"Success is not the key to happiness. Happiness is the key to success.

If you
love what you are doing, you will be successful." - Albert Schweitzer

Dr. P. Chanthini
VIRTUALIZATION

● Virtualization is the "creation of a virtual (rather than actual) version of something,

such as a server, a desktop, a storage device, an operating system or network resources".

● In other words, Virtualization is a technique, which allows the sharing of a single physical
instance of a resource or an application among multiple customers and organizations.

● It does this by assigning a logical name to a physical storage and providing a pointer to that
physical resource when demanded.

● It most commonly uses the hypervisor for managing the resources for every virtual system.
The hypervisor is a software that can virtualize the hardware resources.
HYPERVISOR

➔ A hypervisor is a piece of software that enables virtualization.

➔ It creates a virtualization layer that separates a computer's operating system from its physical
hardware.
➔ This allows IT administrators to create multiple virtual machines on a single host machine.
➔ Each virtual machine has its own operating system and hardware resources.

There are two types of hypervisors:

❖ Type 1 hypervisors, or bare-metal hypervisors, run directly on a computer's

hardware.
❖ Type 2 hypervisors, or hosted hypervisors, run on the operating system
installed on a host.
Type-1 Hypervisor & Type-2 Hypervisor
1. VMware ESXi
Runs directly on physical hardware and allows enterprise-grade virtual 1. VMware Workstation
machine management. A desktop hypervisor that runs virtual machines on top of a host
operating system.
2. Microsoft Hyper-V (Bare-metal)
2. Oracle VirtualBox
A hypervisor built into Windows Server that runs virtual machines
A free, cross-platform hypervisor that allows users to run multiple OS
directly on the server hardware.
environments on a host machine.
3. Citrix XenServer (Xen) 3. VMware Player
Open-source bare-metal hypervisor commonly used in cloud platforms A lightweight version of VMware Workstation used to run virtual
for high-performance virtualization. machines on a desktop OS.
4. Parallels Desktop
4. KVM (Kernel-Based Virtual Machine)
A hypervisor that runs macOS as the host and virtualizes Windows or
A Linux-kernel integrated hypervisor that turns a Linux server into a Linux desktops for Mac users.
Type 1 virtualization platform. 5. QEMU (User-mode)
5. Oracle VM Server A software-based virtualization tool that runs guest OSes on top of a
host OS using full emulation.
Bare-metal hypervisor from Oracle designed for running enterprise
workloads.
Full virtualization

• Full virtualization is a technique that creates a

virtual machine environment (VME) that
completely simulates the underlying hardware.

• In a full virtualization environment, any software

that can run on the physical hardware can be run
in the VM.

• The main advantage of full virtualization is that it

allows the running of unmodified operating
systems (OS). The guest OS is completely unaware
that it's being virtualized.
7
PARA virtualization
➔ Paravirtualization is a computer hardware
virtualization technique that allows virtual
machines (VMs) to have an interface
similar to the underlying hardware.

➔ This technique aims to improve the VM's

performance by modifying the guest
operating system (OS).

➔ In paravirtualization, a guest OS is
modified prior to installation inside a
VM. This allows all guest OSes within the
system to share resources and successfully 8
collaborate.

● Full Virtualization: Guest OS is unmodified and thinks it has full hardware access.

● Para-Virtualization: Guest OS is modified and does not try full hardware access; it uses hypercalls.
Characteristics of virtualization

➔ Increased Security:
◆ Controlling the execution of a guest program transparently allows for a secure,
controlled environment. Guest program operations are executed within a virtual
machine, which then translates and applies them to the host.

➔ Managed Execution:
◆ In particular, sharing, aggregation, emulation, and isolation are the most relevant
features.

➔ Sharing:
◆ Virtualization allows the creation of a separate computing environment within the
same host.

➔ Aggregation:
◆ It is possible to share physical resources among several guests, but virtualization also
allows aggregation.
Types of virtualization
Desktop virtualization
Desktop virtualization allows people to access
multiple applications and operating systems
(OS) on a single computer because the
applications and OSs are installed on virtual
machines that run on a server in the data center.

