MUYEYE VOCATIONAL TRAINING CENTRE

DEPARTMENT: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

PRESENTED TO: KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL FOR THE

AWARD OF CRAFT CERTIFICATE

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY (POWER OPTION)

PRESENTER: EMMANUEL MWEU NGUNU

INDEX NUMBER: 1071040062

SUPERVISOR: MR. NICHOLAS CHERUTICH

EXAM SERIES: JULY/AUGUST

SUBMISSION DATE: JUNE, 2023

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this project was done by me and has never been presented to any
examination body by anyone.

EMMANUEL MWEU NGUNU

Signature…………………………………….

Date……………………………………………

SUPERVISOR
I declare that this project is original and candidates own research work compiled under my
supervision

MR. NICHOLAS CHERUTICH

Signature…………………………………….

Date……………………………………………
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The First of all I am thankful to my school principal Mr. Mwalimu Maitha for having extended
all school facilities (computers, internet for research etc) in making this projects a grand success.

I am hereby indebted to my project guide Mr. Nicholas Cherutich who guided me throughout
the execution of this program.

At last but not least, I acknowledge my sincere thanks to all my colleagues in the electronics
department, who helped a lot in the execution of project.
 DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God and my beloved parents.
 ABSTRACT

The need for home security alarm systems nowadays is at a high demand. As the number of
crimes is increasing every day, there has to be something that will keep us safe. We are all aware
of the high end security systems present in the market but they are not easily available to
everyone. I therefore intend to provide a solution by constructing a cost efficient electronic
system that has a capability of sensing light and when the light is blocked by intruders it sets off
the alarm system making it produce sound.

The basic idea behind this project is that when the light is blocked from reaching the sensor
(infrared receiver) by an intruder the sensor activates the system thereby triggering the lamp and
the sounder to produce light and sound respectively. This project involves the use of infrared
LED, Infrared receiver, Buzzer, LED, A current limiting resistor and a 9v dry cell. The infrared
receiver receives infrared light from the infrared LED (Emitter) in its permissible range and
triggers the alarm.

When we talk about door security in my project, I want to collect the characteristics of fast easy
and modern security access in one of the Door security alarm system to make it easier for
customers to use it. It is a safe door security alarm system which can be used in Supermarkets,
Stores, Jeweler shops, Banks, Homes etc. It will be affordable, easy to install and maintain and
can also be compatible with other sources of power.

Electronic door security alarm system, we have several types of them which are currently and
commonly used but are very expensive and complicated to operate, for instance, door-forced-
open alarm systems which are currently and commonly used.

Electronic door security alarm system has been in use for over the decades, and from
analog/ancient technology to revolution of modern technology, the mechanism on the door
security alarm system has been changing with the changing trend of technology. From time to
time technology has been changing from analog personnel security to bell and alarm system to
the now digital and modern security alarms like intruder security alarm systems, burglar alarm
systems, electronic door security alarm system etc.

The cost of this project is very affordable since most of the components used in this project can
be easily obtained from old electronic appliances like TVs, Radios, and Iron Box etc. The
estimation of this project to its completion is Ksh.900
 CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Since generation to generation, the need for security of life and property by man cannot be over
emphasized. There has been use of security guard and using animals such as dogs to serve as
security warning whenever an intruder in notice come in the day of technological revolution
when electronic component are used for security purposes.

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

In my project, I want to collect the characteristics of fast, easy and modern security access in one
of the Door security alarm system to make it easier for consumers to use it. It is a safe door
security alarm system which can be used in many places such as; Supermarkets, Stores, Jeweler
shops, Banks, Homes etc.

The main objective is to provide efficient security to areas where there is insecurity, to easier the
lives of people by giving security to their homes, properties, offices, banks etc. It is a project that
I give full guarantee will solve insecurity problems in our society/community. It will be
affordable, easy to install and maintain and can also be compatible with other sources of power.

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The need for home security alarm systems nowadays is a serious demand. As the number of
crimes is increasing every day, there has to be something that will keep us safe. We are all aware
of the high end security systems present in the market but they are not easily available to
everyone. I therefore intend to provide a solution by constructing a cost efficient electronic
system that has a capability of sensing light and when the light is blocked by intruders it sets off
the alarm system making it produce sound.

1.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

We have some technological limitations. For instance some of the limitations of this project are
installation in places of use and fabrication which will need time and also some simple skills by
the consumer.
 CHAPTER TWO

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter deals with all the components used in this project, their description and functions as
per the schematic block diagram.

The Electronic door security alarm system is a modern and digital security alarm system that
uses infrared LED and Infrared receiver as its main components. Other components used in the
project are;

-IR LED
-IR Receiver
-9V Dry cell
-Buzzer
-390 ohms resistor
-1 ohms resistor
-LED

2.2 IR Receiver LED

An IR receiver is a device that detects signals from remote controls and other IR sources. It is
typically a small, clear or translucent device that is sensitive to IR light in a specific frequency
range. When an IR signal is detected, the IR receiver will emit a small amount of visible light,
which can be used to confirm that a signal has been received. We have two types of infrared, the
active and the passive.

Figure 2.1
2.3 IR LED
An infrared light-emitting diode (IR LED) is a special purpose LED that emits infrared rays
ranging from 700nm to 1mm wavelength. Different IR LEDs may produce infrared light of
different wavelengths, just like other LEDs produce light of different colors.

