocution due to water.
Question 8.
A child staying in a coastal region test the drinking water and also the seawater
with his tester. He finds that the compass needle deflects more in the case of
seawater. Can you explain the reason?
Answer:
Seawater contains more amount of salt than drinking water. So the seawater is
a better conductor of electricity. This is the reason that the compass needle
deflects more in the case of seawater.

Question 9.
Is it safe for the electrician to carry out electrical repairs outdoors during heavy
downpour? Explain.
Answer:
No, it is not safe for the electrician to carry out electrical repairs during a heavy
downpour. It is because during heavy downpour there is a higher risk of
electrocution.
Question 10.
Paheli had heard that rainwater is as good as distilled water. So she collected
some rainwater in a clean glass tumbler and tested it using a tester. To her
surprise, she found that the compass needle showed deflection. What could be
the reasons?
Answer:
Rainwater is like distilled water but some impurities are mixed in from the
atmosphere. These impurities make the rainwater conducting. This could be
the reason for the deflection of the compass needle.
Question 11.
Prepare a list of objects around you that are electroplated.
Answer:
Pots of metals, bath taps, ornaments, rims of vehicles, the handlebar of cycles
and motorcycles, kitchen gas burner, the bottom of cooking utensils, handles of
doors, tin cans are some objects around us that are electroplated.

Question 12.
The process that you saw in Activity 14.7 is used for the purification of copper.
A thin plate of pure copper and a thick rod of impure copper are used as
electrodes. Copper from the impure rod is sought to be transferred to the thin
copper plate. Which electrode should be attached to the positive terminal of
the battery and why?
Answer:
The rod of the copper plate should be connected to the positive terminal of the
battery. Because when an electric current is passed through the copper sulfate
solution, it dissociates into copper and sulfate. The free copper drawn to the
negative terminal of the battery gets deposited on it. On the other hand, the
loss of copper from the solution would be regained from the impure copper
rod which is connected to the positive terminal of the battery.

Some Natural Phenomena

Which of the following cannot be changed easily by friction?
(a) A plastic scale
(b) A copper rod
(c) An inflated balloon
(d) Woolen cloth.
Answer:
(b) A copper rod.
Question 2.
When a glass rod is rubbed with a piece of silk cloth the rod:
(a) and the cloth both acquire a positive charge.
(b) becomes positively charged while the cloth has a negative charge.
(c) and the cloth both acquire a negative charge.
(d) becomes negatively charged while the cloth has a positive charge.
Answer:
(b) becomes positively charged while the cloth has a negative charge.

Question 3.
Write T against true and ‘F’ against false in the following statements:
(a) Like charges attract each other.
(b) A charged glass rod attracts a charged plastic straw.
(c) The lightning conductor cannot protect a building from lightning.
(d) Earthquakes can be predicted in advance.
Answer:
(a) False
(b) True
(c) False
(d) False
Question 4.
Sometimes a crackling sound is heard while taking off a sweater during winters.
Explain.
Answer:
The electric discharge takes place between the body and the sweater. At the
time of electric discharge, some energy is released. In this case, energy is
released in the form of cracking sound.
Question 5.
Explain why a charged body loses its charge if we touch it with our hand.
Answer:
When we touch a charged body, it loses its charge, due to the process of the
earth. Our body is a good conductor of electricity. It transfers the charges to
the earth.
Question 6.
Name the scale on which the destructive energy of an earthquake is measured.
An earthquake measures 3 on this scale. Would it be recorded by a
seismograph? Is it likely to cause much damage?
Answer:
The scale used to measure earthquake is Richter Scale. Yes, it would be
recorded by a seismograph. The earthquake with a magnitude of 3 on the
Richter Scale is not likely to cause much damage.
Question 7.
Suggest three measures to protect ourselves from lightning.
Answer:
Three measures of protection are:
 Stay under the covered area or inside the room.
 We should not use TV or phone during lightning.
 We should not take hath during lightning.
Question 8.
Explain why a charged balloon is repelled by another charged balloon whereas
an uncharged balloon is attracted by another charged balloon.
Answer:
A charged balloon is repelled by another charged balloon because both the
balloons contain the same type of charges. We know that like charges repel
each other. A balloon is charged while other is uncharged so they have no same
charge. Therefore charged balloon attracts uncharged balloon.

Question 9.
Describe with the help of a diagram an instrument that can be used to detect a
charged body.
Answer:
An electroscope is used to detect that a body is charged or not. It works on the
principle that like charges repel while unlike charges attract each other. When
the metal strips repel each other it proves that the body is charged because
repulsion 1 is the sure test to detect whether a body is charged or not.

Question 10.
List three states in India where earthquakes are more likely to strike.
Answer:
 Kashmir
 Rajasthan
 Gujarat
 Punjab
Question 11.
Suppose you are outside your home and an earthquake strikes. What
precautions would you take to protect yourself?
Answer:
 We should move to open space.
 We should not take shelter under trees or buildings.
 If we are driving, we should slow down the vehicle and move slowly
away from that area to a clear spot.
Question 12.
The weather department has predicted that a thunderstorm is likely to occur
on a certain day. Suppose you have to go out on that day. Would you carry an
umbrella? Explain.
Answer:
No, we will not take an umbrella at the time of the thunderstorm. Taking an
umbrella will increase the risk of lightning. The wide objects are more prone to
lightning strikes.
LIGHT
Question 1.
suppose you are in a dark room. Can you see objects in the room? Can you see
objects outside the room? Explain.
Answer:
We can see only those objects from which reflected rays enter our eyes. When
we are in a dark room then we cannot see objects. We can see objects outside
the room because out of the room the light is available and those rays of light
enter our eyes after reflection.
Question 2.
Differentiate between regular and diffused reflection. Does diffused reflection
mean the failure of the law of reflection?
Answer:
Difference between regular and diffused
Regular Reflection:
 It takes place on a smooth and shiny surface.
 In this case, all rays are parallel after reflection.
Diffused Reflection:
 It takes place on a rough surface.
 Reflected rays are in different directions.
Diffused reflection is not due to the failure of the laws of reflection. It is caused
by the irregularities in the reflecting surface.