Desktop virtualization can be implemented in

two ways, they are:

➔ Local
➔ Remote
Desktop virtualization - Local Method

Local desktop virtualization refers to the

technology that enables the creation and
management of virtual machines (VMs) on a
single physical computer or desktop. This allows
multiple operating systems to run
simultaneously on a single machine, each within
its own isolated environment.
Desktop virtualization - Remote Method

Remote desktop virtualization is a technology

that allows users to access and interact with a
desktop environment remotely, often hosted on
a central server or in the cloud.

This approach enables organizations to provide

employees with a consistent desktop experience
regardless of their physical location, device, or
operating system.

It also enhances security and simplifies

management and maintenance of the IT
infrastructure.
Desktop virtualization - Use case

Consider:
A customer service team that requires a desktop
computer with Windows 10 and
customer-relationship management software

Use Case:
A marketing team that requires Windows Vista
for sales applications . You can use desktop
virtualization to run these different desktop
operating systems on virtual machines, which
your teams can access remotely.

This type of virtualization makes desktop

management efficient and secure, saving money
on desktop hardware.
Desktop virtualization - Advantages

➔ Security and Control:

◆ Employees access independent desktops, ensuring good application control and robust
data privacy and security.

➔ Backup and Recovery:

◆ Disaster recovery is simplified, eliminating the need to rebuild physical servers.

➔ Onboarding and Mobility:

◆ New employees can quickly access work-related software and tools, facilitating easy
setup of multiple virtual desktops for high-performance applications.

➔ Cost and Power Efficiency:

◆ Advances in virtualization have made it more economical, optimizing IT resources,
power, and time management, thereby reducing costs.
Application virtualization

Application virtualization pulls out the functions of applications to run on operating systems other
than the operating systems for which they were designed.

For example: users can run a Microsoft Windows application on a Linux machine without
changing the machine configuration.

Application virtualization allows users to run applications

from a centralized or isolated virtual environment
without installing them on the local system.
Application virtualization - Real World Example

Citrix XenApp and Microsoft App-V are examples of application virtualization solutions. They
enable businesses to deploy and manage applications more efficiently.
Server virtualization

➔ Virtualizing a server allows for a better division of resources, as it lets the administrator
divide one physical server into multiple virtual servers.

➔ Virtual servers share CPU, memory, storage, and networking capabilities, which are pulled
from the hypervisor of the physical server the virtual one is built on.

➔ Among the types of virtualization discussed here, server virtualization has the highest
adoption rate in the current landscape. Over 90% of businesses have already moved to a
virtual server in place of a physical one. This virtual server typically includes a virtual
machine equipped with CPU, RAM, and virtual hardware to mimic a traditional server in the
cloud.

➔ Virtualization allows the system administrator to quickly add more virtual machines,
eliminating the time and cost associated with the traditional method of purchasing a new
physical machine.
Server virtualization

➔ Improved server reliability and availability

➔ Lower total operational cost.

➔ More efficient utilization of physical servers.

➔ More efficient utilization of power.

➔ Virtual machine creation: create virtual machine to customer’s specifications for memory,
CPU reservation, disk space and supported OS.
Storage virtualization

Storage virtualization combines multiple

physical storage devices into a single logical
storage unit for easier management and better
utilization.
Storage virtualization

➔ Storage virtualization revolutionizes data management for companies by utilizing software to

store data in the cloud instead of physical storage.

➔ It consolidates all storage disk arrays into a single virtual pool, creating virtual disks that are
sent to a host server.

➔ This setup allows data to be accessed from any virtual storage source within the data center,
enabling customized storage management.

➔ The centralized virtual pool simplifies administration, allowing a single administrator to

manage all storage resources remotely.
 A company using AWS VPC

Students using a university virtual lab

Network virtualization VPN
A business using a VPN
Network slicing
Developers using virtual networks in cloud
Virtual firewall services

Virtual load balancing

Virtual private cloud (VPC)

Managing IP addresses

Monitoring network performance

Configuring virtual routers

Virtual LANs
Handling security policies
Virtual routers

Virtual firewalls Ensuring isolation between users

SDN, NFV, VXLAN

Virtual network slicing

Routers

Switches

Cables

Data centers

Fiber networks
Network virtualization
● Network virtualization combines physical and virtual network components, simplifying
administration.