Figure 2.2

2.4 Dry Cell

A dry cell is a type of electric battery, commonly used for portal electrical devices. We have
smaller dry-cell batteries, such as alkaline or lithium ion, are typically used in portable
electronics such as electronic circuits, phones, laptops etc.

Figure 2.3
2.5 Buzzer
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical,
or piezoelectric (piezo for short). When a voltage is applied across the two electrodes, the
piezoelectric material mechanically deforms due to the applied voltage. This movement of the
piezo disk within the buzzer creates sound in a similar manner as the movement of the
ferromagnetic disk in a magnetic buzzer or the speaker cone mentioned above. We have different
types of buzzers Piezo-electric buzzers, Magnetic buzzers, Electromagnetic buzzers etc.

Figure 2.4

2.6 Resistor
A resistor is a component which opposes the flow of the electric current. There are mainly two
types:

(a) Fixed value resistor

(b) Variable resistor

The fixed resistor is the most common resistor mixture of carbon and binder forming a pallat at
each side with fixed actinide copper wire. The body has an insulating layer made over to a
cylindrical shape and different color of values. On the other hand variable resistor or
potentiometer is the mechanically to any value between O-R. The commonest forms is three
terminal resistor commonly referred to as potentiometer.
 Figure 2.5

2.7 Light emitting diode (LED)

A light-emitting diode is a semiconductor device that emits light when current flows through it.
To do this, holes from p-type semiconductors recombine with electrons from n-type semi-
conductors to produce light. The wavelength of the light emitted depends on the band gap of the
semiconductor material.

Harder materials with stronger molecular bonds generally have wider band gaps. Aluminum
Nitride semiconductors are known as ultra-wide band gap semiconductors. Fundamentally, there
are three different types of LED technology that are used in LED lighting, DIP, SMD and COB.

Figure 2.6
 CHAPTER THREE

3.1 Methodology
The project is connected in series and uses dc as the main source of power. A dry cell of 9v is
used to power the circuit. The positive terminal of Infrared LED is connected to the cathode of
battery whilst the negative terminal is connected back to the anode of the battery through a 390
ohms resistor.

The negative terminal of the infrared receiver LED is connected to the positive terminal of the
sounder and the positive terminal of an LED, a 1 ohm limiting resistor to the LED and to the
anode of the sounder which connects direct to the cathode of the dry cell.

The infrared led transmits light to infrared receiver LED which stands to be there throughout.
The infrared receiver LED receives infrared light from the infrared LED (Emitter) in its
permissible range. When the light is blocked from reaching the infrared receiver led by an
intruder it activates the system thereby triggering the lamp and the sounder to produce light and
sound respectively.

3.1.1 Parameters of the components

 Infrared led – Wavelength between (800nm to 980nm)
Voltage range (1.2 volts to over 3.4 volts) UV or White
 IR Receiver - Wavelength between (700nm to 1mm)
 Resistor - 1ohm
 Resistor -390 ohms
 Buzzer – Frequency range (1 to 7kHz)
 LED - Wavelength between (275nm to 950nm)
 Dry cell – 9 volts
3.2 Block Diagram

IR LED IR
RECEIVER

BUZZER

Diagram 3.1

POWER
SUPPLY (DC)
3.3 Wiring diagram

IR LED
_ _

+ +
IR Receiver LED
Buzzer
390ohms _
+
+
LED

31ohm

+ _

Dry Cell
Diagram 3.2
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 FABRICATION

4.1 COMPONENTS LAYOUT AND CASING

The circuit was made with an electronic soldering plate of size 140x 140mm enclosed in a
wooden box cabinet size 150x150mm. Hole was made at the side of the box to allow power
cables pass through it.

During construction of this project, I avoided over heating the components during soldering
because this may lead to the damage of components and I also make sure that I avoided dry and
wet solder joint.

A wooden box measuring was used. The size of the cabinet where calculated as:

H = 150mm

I = 150mm

W = 70mm

4.2 CONCLUSION
The project (electronic door security alarm system) has been constructed and found to be
working perfect and safely as designed. I have been able to assemble all components and able to
come up with the circuit, tested and the final product functional.

4.3 RECOMMENDATION
It is recommendation that the circuit can be modified in to another form of design and used in
different areas of application.

-In future it can be designed such that it can be connected with the user’s mobile phones.

-Can be used in vehicle security.

-It can be further expanded with a voice interactive system facility.

 CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 FINANCILL PLAN

The cost of this project is very affordable since most of the components used in this project can
be easily obtained from old electronic appliances like TVs, Radios, and Iron Box etc. The
estimation of this project to its completion is Ksh.900

Serial Item Description. Quantity Unit Unit Amount

No. Quantity Cost (Kshs)
1. Buzzer Piece 1 300 300
2. Infrared Receiver LED Piece 1 100 100

3. Infrared LED Piece 1 100 100

4. Led Piece 1 50 50
5. 9V Dry Cell Piece 1 150 150
6. 1 ohm Resistor 1 50 50
Piece
7. 390 ohms Resistor Piece 1 50 50
8. Soldering board Piece 1 100 100
Total Cost 900
References:
 Grob’s basic electronics, Mitchel E. Schultz, McGraw- Hill 2007
 Electrical Craft Principles(volume 2), John Whitefield