ICSE Class X Chemistry – Most Important Questions:
Answers
Chapter 1 Q1 (i) Define Ionisation potential.
Ionisation potential (ionisation energy) is the minimum energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron
from an isolated gaseous atom (in its ground state) to form a gaseous positive ion.
Chapter 1 Q1 (ii) Define Electron affinity.
Electron affinity is the energy released when an electron is added to an isolated neutral gaseous atom to form a
gaseous negative ion.
Chapter 1 Q2 Formula of compound formed between X and Z; W and X.
From configurations: W=2,8,1 (valency 1, forms W■); X=2,8,7 (valency 1, forms X■); Y=2,5; Z=1 (forms Z■). (1)
Between X and Z → ZX (i.e., HCl-type: Z■X■). (2) Between W and X → WX (NaCl-type: W■X■).
Chapter 1 Q3 Atomic number 16: state (i) period (ii) valence electrons (iii) metal/non-metal.
Atomic number 16 = sulphur (S): electronic configuration 2,8,6. (i) 3rd period (three shells). (ii) 6 valence electrons.
(iii) Non■metal.
Chapter 1 Q4 Give reasons (i) oxidising power increases across period (ii) ionisation potential increases
across period (iii) alkali metals are good reducing agents.
(i) Across a period, atomic size decreases and electronegativity increases; atoms gain electrons more readily →
oxidising power increases. (ii) Nuclear charge increases and atomic radius decreases across a period, so electrons
are held more strongly → ionisation potential increases. (iii) Alkali metals have one valence electron and very low
ionisation energy; they readily lose this electron → strong reducing agents.
Chapter 1 Q5 (i) number of valence electrons in atom J.
From the given periodic table section (J is in group VII / 17): J has 7 valence electrons.
Chapter 1 Q5 (ii) element which forms ions with a single negative charge.
Elements of group VII/17 form -1 ions. From the table, element M (group VII) forms a single negative ion.
Chapter 1 Q5 (iii) metallic element more reactive than R.
In group I, reactivity increases down the group. R is above T, so T is more reactive than R.
Chapter 1 Q5 (iv) element with electrons arranged in four shells.
Four shells means period 4. From the table, element T (period 4, group I) has four shells.
Chapter 1 Q6 (i) Cs, Na, Li, K, Rb increasing order of metallic character.
Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs
Chapter 1 Q6 (ii) Mg, Cl, Na, S, Si decreasing order of atomic size.
Na > Mg > Si > S > Cl
Chapter 1 Q6 (iii) Na, K, Cl, S, Si increasing order of ionization energy.
K < Na < Si < S < Cl
Chapter 1 Q6 (iv) Cl, F, Br, I increasing order of electron affinity.
I < Br < F < Cl (electron affinity is highest for Cl).
Chapter 1 Q7 (i) most electronegative element.
Fluorine (F) is the most electronegative element in the given table.
Chapter 1 Q7 (ii) number of valence electrons in G.
G is placed in group VA/15 → 5 valence electrons.
Chapter 1 Q7 (iii) formula of compound between B and H.
B is in group IA (valency 1, forms B■) and H is in group VIA (valency 2, forms H²■). Therefore formula = B2H.
Chapter 1 Q7 (iv) bond between F and J in compound.
F is a metal of group IIIA (forms F³■) and J is a non■metal of group VIIA (forms J■); bond formed is ionic
(electrovalent).
Chapter 1 Q7 (v) electron dot structure for compound between C and K.
C is in group IIA (forms C²■) and K is in group VIIA (forms K■). Compound is CK2. Electron■dot: C transfers 2
electrons (one to each K); represented as [C]²■ and 2[ :K: ]■ each with an octet.
Chapter 1 Q8 (a)(i) first and last element in period 2.
First: Lithium (Li); Last: Neon (Ne).
Chapter 1 Q8 (a)(ii) atomic size top to bottom in a group.
Atomic size increases down the group due to addition of shells.
Chapter 1 Q8 (a)(iii) greatest electron affinity among halogens.
Chlorine (Cl).
Chapter 1 Q8 (a)(iv) common feature of electronic configuration of group 17.
All have 7 electrons in the outermost shell (ns²np■).
Chapter 1 Q8 (b)(i) If low ionisation energy then likely to be ____.
metallic
Chapter 1 Q8 (b)(ii) seven valence electrons then ____ atomic size in same period.
smallest
Chapter 1 Q8 (c)(i) Be, Mg, Ca, Ba which forms ions most readily and why?
Barium (Ba), because ionisation energy decreases down the group due to increased atomic size and shielding.
Chapter 1 Q8 (c)(ii) what property measured by electronegativity?
Electronegativity measures the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract the shared pair of electrons towards
itself.
Chapter 2 Q1 (a) Not a common characteristic of an electrovalent compound.