● It uses software to separate the virtual network from physical hardware, allowing for
efficient traffic management and resource allocation.

● This technology is crucial for app development, enabling developers to test and optimize
apps in a virtual environment before public release, identifying and fixing potential issues
early.

➔ Software-Defined Networking (SDN) technologies, like Cisco ACI (Application Centric

Infrastructure), allow administrators to control and optimize network traffic in a data center
through virtualization.
Hardware virtualization
Hardware virtualization is a technology that allows multiple operating systems to run
concurrently on a host computer, leveraging the physical hardware resources more efficiently.
This is achieved by creating virtual machines (VMs) that simulate the hardware environment of
a physical computer.

➔ Type 1 Hypervisor (Bare-Metal):

◆ This type runs directly on the host hardware to control
the hardware and to manage guest operating systems.
● Example: VMware vSphere/ESXi, Microsoft
Hyper-V.

➔ 2. Type 2 Hypervisor (Hosted):

◆ These run on a conventional operating system just like
other computer programs.
● Example: Oracle VirtualBox, VMware
Workstation.
Data virtualization

➔ Data virtualization is an umbrella term used to describe an approach to data management that allows an
application to retrieve and manipulate data without requiring technical details about the data.

➔ This can include how the data is formatted or where it is physically located. The goal of data
virtualization is to create a single representation of data from multiple, disparate sources without having
to copy or move the data.

➔ Simplified Management:
◆ Centralizes storage resource management, allowing configuration, monitoring, and allocation from a
single interface, reducing administrative overhead.

➔ Agility and Flexibility:

◆ Enables easy scaling and reconfiguration of storage to meet changing needs, reducing downtime and
administrative effort.

➔ Improved Utilization:
◆ nhances storage resource utilization by pooling and reallocating resources, leading to cost savings.
OS virtualization -
➔ Operating system-based Virtualization refers to an operating system feature in which the kernel enables
the existence of various isolated user-space instances.

➔ The installation of virtualization software also refers to Operating system-based virtualization. It is

installed over a pre-existing operating system and that operating system is called the host operating
system.

OS virtualization means running multiple isolated operating

system environments on a single physical machine, using
the same OS kernel.

● It creates containers, not full virtual machines.

● Each container acts like a separate OS, but all share the
same base kernel.
Service Level Agreement (SLA)

● A service level agreement (SLA) is an outsourcing and technology vendor contract that outlines a
level of service that a supplier promises to deliver to the customer.
● It outlines metrics such as uptime, delivery time, response time, and resolution time.
● An SLA also details the course of action when requirements are not met, such as additional
support or pricing discounts.
● SLAs are typically agreed upon between a client and a service provider, although business units
within the same company can also make SLAs with each other.
Service Level Agreement (SLA)
Service Level Agreement (SLA) - Customer-level SLA

● A customer-based SLA is an agreement that covers all of the services used by a customer.
● A customer service level agreement covers specific details of services, provisions of
service availability, an outline of responsibilities, escalation procedures, and terms for
cancellation.
Service Level Agreement (SLA) - Service-level SLA

A service-level SLA is a contract that details an identical service offered to multiple

customers.
For example, if a service provider had multiple clients using its virtual help desk, the
same service-based SLA would be issued to all clients.
Service Level Agreement (SLA) - Multi-level SLA

This type of agreement is split into multiple levels that integrate several conditions into
the same system.
This approach is suitable for providers that have many customers using their product at
different price ranges or service levels.
These differing service levels can be built into a multi-level SLA.
Service Level Agreement (SLA) - common elements

There are a number of common elements that you can include in a service level
agreement (SLA).

➔ Agreement overview
➔ Description of services
➔ Exclusions
➔ Service level objective
➔ Security standards
➔ Disaster recovery process
➔ Service tracking and reporting agreement
➔ Penalties
➔ Termination processes
➔ Review and change processes
➔ Signatures
Service Level Agreement (SLA)

There are a number of common elements that you can include in a service level
agreement (SLA).