Question 3.
Mention against each of the following whether regular or diffused reflection
will take place when a beam of light strikes. Justify your answer in each case.
(a) Polished wooden table
(b) Chalk powder
(c) Cardboard surface
(d) Marble floor with water spread over it.
(e) Mirror
(f) Piece of paper.
Answer:
(a) A regular reflection takes place on a polished wooden table because its
surface is smooth.
(b) A diffused reflection takes place on a chalk powder because its surface is
uneven.
(c) The cardboard surface has minute irregularities on it, so it will have an
irregular reflection.
(d) Marble floor with water spread over it acts as a smooth surface for regular
reflection as it will act as a plane surface.
(e) Mirror has a regular reflection. Its surface is also shiny and smooth.
(f) At a piece of a paper irregular or diffused reflection will take place because it
has an uneven surface.

Question 4.
State the laws of reflection.
Answer:
There are two laws of reflection.
The angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection, i.e. ∠i =
∠r


 The incident ray, the normal at the point of incidence, and the reflected
ray, all lie in the same plane.
Question 5.
Describe an activity to show that the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the
normal at the point of incidence lie in the same plane.
Answer:
For this experiment take a plane mirror and stand it on a plain sheet of paper
with a block. Now draw an incidence line AB. Now see in the mirror and mark
the points on the paper, where you find the line is traveling after getting
reflected from the mirror. Remove the mirror and draw a perpendicular on the
mirror line. Join the points to make the reflected ray. You will see that incident
ray, reflected ray and normal will be in the same plane, i.e. on the sheet of
paper.

Question 6.
Fill in the blanks in the following:
(a) A person 1 m in front of a plane mirror seems to be ………. m away from his
image.
(b) If you touch your ………. ear with right
hand in front of a plane mirror it will be seen in the mirror that your right ear is
touched with ………..
(c) The size of the pupil becomes ………… when you see in dim light.
(d) Night birds have cones than rods ………… in their eyes.
Answer:
(a) 2
(b) left, left hand
(c) large
(d) lesser

Choose the correct option in Questions

Question 7.
The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
(a) Always
(b) Sometimes
(c) Under special conditions
(d) Never
Answer:
(a) Always
Question 8.
The image formed by a plane mirror is:
(a) virtual, behind the mirror and enlarged,
(b) virtual, behind the mirror, and of the same size as the object.
(c) real at the surface of the mirror and enlarged.
(d) real, behind the mirror, and of the same size as the object.
Answer;
(b) Virtual, behind the mirror, and of the same size as the object.

Question 9.
Describe the construction of a kaleidoscope.
Answer:
To make a Kaleidoscope, take three rectangular mirror strips each about 15 cm
long and 4 cm wide. Join them together to form a prism. Fix this arrangement
of mirrors in a circular cardboard tube. Make sure that the tube is slightly
longer than the mirror strips.
Close one end of the tube by a cardboard disc having a hole in the center. To
make the disc durable, paste a piece of the transparent plastic sheet under the
cardboard disc. At the other end, touching the mirrors, fix a circular plane glass
plate. On this glass plate, place several small pieces of colored glass. Now close
this end of the tube by a ground glass plate. Now, your kaleidoscope is ready.

Question 10.
Draw a labeled sketch of the human eye.
Answer:

Question 11.
using a laser torch. Her teacher advised her not to do so. Can you explain the
basis of the teacher’s advice?
Answer:
Laser light is harmful for the eye and can cause a permanent defect in the eye.
She can lose her eyesight also.

Question 12.
Explain how you can take care of your eyes.
Answer:
Do the following to care your eyes:
1. Do not read in too little or too much light.
2. Wash your eyes with clean water at least three times a day.
3. Do not look at the sun or powerful light directly.
4. Always read at the normal distance for vision.
5. Do not rub your eyes with dirty hands.
Question 13.
What is the angle of incidence of a ray if the reflected ray is at an angle of 90°
to the incident ray?
Answer:
The angle of incidence will be 45°.
Question 14.
How many images of a candle will be formed if it is placed between two
parallel mirrors separated by 40 cm?
Answer:
An infinite number of images will be formed.
Question 15.
Two mirrors meet at right angles. A ray of light is incident at an angle of 30° as
shown in Fig. 16.10. Draw the reflected ray from the second mirror.

Answer:

Question 16.
Boojho stands at A just on the side of a plane mirror as shown in Fig. 16.11. Can
he see himself in the mirror? Also, can he see the image of objects situated at
P, Q, and R?

Answer:
He cannot see his image himself. He can see only the image of P but not of Q
and R.

Question 17.
(a) Find out the position of the image of an object situated at A in the plane
mirror
(b) Can Paheli at B see this image?
(c) Can Boojho at C see this image?
(d) When Paheli moves from B to C, where does the image of A move?
Answer:

(b) Yes, Paheli can see this image.

(c) Yes, Boojho can see this image.
(d) No change in the position of the image