(D) Ionises when dissolved in water. (Ionic compounds dissociate into ions; they do not ionise.)
Chapter 2 Q1 (b) Compound composed of ionic, covalent and coordinate bond.
(D) Ammonium chloride.
Chapter 2 Q2 (a) Half reactions: Zn + Pb2+ → Zn2+ + Pb.
Oxidation: Zn → Zn²■ + 2e■ ; Reduction: Pb²■ + 2e■ → Pb
Chapter 2 Q2 (b) Half reactions: Cl2 + 2Br− → Br2 + 2Cl−.
Oxidation: 2Br■ → Br■ + 2e■ ; Reduction: Cl■ + 2e■ → 2Cl■
Chapter 2 Q3 (i) Lone pair of electrons.
A lone pair is a pair of valence electrons not shared with another atom and not involved in bonding.
Chapter 2 Q3 (ii) Electron dot diagram of hydronium ion (H3O+), label lone pair.
H3O■: Oxygen has 6 valence electrons; forms 3 O–H bonds (one is coordinate with H■) and has 1 lone pair. Dot
structure: O in centre with three shared pairs to three H; one lone pair on O; overall charge +.
Chapter 2 Q3 (iii) Neutral covalent molecule containing one lone pair.
Ammonia (NH■) (one lone pair on N).
Chapter 2 Q4 Elements E,F,G atomic numbers 19,8,17.
E(19)=K metal; F(8)=O non■metal; G(17)=Cl non■metal. Compound between E and G: KCl; bond: ionic
(electrovalent).
Chapter 2 Q5 (a) Charged particles that attract to form electrovalent compounds.
Cations and anions (positive and negative ions).
Chapter 2 Q5 (b) How electrons involved in covalent compound formation?
In covalent bonding, atoms share one or more pairs of electrons to attain stable octet/duplet.
Chapter 2 Q5 (c) Nitrogen configuration 2,5: electrons not involved in N2 formation.
In N■, each N shares 3 electrons; 2 electrons remain as one lone pair on each N. So 2 outer electrons are not
involved in bonding.
Chapter 2 Q5 (d) In MgCl2 formation name oxidised and reduced.
Magnesium is oxidised (loses electrons). Chlorine is reduced (gains electrons).
Chapter 2 Q6 Nonmetals form compound X by sharing electrons.
(a) Covalent bond. (b) Low melting point. (c) Poor/non■conductor of electricity. (d) Generally soluble in organic
solvents.
Chapter 2 Q7 (a) Electron dot structures of NaCl, MgCl2, CaO.
NaCl: [Na]■ [ :Cl: ]■ (Cl octet). MgCl■: [Mg]²■ 2[ :Cl: ]■. CaO: [Ca]²■ [ :O: ]²■ (O octet).
Chapter 2 Q7 (b)(i) Characteristic property of electrovalent compound.
(B) It has a high melting point.
Chapter 2 Q7 (b)(ii) When a metal atom becomes an ion.
(A) It loses electrons and is oxidised.
Chapter 2 Q8 (a) X metal valency2; Y non-metal valency3.
(i) X → X²■ + 2e■ ; Y + 3e■ → Y³■. (ii) Direct combination if Y is diatomic (Y■): 3X + Y■ → X■Y■. (iii) On
electrolysis of molten compound: X at cathode; Y at anode.
Chapter 2 Q8 (b) Match Column A and B.
1–(b) Ionic bond; 2–(c) Covalent and co■ordinate bond; 3–(a) Increases; 4–(d) Decreases.
Chapter 3 Q1 Name the following (a)-(d).
(a) Ammonium hydroxide solution (NH4OH) – basic but no metallic element. (b) Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) /
Potassium hydroxide (KOH) – strong alkali. (c) Nessler’s reagent (alkaline potassium mercuric iodide) solution. (d)
Aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)3 (with HCl forms AlCl3 which hydrolyses to give slightly acidic solution).
Chapter 3 Q2 Give one example: oxyacid, hydracid, monobasic, dibasic, tribasic acid, triacid base.
Oxyacid: H2SO4; Hydracid: HCl; Monobasic acid: HNO3; Dibasic acid: H2SO4 (or H2CO3); Tribasic acid: H3PO4;
Triacid base: Al(OH)3.
Chapter 3 Q3 Properties of H2SO4 choose A/B/C/D.
(i) Preparation of HCl gas → B (non■volatile acid). (ii) Copper sulphate from CuO → A (typical acid property). (iii)
Action on sulphur → C (oxidising agent).
Chapter 3 Q4 Explain (i) dilute HNO3 typical acid but not with metals (ii) conc HNO3 yellow on standing (iii)
all-glass apparatus for lab preparation.