➔ Agreement overview:
◆ An agreement overview includes the start and end dates of an SLA, details
of the parties involved, and an overview of the services included.

➔ Description of services:
◆ A description of services outlines all services provided within an SLA. It
details information such as turnaround times, technologies and
applications, maintenance schedules, and processes and procedures.

➔ Exclusions:
◆ This section describes all exclusions and exemptions that are agreed upon
by both parties.
Service Level Agreement (SLA)

➔ Service level objective:

◆ A service level objective (SLO) is an agreement within an SLA about a specific
metric like response time or uptime. Both parties agree to key service
performance metrics backed by data.

➔ Security standards:
◆ Both the service provider and the client use security standards to demonstrate the
security measures and protocols in place. This section also commonly
includes non-disclosure agreements (NDAs) and anti-poaching agreements.

➔ Disaster recovery process:

◆ An SLA will often detail the process of disaster recovery and outline the
mechanisms and processes to follow in case of service failure of the vendor. This
section also includes information on the restarting process, including restart times
and alerts.
Service Level Agreement (SLA) - common elements Detailed (3/4)

➔ Service tracking and reporting agreement:

◆ In this section, performance metrics are agreed upon by both parties.
Most customers closely track their service performance. A reasonable
baseline for this tracking would be before and after using a new service
provider.

➔ Penalties:
◆ This section clearly states the penalties, financial or otherwise, that either
side incurs if they fail to live up to their SLA obligations.

➔ Termination processes:
◆ There may come a time when you want to bring your agreement to an end. In
addition to requiring a notice period from either party, the SLA also clearly
outlines the circumstances that permit termination or expiration.
Service Level Agreement (SLA) - common elements Detailed (4/4)

➔ Review and change processes

◆ It is important that you regularly review your SLA and any key
performance indicators (KPIs) that you are using to measure
performance. Any large-scale changes in your requirements need to be
recorded in the agreement.

➔ Signatures
◆ The agreement to each item contained in the document is reviewed and
signed by authorized individuals and pertinent stakeholders from both
sides. As long as the agreement is in effect, both parties are bound by it.
How can a client monitor vendor performance against the service level
agreement?

➔ Clients should regularly monitor their service provider's performance against the
SLA through weekly status reports.

➔ Persistent failures may lead to penalties or prompt a change in providers.

➔ Most providers offer access to data and statistics via a customer platform, where
clients can also check eligibility for compensation due to ongoing failures.

➔ If a third party controls the monitoring portal, their involvement in the SLA
agreement process is crucial to ensure accuracy and alignment with service
expectations.
Cloud Storage

➔ In Cloud Computing, Cloud storage is a virtual locker where we can remotely stash
any data.

➔ When we upload a file to a cloud-based server like Google Drive, OneDrive, or

iCloud that file gets copied over the Internet into a data server that is
cloud-based actual physical space where companies store files on multiple hard
drives.

➔ Most companies have hundreds of the ese servers known as ‘server farms’
spanning across multiple locations.

➔ So, if our data gets somehow lost we will not lose our data because it will be
backed up by another location. This is known as redundancy which keeps our data
safe from being lost.
Cloud Storage - Features

➔ It has a greater availability of resources.

➔ Easy maintenance is one of the key benefits of using Cloud computing.

➔ Cloud computing has a Large Network Access.

➔ It has an automatic system.

➔ Security is one of the major components and using cloud computing you can
secure all over the networks.
Cloud Storage - Storage System

There are 3 types of storage systems in the Cloud as follows.

➔ Block-Based Storage System

➔ File-Based Storage System
➔ Object-Based Storage System
Cloud Storage - Block-Based Storage System

➔ Hard drives are block-based storage systems. Your operating system like Windows
or Linux actually sees a hard disk drive. So, it sees a drive on which you can create
a volume, and then you can partition that volume and format them.

➔ For example, If a system has 1000 GB of volume, then we can partition it into 800
GB and 200 GB for local C and local D drives respectively.

➔ Remember with a block-based storage system, your computer would see a drive,
and then you can create volumes and partitions.

Block Storage: Storage presented as a virtual disk used by servers.

