UNIT II
WIRELESS CELLULAR COMMUNICATION
Introduction
• In 1970 Bell mobile system supports 12 calls.
• Frequency never been reused due to interference.
• To solve cell concept is used
• Freq. coverage area is divided into cell with low power transmitter
antenna.
• Each base station allotted some part of channels in entire system.
• Near by base station assign different group of channels.
• Frequency used in one cell must be used at some distance cell.
A Cellular Network
Cell 1
Mobile Public
Telephone Switched
Switching Telephone
Cell 2 Center Network
(MTSC) (PSTN)
HLR VLR
Mobile User Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Cordless connection HLR = Home Location Register
Wired connection VLR = Visitor Location Register
Cell
• Large geographical area is divided into small region applying
frequency reuse concept is called cell.
• Shape is like honeycomb.
• It shown by hexagon shape. For analytical purposes a “Hexagon” cell
is preferred to other shapes on paper due to the following reasons.
• A hexagon layout requires fewer cells to cover a given area.
• Other geometrical shapes cannot effectively do this. For example, if
circular shaped cells are there, then there will be overlapping of cells.
• Also for a given area, among square, triangle and hexagon, radius of a
hexagon will be the maximum which is needed for weaker mobiles.
Types of cell
• Pico cells: Picocells are generally used for covering very small areas
such as particular areas of buildings, or possibly tunnels where
coverage from a larger cell in the cellular system is not possible.
Obviously for the small cells, the power levels used by the base
stations are much lower and the antennas are not position to cover
wide areas. In this way the coverage is minimised and the
interference to adjacent cells is reduced.
• Micro cells: Micro cells are those that are normally found in densely
populated areas which may have a diameter of around 1 km. It is
typically used in urban areas.
Types of cell
• Macro cells: Macro cells are large cells that are usually used for
remote or sparsely populated areas. These may be 10 km or possibly
more in diameter. It is used in low populated area. Antena height is
taller than roof top level.
• Selective cells: Sometimes cells termed selective cells may be used
where full 360 degree coverage is not required. They may be used to
fill in a hole in the coverage in the cellular system, or to address a
problem such as the entrance to a tunnel etc.
Types of cell
• Umbrella cells: Another type of cells known as an umbrella cell is
sometimes used in instances such as those where a heavily used road
crosses an area where there are microcells. Under normal
circumstances this would result in a large number of handovers as
people driving along the road would quickly cross the microcells. An
umbrella cell would take in the coverage of the microcells (but use
different channels to those allocated to the microcells). However it
would enable those people moving along the road to be handled by
the umbrella cell and experience fewer handovers than if they had to
pass from one microcell to the next.
Cluster
• It is a group of cells with no repetition of channel frequencies.
• Cluster can be 4,7,12,21 cells
• No two cells in cluster have same channel frequency.
• Size is denoted by N i.e. number of cells per cluster.
Cluster
Coverage Area
• It is an area served by a single base station or antenna placed within
that cell.
• As the number of users increases the channel demand increases
• The available channels are insufficient to satisfy increasing demand.
• Cellular systems is required to increase more channels per coverage
area.
Parameters to increase cell coverage
• Cell splitting: place antenna and reuse frequency in cell.
• Sectoring: use directional antenna and make partition
• Coverage zone approach: to extend cell boundary at remote area.
Cell splitting
• Cell Splitting is the process of subdividing a congested cell into
smaller cells such that each smaller cell has its own base station with
Reduced antenna height and Reduced transmitter power.
• It increases the capacity of a cellular system since number of times
channels are reused increases.
• Each splitted cell has its own base station, with reduction in antenna
height and transmitter power.
• It is applied in high population density area.
Cell splitting
Sectoring
• n cell sectoring a single omni-directional antenna at base station is
replaced by several directional antennas, each radiating within a specified
sector.
• By using directional antennas power is transmitted in single desired
direction decreasing number of interfering co-channel cells and co-channel
interference.
• The technique for decreasing co-channel interference and thus increasing
system performance by using directional antennas is called sectoring.
• The factor by which the co-channel interference is reduced depends on the
amount of sectoring used. A cell is normally partitioned into three sectors.
• When sectoring is employed, the channels used in a particular cell are
broken down into sectored groups and are used only within a particular
sector.
Sectoring
Frequency Reuse
• The process of selecting and allocating the frequency sub-bands for
all of the cellular base station within a system is called Frequency
reuse or Frequency Planning. OR
• Frequency reuse is the process of using the same radio frequencies
on radio transmitter sites within a geographic area that are separated
by sufficient distance to cause minimal interference with each other.