(i) With metals, HNO3 acts as an oxidising acid; it usually does not liberate H2 gas, giving NO/NO2 instead. (ii) It
decomposes partially forming NO2 (brown); dissolves to give yellow colour. (iii) HNO3 vapours are highly
corrosive/oxidising and attack cork/rubber; therefore all■glass apparatus is used.
Chapter 3 Q5 (a) Equations (i)-(iii).
(i) 8NH3 + 3Cl2 → 6NH4Cl + N2 (excess NH3). (ii) Fe(OH)3 + 3HNO3 → Fe(NO3)3 + 3H2O. (iii) ZnO + 2NaOH →
Na2ZnO2 + H2O.
Chapter 3 Q5 (b) washing soda crystals in air; phenomenon.
They lose water of crystallisation and become powdery: efflorescence.
Chapter 3 Q6 (a) Match.
1–D; 2–B; 3–A; 4–C.
Chapter 3 Q6 (b) Match.
1–D; 2–A; 3–B; 4–C.
Chapter 3 Q7 Balanced equations (a)-(f).
Examples: (a) FeS + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2S. (b) Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2. (c) NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O. (d) NaCl
+ H2SO4(conc) → NaHSO4 + HCl↑. (e) Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2↑. (f) Na2SO3 + H2SO4 →
Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2↑.
Chapter 3 Q8 Balanced equations (i)-(v).
(i) Na2S2O3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + SO2↑ + S↓ + H2O. (ii) Ca(HCO3)2 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + 2CO2↑ + 2H2O. (iii)
Na2SO3 + H2SO4(dil) → Na2SO4 + SO2↑ + H2O. (iv) Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaCl → PbCl2↓ + 2NaNO3. (v) Zn + 2NaOH +
2H2O → Na2[Zn(OH)4] + H2↑.
Chapter 4 Q1 Salt gives pale green ppt with NaOH and white ppt with BaCl2.
B: Iron(II) sulphate.
Chapter 4 Q2 Hydroxide soluble in NaOH.
(B) Lead.
Chapter 4 Q3 Write equations (i) S heated with conc H2SO4 (ii) NH4Cl heated with NaOH.
(i) S + 2H2SO4(conc) → 3SO2 + 2H2O. (ii) NH4Cl + NaOH → NH3↑ + NaCl + H2O.
Chapter 4 Q4 (a) Observation: NaOH added to ZnSO4 in excess.
White gelatinous ppt of Zn(OH)2 forms, soluble in excess NaOH giving a colourless solution (sodium zincate).
Chapter 4 Q4 (b) Distinguish Zn2+ and Pb2+ using NH4OH.
Add NH4OH: Zn²■ gives white ppt of Zn(OH)2 soluble in excess NH4OH; Pb²■ gives white ppt of Pb(OH)2
insoluble in excess NH4OH.
Chapter 4 Q5 Observations + equations (i)-(iii).
(i) ZnSO4 + 2NaOH → Zn(OH)2↓ (white); in excess: Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH → Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O (or Na2[Zn(OH)4]).
(ii) CuSO4 + 2NH4OH → Cu(OH)2↓ (light blue); in excess NH4OH ppt dissolves forming deep blue complex
[Cu(NH3)4]SO4. (iii) AgNO3 + HCl → AgCl↓ (white); AgCl dissolves in excess NH4OH forming colourless
[Ag(NH3)2]Cl solution.
Chapter 4 Q6 One test to distinguish (i) ZnSO4 vs ZnCl2 (ii) FeCl2 vs FeCl3 (iii) Ca(NO3)2 vs ?
(i) Add BaCl2 then dil HCl: ZnSO4 gives white BaSO4 ppt insoluble in HCl; ZnCl2 no ppt. (ii) Add NH4OH/NaOH:
Fe²■ gives dirty green ppt turning brown; Fe³■ gives reddish brown ppt. (iii) For Ca²■ solution: add (NH4)2CO3:
white CaCO3 ppt; nitrate solution wording unclear—if comparing Ca(NO3)2 and NaNO3 then (NH4)2CO3 gives ppt
only with Ca²■.
Chapter 4 Q7 Observations (i)-(iv) in table.
(i) White ppt of BaSO4 insoluble in dil HCl. (ii) Reddish brown ppt of Fe(OH)3. (iii) Light blue ppt of Cu(OH)2. (iv)
White curdy ppt of AgCl insoluble in dil HNO3.
Chapter 4 Q8 Observations with NaOH little then excess; equations.
(i) FeCl3: reddish brown ppt Fe(OH)3 insoluble in excess. FeCl3+3NaOH→Fe(OH)3↓+3NaCl. (ii) Al2(SO4)3: white
gelatinous ppt Al(OH)3 soluble in excess forming sodium aluminate. Al2(SO4)3+6NaOH→2Al(OH)3↓+3Na2SO4;
Al(OH)3+NaOH→NaAlO2+2H2O. (iii) ZnSO4: white ppt Zn(OH)2 soluble in excess forming sodium zincate.