Cloud Storage - File-Based Storage System

➔ In this, you are actually connecting through a Network Interface Card (NIC). You
are going over a network, and then you can access the network-attached storage
server (NAS). NAS devices are file-based storage systems.

➔ This storage server is another computing device that has another disk in it. It is
already created a file system so that it’s already formatted its partitions, and it will
share its file systems over the network. Here, you can actually map the drive to its
network location.

➔ In this, like the previous one, there is no need to partition and format the volume
by the user. It’s already done in file-based storage systems. So, the operating
system sees a file system that is mapped to a local drive letter.

File Storage: Storage accessed through files and folders.

Cloud Storage - Object-Based Storage System

➔ In this, a user uploads objects using a web browser and uploads an object to a
container i.e., Object Storage Container. This uses the HTTP Protocols with the
rest of the APIs (for example: GET, PUT, POST, SELECT, DELETE).

➔ For example, when you connect to any website, you need to download some
images, text, or anything that the website contains. For that, it is a code HTTP
GET request. If you want to review any product then you can use PUT and POST
requests.

➔ Also, there is no hierarchy of objects in the container. Every file is on the same
level in an Object-Based storage system.

Object Storage: Storage for large unstructured data stored as objects with metadata and ID.
Cloud Storage - Advantages

➔ Scalability:
◆ Capacity and storage can be expanded and performance can be enhanced.

➔ Flexibility:
◆ Data can be manipulated and scaled according to the rules.
➔ Simpler Data Migrations – As it can add and remove new and old data when
required and eliminates disruptive data migrations.

➔ Recovery:
◆ In the event of a hard drive failure or other hardware malfunction, you can
access your files on the cloud.
Cloud Storage - Disadvantages

➔ Data centers require electricity and proper internet facility to operate their work,
failing which system will not work properly.

➔ Support for cloud storage isn’t the best, especially if you are using a free version of
a cloud provider.

➔ When you use a cloud provider, your data is no longer on your physical storage.

➔ Cloud-based storage is dependent on having an internet connection. If you are on

a slow network you may have issues accessing your storage.
Cloud Database Storage

A cloud database is a database that is hosted and managed in the cloud. This means that
the data is stored and accessed over the internet, rather than on a physical, on-premises
server. Cloud databases have a few trademark features: First and foremost, they can be
accessed from any location as long as you have an internet connection—making them
ideal for remote teams and businesses that require on-the-go data access. Additionally,
cloud databases are notoriously quick to set up, and they easily scale up or down to
meet changing data needs. Of course, there are several benefits to cloud databases. Let’s
get into them below.
Cloud Database Storage - Benefits (1/2)

➔ Scalability and flexibility:

◆ Cloud databases offer horizontal scaling by adding servers for increased
demand or vertical scaling by enhancing existing server resources. This
adaptability enables handling of varying data loads efficiently.

➔ Optimized costs:
◆ Cloud databases reduce expenses by eliminating costly hardware and IT
staff. However, effective cost management strategies are crucial as
unexpected scaling can inflate bills.
Cloud Database Storage - Benefits (2/2)

➔ High availability and reliability:

◆ Cloud providers ensure availability through load balancing and data

replication, ensuring continuous service even during high traffic
or server failures.

➔ Improved security:

◆ Cloud databases employ encryption and access controls to safeguard data

during transmission and restrict unauthorized access, enhancing
overall data security and integrity.
Cloud Database Storage - Challenges(1/2)

➔ Latency and network dependency

◆ Since cloud databases are accessed over the internet, they are subject to
latency issues, which can impact speed or performance. This latency can
be caused by a variety of factors, including network congestion, bandwidth
limitations, and distance.

➔ Data security risks

◆ Cloud databases are often targeted by data breachers, cyber-attackers,
and other security threats due to the sensitive nature of the information
they store. However, most modern cloud databases have significant safety
measures in place to protect from such attacks. It is still essential to do your
due diligence when selecting a secure cloud database.
Cloud Database Storage - Challenges(2/2)

➔ Vendor lock-in
◆ Cloud providers offer proprietary databases that are optimized for their
cloud platforms. This can create challenges for businesses looking to switch
to another cloud provider or move their data to an on-premises database.
These lock-in periods can also result in businesses being tied to a particular
cloud provider, which can limit their flexibility. This is another area where
it’s important to read the fine print before selecting a cloud database.