• Frequency reuse allows for a dramatic increase in the number of
customers that can be served (capacity) within a geographic area on a
limited amount of radio spectrum (limited number of radio channels).
Frequency Reuse
Frequency Reuse
reuse pattern
One frequency can be (re)used in all cells of the same color
Reuse distance 3 –reuse pattern
Frequency Reuse
• The distance at which same channel freq group is used for cell of
another cluster is called freq reuse distance.
• The antenna are designed to achieve maximum coverage within a cell.
This radio coverage within a cell is known as footprint.
• This footprint is limited by a boundary so that the same group of
channels can be used in different cells that are far enough away from
each other so that their freq do not interfere.
Distance
D
R
35
R
3 D
3 6 1
6 1 4
4 7 2
7 2 5 3
5 3 6 1
3 6 1 4
6 1 4 7 2
4 7 2 5
7 2 5
5
36
Wrong implementation
END Result of Wrong implementation
Correct implementation
Frequency Reuse
• S = Total number of duplex channels available to use
k = Channels allocated to each cell (k<S)
N = Total number of cells or Cluster Size
• Then Total number of channels (S) will be,
• S = kN Frequency Reuse Factor = 1/N
• If cluster size is 7 (A,B,C,D,E,F,G) thus frequency reuse factor is 1/7
Reuse Ratio : q
Assuming hexagonal shape cells of equal size
D
q 3N
R
where:
D: Distance between the centres of cells
R: Radius of thecell
q: Reuse ratio
N: Cluster size
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Example
For N = 7 and R 5km
D 3N R
D 3 7 5
D 4.583 5 22.91
The minimum distance at which the same frequency can
be reused is approximately 4.6 times R, which is in this
case 22.91 km
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Frequency Reuse
• minimum distance between centers of cells that use the same
band of frequencies called cochannels
• To find nearest co channel neighbours of perticulars cell,
1. Move i cell along from any of hexagon’s edge.
2. Turn 60 degree anti clockwise and move j cell
Frequency Reuse
• Hexagonal cell pattern, followingvalues of N possible
• N = I2 + J2 + (I x J), I, J= 0, 1, 2, 3, …
Possible valuesof N are 1, 3, 4, 7, 9, 12, 13, 16, 19, 21, …
Frequency Reuse
Channel Interference
• It affects the performance and capacity of cellular system.
• It occurs due to another mobile with same channel in same cell..
• Two types
• Co-channels interference
• Adjacent channel interference
Co-channels interference
• cells thatuse thesame band of frequencies called cochannels and interference between signals
from these cells called co-channel interference.
• This can occur due to increase in transmitter power .
• To reduce this interference cell must be physically separated by minimum distance called reuse distance.
• The interference is depend upon D and R forms the reuse ratio Q
• Q = D / R = 3𝑁
Adjacent Channel Interference
• Any cell uses set of channels which are very close to channel
frequency used by neighbouring cell is called adjacent channel.
• And interference between these channels which are adjacent is called
adjacent channel interference.
• It occurs due to imperfect receiver filter which allows nearby
frequency to leak into passband.
• When a user in adjacent channel transmitt power very close
subscriber’s receiver it generates problem which is called near far
effect.
• ACI can be minimized by careful filtering and channel assignment.
Channel Assignment
• To utilize maximum frequency band freq reuse and freq allocation
strategies are developed in such way that increases channel capacity
and minimize interference.
• Two types of channel assignment strategies
• Fixed channel allocation
• Dynamic channel allocation
Fixed Channel Allocation
• Each cell is allocated fixed, predetermined set of voice channels.
• If any call arrives. It is served by fixed channels
• If no free freq available call is blocked.
• To solve this borrowing approach is used.
• Cell borrows free channel from neighbouring cell.
• MSC supervises this strategy.
Dynamic Channel Allocation
• Channels are not assigned to cell in advance.
• Each time to make call base staion request to MSC.
• Before allocating MSC accounts possibility of future blocking call,
reuse distance of allocated channel, freq of allocated channel and
other function.
• In allocation MSC requires to collect all real time data like channel
type, occupancy, traffic distribution, reuse distance of that channel in
neighbouring cell of requested cell.
• Drawback is increases in storage.
• Advantage is it solves blocked call problem of FCA
Radio Wave to Speech and Speech to Radio Wave
Conversion
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