ZnSO4+2NaOH→Zn(OH)2↓+Na2SO4; Zn(OH)2+2NaOH→Na2ZnO2+2H2O. (iv) Pb(NO3)2: white ppt Pb(OH)2
soluble in excess. Pb(NO3)2+2NaOH→Pb(OH)2↓+2NaNO3; Pb(OH)2+2NaOH→Na2PbO2+2H2O. (v) CuSO4:
light blue ppt Cu(OH)2 insoluble in excess. CuSO4+2NaOH→Cu(OH)2↓+Na2SO4.
Chapter 4 Q9 (a) Tests to distinguish pairs (i)-(iii).
(i) Add NaOH: Zn²■ gives white ppt soluble in excess; Ca²■ gives white ppt insoluble in excess. (ii) Add AgNO3 +
dil HNO3: NaCl gives white curdy AgCl ppt; NaNO3 no ppt. (iii) Add NH4OH: FeCl3 gives reddish brown ppt; CuCl2
gives light blue ppt dissolving in excess to deep blue solution.
Chapter 4 Q9 (b) Observations (i)-(ii).
(i) Excess NH4OH to Pb(NO3)2: white ppt Pb(OH)2 insoluble in excess. (ii) NaOH to FeCl3: reddish brown ppt
Fe(OH)3 forms; insoluble in excess.
Chapter 4 Q10 (a) equations repeat.
(i) S + 2H2SO4(conc) → 3SO2 + 2H2O. (ii) NH4Cl + NaOH → NH3 + NaCl + H2O.
Chapter 4 Q10 (b) Match ions with ppt colours with NaOH.
Pb²■–B (white insoluble in excess); Fe²■–C (dirty green); Zn²■–D (white soluble in excess); Fe³■–A (reddish
brown); Cu²■–F (blue); Ca²■–E (white, remains).
Chapter 5 Q1 Gas law relating volume to number of molecules.
(a) Avogadro’s Law.
Chapter 5 Q2 Relative molecular mass of (NH4)2[PtCl6].
Mr = 2(NH4)=2(14+4)=36; Pt=195; Cl6=6×35.5=213; Total = 36+195+213 = 444.
Chapter 5 Q3 Octane combustion questions + empirical formula.
Given: 2C8H18 +25O2→16CO2+18H2O. (i) 1 mol octane gives 8 mol CO2. (ii) Volume at STP = 8×22.4 = 179.2 L.
(iii) 2 mol octane produces 16 mol CO2; mass = 16×44 = 704 g. Empirical formula of octane: C8H18 simplifies by 2
→ C4H9.
Chapter 5 Q4 Correct statements (i)-(v).
(i) Molten lead bromide conducts electricity. (ii) Copper reacts with concentrated nitric acid to produce nitrogen
dioxide. (iii) Haematite is the chief ore of iron. (iv) Equal volumes of all gases under identical conditions contain the
same number of molecules. (v) Hydrochloric acid is prepared by passing hydrogen chloride gas into water.
Chapter 5 Q5 (a) Vapour density 94; % composition → molecular formula.
Vapour density 94 ⇒ molar mass = 2×94 =188. %: C 12.67/12=1.056; H 2.13/1=2.13; Br 85.11/80=1.064. Divide by
1.056 ⇒ C1 H2 Br1 approx → empirical formula CH2Br (mass 94). Molecular mass 188 =2×94 so formula =
C2H4Br2.
Chapter 5 Q5 (b) Mass of (i) 10^22 atoms S (ii) 0.1 mol CO2.
(i) Moles = 10^22 /(6×10^23)=1/60=0.01667 mol. Mass=0.01667×32=0.533 g (approx). (ii) 0.1 mol CO2 mass
=0.1×44=4.4 g.
Chapter 5 Q6 4.5 mol CaCO3 with dil HCl.
(i) CaCO3 +2HCl→CaCl2+CO2+H2O. (ii) Mass=4.5×100=450 g. (iii) CO2 moles=4.5; volume=4.5×22.4=100.8 L.
(iv) CaCl2 moles=4.5; mass=4.5×111=499.5 g. (v) HCl moles=2×4.5=9 mol.
Chapter 5 Q7 (i) Nitrogen molecules 24×10^24.
Moles = (24×10^24)/(6×10^23)=40 mol. Mass of N2 =40×28=1120 g. Volume at STP=40×22.4=896 dm³.
Chapter 5 Q7 (ii) % NaCl in 30 g impure NaOH; AgCl ppt 14.3 g.
Moles AgCl=14.3/143=0.1 mol ⇒ NaCl=0.1 mol. Mass NaCl=0.1×58=5.8 g. %NaCl=5.8/30×100=19.33%.