➔ Data migration
◆ Moving data from an on-premises database to a cloud database or between
different cloud databases can be a complex and time-consuming process.
Data migration also carries the risk of data loss or corruption, which can
impact business operations.
Cloud Database Storage - Types

Not all cloud databases are created equally. Cloud databases can be divided into four
main categories:

➔ relational cloud databases

➔ NoSQL cloud databases
➔ cloud data warehouses
➔ HTAP systems.
Cloud Database Storage - Relational cloud database

● Relational cloud databases, also known as SQL databases, are built on the traditional
relational database model.
● These databases use a structured query language (SQL) to manage and manipulate data.
● Relational cloud databases are ideal for structured data, such as retail analytics data related
to transactions, inventory, or customer information.
● Examples of relational cloud databases include Amazon Relational Database Service
(RDS), Microsoft Azure SQL Database, and Google Cloud SQL.
Cloud Database Storage - NoSQL cloud database

● NoSQL cloud databases, on the other hand, are non-relational databases. These
databases are designed to handle unstructured data, such as social media
posts, log files, and user-generated content.
● NoSQL cloud databases use different data models, such as key-value, document,
graph, or column-family stores.
● Examples of NoSQL cloud databases include Amazon DynamoDB, MongoDB
Atlas, and Google Cloud Datastore.
Cloud Database Storage - Cloud data warehouse

● A cloud data warehouse is designed for big data processing and analytics.
● It can store vast amounts of structured and unstructured data from multiple
sources, such as social media, sensors, and IoT devices.
● Examples of cloud data warehouses include Amazon Redshift, Google BigQuery,
Microsoft Azure Synapse Analytics, and Snowflake.

Cloud Database Storage - HTAP

HTAP (Hybrid Transactional/Analytical Processing) integrates transactional and analytical

capabilities in a single database system, eliminating the need for separate systems.
Traditional OLTP systems focus on transaction processing, while OLAP systems handle
analytics.
HTAP enables real-time analytics on transactional data, leveraging in-memory processing and
columnar storage for high performance.
 Type What it stores Best for Cloud examples

Relational Cloud Tables (rows, Structured data, AWS RDS, Azure

DB columns) transactions SQL
NoSQL Cloud Documents, Fast apps, big data, DynamoDB,
DB key-value, graphs flexible schema Firestore, MongoDB
Cloud Data Huge datasets for Reports, BI, big Redshift, BigQuery,
Warehouse analytics analytics Snowflake
HTAP Systems Real-time Real-time dashboards TiDB, SingleStore,
transactions + + app logic Spanner
analytics
1. In full virtualization, privileged instructions from the 2. Which of the following BEST describes
guest OS are handled how? para-virtualization?

A. Executed directly on the hardware A. Guest OS is unmodified and unaware of virtualization

B. Discarded by the hypervisor B. Guest OS is modified to use hypercalls
C. Translated by the hypervisor before execution C. Hypervisor runs on top of an OS
D. Executed by guest OS kernel in ring 0 D. VMs use complete hardware emulation

Answer: C — Translated by the hypervisor before execution

Answer: B — Guest OS is modified to use hypercalls

Explanation: Explanation:

In full virtualization, the guest OS is unmodified. In para-virtualization, the guest OS is modified to communicate
efficiently with the hypervisor using hypercalls instead of
Privileged instructions cannot run directly on hardware. privileged instructions.
So the hypervisor performs binary translation to safely execute
them.
3. In OS virtualization (containers), which 4. Which storage type in cloud allows multiple
component is shared among all containers? servers to share the same folder at the same time?

A. User libraries A. Block Storage

B. Full operating system
B. Object Storage
C. Kernel
D. Application process space C. File Storage
D. Log Storage

Answer: C — Kernel
Answer: C — File Storage
Explanation:
Explanation:
Docker/LXC containers share the same OS Example: Amazon EFS.
kernel but have isolated user spaces. File storage supports shared file systems accessible by many
servers simultaneously.