EVOLUTION- is a slow
and continuous process
where by complex form of
life have emerged from
simpler forms through
millions of years.
ORIGIN OF LIFE
AUTOGENESIS THEORY- life has
originated from non- living organis
matter.
THEORIES
1. THEORY OF INHERITANCE OF
ACQUIRED CHARACTERS.
2. THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION.
EVIDENCES FOR ORIGIN OF LIFE-
1. Life has originated through a series
of physical and chemical changes in
accordance with the environmental
conditions
2. Complex higher organisms have
evolved from simple lower forms.
Theories of evolution
French biologist- LAMARCK-
“INHERITANCE OF
ACQUIRED CHARACTERS”
1. Organisms change
physically according to
their demands in the
environmental changes
2. These advantageous
changes are p[assed on
to their offsprings.
THEORY OF NATURAL
SELECTION/DARWINISM
• Organisms reproduce faster
and fiercely which creates the
struggle for existence.
• In order to survive wrt the
environmental changes they
get adapted to the surrounding
by causing certain changes-
VARIATIONS
• This variations allows them to
survive- SURVIVAL OF THE
FITTEST
• Nature will select the fittest
and eleminate the weaker
individuals- NATURAL
SELECTION.
LAMARCK THEORY OF
INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED
CHARACTER
• Observed the pattern from the fossils and
connected them to the present day organisms
1. USE AND DISUSE- the most and extensively
used organism will become larger and stronger.
2. INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERS-
the strongest and largest modified character will
be passed on to the offsprings.
LAMARCK THEORY OF
INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED
CHARACTER
• Vestigial organs- are those organs that have
ceased to functions but still persists from
generations in a reduced form
1. wisdom teeth
[Link] appendix
[Link] pinna.
DARWINS THEORY OF NATURAL
SELECTION
• Overproduction
• Struggle for existence
• Variation
• Survival of the fittest
SPECIATION
• Origin of new species by gradual modification
NEO-DARWINISM
• Darwin was not able to explain the sources of
variation
• But it was understood by the modern genetics
• Darwin- “ father of evolution”
Human evolution
• Homo sapiens- coined by carl linnaeus
• Order- Primates
• Fossils- asia and africa
• 15-20 million year ago- ancestral trace- late Miocene period
• Common ancestor for ape and human
• Major changes- bipedal locomotion
• Free forelimbs from ground
• Increase cranial capacity, height
• Reduction in canine size- omnivorous habit
• Loss of jaw power
• Development of chin, forehead and brow ridge
• Erect posture by development in lumbar curve
• Body hair reduction
• Human ancestor- Ramapithecus- walked erect, few teeth, man-like
primate, old man’s ancestor
Human ancestors
• Stages= Austalopithecus– Homo habilis–
Homo erectus—Neanderthals– Cro-Magnon–
Homo sapiens sapiens
• Australopithecus
• Small statured
• 120cm tall
• Cranial capacity- 450-600
cm3
• Walked straight
• Distinct lumbar curve with
broad pelvis
• Man like teeth
• Dental arch- parabola
• No canine projection
• Simian gap between inscisor
and canine absent
• Protruding face, no
chineyebrow ridge projected
over eyes
• Homo habilis
First man like ancestor
150cm tall
Cranial capacity- 680-735 cm3
Bipedal locomotion
Large head
Protruding face
Hair on the body
Dentition had small canine
like humans
• Homo erectus
Stood erect
Arm and limbs proportion
resembled modern man
Receding forehead
Projecting jaws
No chin
Dentition- similar to
humans
• Neanderthal man
Successors of Homo erectus
160cm
Cranial capacity- 1450 cm3
Absolute bipedalism
Large head
Broad flat and sloping
forehead
Prominent brow ridge
No chin
Less hair on body
Found- europe, africa and asia
Cro- Magnon
Advanced to neanderthal
180cm tall
1450-1600cm3- CC
Large skull
Broad face
Round forehead
Prominent chin
Lack eyebrow ridges
Less hair on the body
Orthognathous face
Man like dentition
Hunters
Did not n
Know domestication and agriculture
They are the connection between neanderthal
and modern man
• Homo sapiens
Bipedal locomotion, 4 reversed curves
in spine
Erect posture
Hair reduction on arms and limbs
Flat thoracic region
Flattening of strenum
Prominent chin
Hindlimbs longer, forelimbs shorter
1450-1600cm2 – CC
Upright head, skull on top of vertebral
column, eyes facing front, neck can
rotate for vision in defferent direction
Binocular vision