Chapter 5 Q7 (iii) gas X 100 cm3 at STP weighs 0.5 g; find Mr.
At STP 22400 cm³ = 1 mol. Moles in 100 cm³ =100/22400=0.004464. Mr = mass/moles =0.5/0.004464 ≈112.
Chapter 6 Q1 Correct statement: Cations migrate during electrolysis.
Cations migrate towards the cathode during electrolysis.
Chapter 6 Q2 Electrolysis of molten lead bromide: correct option.
(d) Lead is deposited at the cathode.
Chapter 6 Q3 Complete and balance (i)-(iii).
(i) 4H■ + 4e■ → 2H2. (ii) Cl■ − 1e■ → Cl (or Cl•); overall 2Cl■ −2e■ → Cl2. (iii) CH3COOH ■ CH3COO■ + H■.
Chapter 6 Q4 Reasons for bulb glow: NaCl bright, acetic acid dim, sugar no glow.
NaCl is strong electrolyte → many ions → high conductivity (bright). Acetic acid is weak electrolyte → partial
ionisation → few ions (dim). Sugar is non■electrolyte → no ions → no conduction (no glow).
Chapter 6 Q5 Nickel electroplating key chain.
Electrolyte: nickel sulphate solution (often NiSO4 with a little H2SO4). Cathode: key chain (article). Anode: pure
nickel plate. Cathode reaction: Ni²■ + 2e■ → Ni (deposited). Anode reaction: Ni → Ni²■ + 2e■.
Chapter 6 Q6 Silver plating using sodium argentocyanide.
(i) Complex salt. (ii) Gives controlled low Ag■ concentration → smooth, even deposit; AgNO3 gives rapid uneven
deposition. (iii) Use low current density/slow electrolysis and keep electrolyte clean. (iv) Cathode: [Ag(CN)2]■ + e■
→ Ag + 2CN■. (v) Anode: Ag → Ag■ + e■ (Ag■ combines with CN■ to reform complex).
Chapter 6 Q7 (a) Conductivity CuSO4 solution vs copper metal.
Cu metal conducts by free electrons (electronic conduction); CuSO4 solution conducts by movement of ions (ionic
conduction) and decomposes during electrolysis.
Chapter 6 Q7 (b) Electrolysis CuSO4 with Pt cathode and C anode.
(i) Cathode: reddish-brown Cu deposited. Anode: bubbles of O2 at carbon anode. (ii) Blue colour of electrolyte fades
(Cu²■ decreases; becomes acidic). (iii) Cathode: Cu²■ +2e■→Cu. Anode: 2H2O → O2 +4H■ +4e■.
Chapter 6 Q8 MCQ select from brackets.
(i) Cu²■. (ii) Pt. (iii) OH■ (inert electrodes: O2 at anode from OH■/water). (iv) H■. (v) Ag.
Chapter 7 Q1 Observation when CO passed over heated CuO.
Black CuO is reduced to reddish-brown copper and CO is oxidised to CO2.
Chapter 7 Q2 Property utilised: zinc in galvanisation; aluminium in thermite welding.
Galvanisation: zinc is more reactive than iron and forms protective coating (prevents rusting). Thermite welding:
aluminium has strong affinity for oxygen; highly exothermic reduction of metal oxides.
Chapter 7 Q3 Metallic oxide cannot be reduced by normal reducing agents.
(A) Magnesium oxide.
Chapter 7 Q4 Odd one out with reason.
(i) Iodine is odd: it is a halogen; others are non-metals of group 14/15/16 forming covalent networks. (ii) Zinc is odd:
it is more reactive metal (above H in reactivity series) whereas Cu, Pb, Hg are less reactive/heavy metals.
Chapter 7 Q5 Hoopes process refining Al: identify electrodes, electrolyte, cathode material.
(i) Upper layer A (pure Al) is cathode; lower layer B (impure Al) is anode. (ii) Electrolyte: fused mixture of aluminium
fluoride (AlF3), sodium fluoride (NaF) and barium fluoride (BaF2). (iii) Cathode material: pure aluminium
layer/graphite lining acts as cathode collector.
Chapter 7 Q6 Match alloys.
(i) Brass (B). (ii) Duralumin (A). (iii) Stainless steel (D). (iv) Solder (E). (v) Bronze (C).
Chapter 7 Q7 (i)-(v).
(i) Aluminium. (ii) Calcination: heating ore in limited/no air; Roasting: heating sulphide ore in excess air. (iii) Froth
flotation process. (iv) Iron ore: haematite Fe2O3; Aluminium ore: bauxite Al2O3·2H2O. (v) Electrolyte constituents:
alumina (Al2O3) dissolved in molten cryolite (Na3AlF6) with fluorspar (CaF2).
Chapter 7 Q8 (a) Any two metals (i)-(iii).
(i) Aluminium (in cryolite other than sodium). (ii) Gold (or platinum) unaffected by acids. (iii) Sodium (period 3 group
1).
Chapter 7 Q8 (b) Extraction of aluminium questions.
(i) Caustic alkali (NaOH) converts amphoteric Al2O3 in bauxite to soluble sodium aluminate, separating impurities.
(ii) Al2O3 + 2NaOH → 2NaAlO2 + H2O. (iii) Fluorspar (CaF2) is added: lowers melting point and increases
conductivity/ fluidity of electrolyte.
Chapter 8 Q1 Test to distinguish MnO2 and CuO.
Add conc HCl and warm: MnO2 liberates chlorine gas (greenish-yellow, bleaching); CuO does not.
Chapter 8 Q2 Correct statement for aqua regia composition.
Aqua regia contains one part by volume of concentrated nitric acid and three parts by volume of concentrated
hydrochloric acid.
Chapter 8 Q3 Equations (i)-(iv).
(i) Na2S2O3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + SO2 + S + H2O. (ii) Pb(NO3)2 + 2HCl → PbCl2↓ + 2HNO3. (iii) 2KMnO4 +
16HCl(conc) → 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 8H2O + 5Cl2↑. (iv) AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl↓ + NaNO3.
Chapter 8 Q4 MnO2, PbO2, Pb3O4 with conc HCl liberate Cl2.
(i) They act as oxidising agents (oxidise Cl■ to Cl2). (ii) Pb3O4 + 8HCl → 3PbCl2 + Cl2 + 4H2O. (iii) Add an
oxidising agent such as manganese dioxide (MnO2) or potassium permanganate to bleaching powder to obtain
chlorine.
Chapter 8 Q5 (i)-(iii).
(i) Conc H2SO4 is a non■volatile acid. (ii) HCl is heavier than air (high density). (iii) HCl is highly soluble in water.
Chapter 8 Q6 (i)-(iii) diagram experiment.
(i) Fountain experiment. (ii) High solubility of HCl gas in water. (iii) Water becomes blue (if blue litmus used) / red (if
indicator used); generally it turns acidic (blue litmus turns red).
Chapter 8 Q7 (a)-(d).
(a) Add conc H2SO4 to NaCl: NaCl + H2SO4(conc) → NaHSO4 + HCl↑. (b) White fumes of ammonium chloride
form: NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl. (c)(i) Fountain experiment. (ii) Tests: (1) with Zn → H2 gas; (2) with Na2CO3 → CO2;
(3) with base like NaOH → salt+water (neutralisation) / turns blue litmus red. (d)(i) Pb(NO3)2 + 2HCl → PbCl2↓ +
2HNO3. (ii) MnO2 + 4HCl(conc) → MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2.
Chapter 8 Q8 Lab preparation of HCl: (i)-(v).
(i) A: conc sulphuric acid; use: acts as non■volatile acid to liberate HCl from NaCl. (ii) Collected by downward
delivery (upward displacement of air). (iii) NaCl + H2SO4(conc) → NaHSO4 + HCl. (iv) Above 200°C, Na2SO4
forms and hard mass/side reactions reduce yield. (v) From substance B (NaHSO4/NaCl?) prepare HCl by heating
with conc H2SO4 (or react NaCl with conc H2SO4).
Chapter 9 Q1 Equation: ammonia and oxygen with catalyst.
4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O (Pt catalyst).
Chapter 9 Q2 Observation: excess NH3 through Pb(NO3)2 solution.
White ppt of lead(II) hydroxide forms, insoluble in excess ammonia.
Chapter 9 Q3 Equations for formation of ammonia.
(a) 2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 → 2NH3 + CaCl2 + 2H2O. (b) AlN + 3H2O → Al(OH)3 + NH3.
Chapter 9 Q4 (a) Name gas oxidised to sulphur; (b) equation Mg3N2 with warm water.
(a) Hydrogen sulphide gas. (b) Mg3N2 + 6H2O → 3Mg(OH)2 + 2NH3.
Chapter 9 Q5 NH3 passed over (a) CuO (b) PbO (c) excess Cl2.
(a) CuO reduced to Cu (reddish-brown); water formed: 3CuO + 2NH3 → 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O. (b) PbO reduced to Pb:
3PbO + 2NH3 → 3Pb + N2 + 3H2O. (c) With excess chlorine: nitrogen trichloride (yellow oily liquid) and HCl: NH3 +
3Cl2 → NCl3 + 3HCl.
Chapter 9 Q6 Lab prep of ammonia (i)-(iv).
(i) NH4NO3 decomposes on heating producing N2O/ explosive—unsafe. (ii) Drying agent: quicklime (CaO). (iii)
Collected by downward displacement of air (upward delivery). (iv) Very soluble in water.
Chapter 9 Q7 Fill blanks (i)-(v).
(i) ammonia (ii) alkaline (iii) ammonium (iv) hydroxyl (v) dirty green.
Chapter 9 Q8 Manufacture of ammonia.
(i) Haber process. (ii) N2:H2 = 1:3. (iii) Finely divided iron (with promoters). (iv) N2 + 3H2 ■ 2NH3. (v) Example
reducing action: 3CuO + 2NH3 → 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O.
Chapter 10 Q1 (a) process for manufacture of HNO3 (b) raw materials.
(a) Ostwald process. (b) Ammonia, air (oxygen), water.
Chapter 10 Q2 (a) S with hot conc HNO3 (b) Cu with dil HNO3.
(a) S + 6HNO3(conc, hot) → H2SO4 + 6NO2 + 2H2O. (b) 3Cu + 8HNO3(dil) → 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O.
Chapter 10 Q3 Prepare from nitric acid: sodium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, lead nitrate.
Neutralisation: (a) NaOH + HNO3 → NaNO3 + H2O. (b) MgO/Mg(OH)2 + 2HNO3 → Mg(NO3)2 + H2O (balanced:
MgO+2HNO3→Mg(NO3)2+H2O). (c) PbO/PbCO3 + 2HNO3 → Pb(NO3)2 + H2O (+CO2 if carbonate).
Chapter 10 Q4 Correct statements.
(a) Correct. (b) Nitric acid turns yellow/brown on exposure to light (due to NO2). (c) NaNO3 on heating gives NaNO2
and O2 (not NO2).
Chapter 10 Q5 (a)-(d).
(a) All■glass apparatus with receiver kept in cold water (and no cork joints). (b) KNO3 + H2SO4(conc) → KHSO4 +
HNO3. (c) Neutralisation (acid-base) reaction. (d) Oxygen: 2KNO3 → 2KNO2 + O2.
Chapter 10 Q6 Brown ring test explanations + brown ring formula.
(a)(i) Fresh FeSO4 provides Fe²■ ions which form complex with NO. (ii) Disturbing mixes layers, complex
decomposes/diffuses and ring disappears. (iii) Pb(NO3)2 is sparingly soluble and lead(II) forms PbSO4 precipitate
interfering. (b) Brown ring: nitrosyl ferrous sulphate, [Fe(H2O)5(NO)]SO4.
Chapter 10 Q7 Name (a)-(e).
(a) Ferrous sulphate solution. (b) Sodium nitrate / potassium nitrate (alkali metal nitrates except Li). (c) Copper
nitrate / lead nitrate (gives metal oxide). (d) Silver nitrate / mercury nitrate (gives metal). (e) Ammonium nitrate (no
residue).
Chapter 10 Q8 (a) source of NH3; (b) examples with equations.
(a) From Haber process (synthetic ammonia) or from fractional distillation of liquid ammonia. (b)(i) NaNO3:
2NaNO3→2NaNO2+O2. (ii) NH4NO3→N2O+2H2O (no residue). (iii) 2Pb(NO3)2→2PbO+4NO2+O2. (iv)
2AgNO3→2Ag+2NO2+O2.
Chapter 11 Q1 Equations.
(i) KHCO3 + H2SO4(dil) → KHSO4 + CO2 + H2O. (ii) NaNO3 + H2SO4(conc) → NaHSO4 + HNO3.
Chapter 11 Q2 (i) conc H2SO4 on blue vitriol; (ii) how dilute acid made.
(i) Blue CuSO4·5H2O turns white as it loses water forming anhydrous CuSO4. (ii) Add acid to water slowly with
stirring (never water to acid).
Chapter 11 Q3 Equations showing properties of conc H2SO4.
(i) Affinity for water (dehydrating): CuSO4·5H2O + conc H2SO4 → CuSO4 (white) + 5H2O (absorbed). (ii) Oxidising
agent: Cu + 2H2SO4(conc) → CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O. (iii) Least volatile/non■volatile: NaCl + H2SO4(conc) →
NaHSO4 + HCl↑.
Chapter 11 Q4 Contact process table.
Inputs: SO2 + O2; Catalyst: V2O5 (vanadium(V) oxide); Catalysed reaction: 2SO2 + O2 ■ 2SO3; Output: H2SO4
(sulphuric acid).
Chapter 11 Q5 Identify property A/B/C/D for reactions (i)-(iv).
(i) B Dehydrating agent. (ii) D Oxidising agent. (iii) C Non■volatile acid. (iv) A Acid property.
Chapter 11 Q6 Property used + equations (i)-(iv).
(i) Non■volatile acid: NaCl + H2SO4(conc)→NaHSO4+HCl. (ii) Dehydrating agent: HCOOH → CO + H2O (conc
H2SO4). (iii) Acid property (liberates H2): Mg + H2SO4(dil) → MgSO4 + H2. (iv) Oxidising agent: Cu +
2H2SO4(conc) → CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O.
Chapter 11 Q7 (a) Convert HCl to anhydrous FeCl3.
Steps: (1) Oxidise HCl with MnO2 to chlorine: MnO2+4HCl→MnCl2+2H2O+Cl2. (2) Pass dry Cl2 over heated iron:
2Fe+3Cl2→2FeCl3. (Dry product to get anhydrous FeCl3.)
Chapter 11 Q7 (b)(i)-(iii).
(i) Convert PbCO3 to PbO by heating; then treat with HCl to get PbCl2. Equations: PbCO3→PbO+CO2;
PbO+2HCl→PbCl2+H2O. (ii) Lead nitrate Pb(NO3)2 (soluble); on heating: 2Pb(NO3)2→2PbO+4NO2+O2. (iii)
KNO3 + H2SO4(conc) → KHSO4 + HNO3.
Chapter 11 Q8 Hot conc H2SO4 with (i)-(vii).
(i) CuSO4·5H2O → white anhydrous CuSO4 +5H2O. (ii) Oxalic acid decomposes: (COOH)2 → CO + CO2 + H2O
(conc H2SO4). (iii) Formic acid: HCOOH → CO + H2O (conc H2SO4). (iv) With NaOH neutralisation: 2NaOH +
H2SO4 → Na2SO4 +2H2O. (v) Sugar dehydrated to carbon: C12H22O11 → 12C +11H2O. (vi) Carbon: C
+2H2SO4(conc) → CO2 +2SO2 +2H2O. (vii) Sulphur: S +2H2SO4(conc) → 3SO2 +2H2O.
Chapter 12 Q1 (i) Structural formula of ethene.
H2C=CH2
Chapter 12 Q1 (ii) Feature allowing reaction with chlorine.
Presence of a carbon–carbon double bond (unsaturation) which undergoes addition reactions.
Chapter 12 Q2 Equations (a) acetic acid from ethane (b) acetylene from CaC2.
(a) C2H6 + 2O2 → CH3COOH + H2O (controlled oxidation) (or via ethanol). (b) CaC2 + 2H2O → C2H2 + Ca(OH)2.
Chapter 12 Q3 (a)-(c).
(a) Ethanol. (b) Pure acetic acid freezes at 16.6°C forming ice-like crystals hence ‘glacial’. (c) CH3COOH +
C2H5OH ■ CH3COOC2H5 + H2O (esterification).
Chapter 12 Q4 IUPAC names.
(i) CH3CH2COCH2CH2CH3 = hexan-3-one. (ii) Structure shown: CH3–C(Br)(CHO)–CH2–CH3 has aldehyde as
principal group → 2-bromo-2-methylbutanal? Wait: actually central carbon attached to CH3, Br, CHO, CH2CH3:
parent chain including CHO: CHO- C(-Br)(-CH3)-CH2-CH3 = 2-bromo-2-methylbutanal. (iii) Structure:
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH(CH3)-COOH = 2-methylpentanoic acid.
Chapter 12 Q5 Name compound from reactions.
(i) C2H5COONa + NaOH → C2H6 + Na2CO3 (soda lime decarboxylation) so product ethane. (ii) CO2 + 2H2 (ZnO
catalyst)→ HCOOH (formic acid). (iii) CaC2 +2H2O → C2H2 (ethyne). (iv) C2H5Br + KOH(aq) → C2H5OH
(ethanol).
Chapter 12 Q6 Choose compound.
(i) Ethyne. (ii) Acetic acid. (iii) Ethene. (iv) Ethanol.
Chapter 12 Q7 (a) Define catenation (b) equations preparations.
(a) Ability of carbon atoms to bond with each other forming chains/rings. (b)(i) C2H5COONa + NaOH → C2H6 +
Na2CO3. (ii) 2CH3I + 2Na → C2H6 + 2NaI (Wurtz). (iii) CaC2 +2H2O→C2H2+Ca(OH)2. (iv) CH3I + KOH(aq) →
CH3OH + KI.
Chapter 12 Q8 Complete reactions (i)-(v).
(i) C2H5OH --conc H2SO4, 170°C→ C2H4 + H2O. (ii) CH3COCH3 --LiAlH4→ CH3CH(OH)CH3 (propan-2-ol). (iii)
C2H5OH + PCl5 → C2H5Cl + POCl3 + HCl. (iv) CH3Br + Ag2O + H2O (boil) → CH3OH + 2AgBr. (v) C2H6
--SiO2/Al2O3, ∆→ C2H4 + H2.