6/22/25, 6:48 PM Unit 3 – SELECT, WHERE, AND, OR, IN, LIKE, BETWEEN (Deep + Hinglish + SQL Server)
UNIT 2 INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
What is the difference between CHAR and VARCHAR?
Which datatype is used for Boolean in SQL Server? (✅ BIT)
What is IDENTITY in SQL Server?
Can a column have multiple constraints? (✅ Yes)
What is the purpose of CHECK constraint?
What is the syntax to create a table with default values?
What is the difference between PRIMARY KEY and UNIQUE?
How to create foreign key relationships?
How to drop a constraint in SQL Server?
What’s the difference between ALTER COLUMN and MODIFY?
1. CHAR aur VARCHAR mein kya difference hai?
CHAR: Ye fixed-length ka datatype hai. Matlab, agar tumne CHAR(10) define kiya aur 'ABC' store
kiya, toh bhi 10 bytes lega, baaki space ko spaces se fill karke.
Kab use karna? Jab data ka size fixed ho, jaise codes (e.g., 'XYZ123').
Example:
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DECLARE @CharExample CHAR(5) = 'ABC';SELECT @CharExample; -- Output: 'ABC ' (spaces
padded)
VARCHAR: Ye variable-length ka datatype hai. Sirf utna hi space leta hai jitna data hai, plus 2
bytes metadata ke liye.
Kab use karna? Jab data ka size alag-alag ho, jaise names ya descriptions.
Example:
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DECLARE @VarcharExample VARCHAR(5) = 'ABC';SELECT @VarcharExample; -- Output: 'ABC'
(no extra spaces)
Fark: CHAR fixed hai, zyada space khata hai; VARCHAR flexible hai, space bachata hai lekin
thoda slow ho sakta hai.
1. SQL Server mein Boolean ke liye kaunsa datatype use hota hai?
BIT datatype use hota hai Boolean ke liye.
Details:
Ye 0 (False), 1 (True), ya NULL store karta hai.
Ek BIT column 1 bit ka hota hai, lekin SQL Server isse 1 byte mein align karta hai agar akela
ho.
Agar multiple BIT columns hain, toh woh ek byte mein pack ho jaate hain (8 BIT = 1 byte).
Kab use karna? Flags ke liye, jaise IsActive ya IsDeleted.
Example:
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CREATE TABLE Employees ( ID INT, IsActive BIT);INSERT INTO Employees (ID, IsActive)
VALUES (1, 1), (2, 0);SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE IsActive = 1; -- True wale rows
aayenge
1. SQL Server mein IDENTITY kya hota hai?
IDENTITY ek property hai jo column ke liye auto-incrementing numbers banati hai, jaise primary
key ke liye.
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Details:
Syntax: IDENTITY(seed, increment) – seed starting value hai, increment step hai.
Aam taur pe INT ya BIGINT ke saath use hota hai.
Insert karte waqt ye apne aap unique values daal deta hai.
Direct update nahi kar sakte, lekin SET IDENTITY_INSERT se manually daal sakte ho (rare
case).
Example:
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CREATE TABLE Orders ( OrderID INT IDENTITY(1,1) PRIMARY KEY, OrderDate DATE);INSERT
INTO Orders (OrderDate) VALUES ('2025-06-16');SELECT * FROM Orders; -- OrderID 1
hoga, khud se generate hua
Dhyan de: Agar rows delete ya rollback hote hain, toh IDENTITY mein gaps aa sakte hain.
1. Ek column pe multiple constraints lag sakte hain kya?
Haan, ek column pe multiple constraints laga sakte ho, lekin kuch limitations hain.
Details:
Common constraints: PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, UNIQUE, CHECK, NOT NULL,
DEFAULT.
Ek column pe NOT NULL, CHECK, aur DEFAULT saath mein laga sakte ho, lekin
PRIMARY KEY aur UNIQUE ek saath nahi.
Example:
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CREATE TABLE Students ( StudentID INT PRIMARY KEY, Age INT NOT NULL CHECK (Age >=
18) DEFAULT 18);
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Yahan Age pe NOT NULL, CHECK, aur DEFAULT hain.
Limit: Ek column pe ek hi PRIMARY KEY ya UNIQUE ho sakta hai.
1. CHECK constraint ka purpose kya hai?
CHECK constraint column ke values pe condition lagata hai, taaki data sahi rahe.
Details:
Insert ya Update ke waqt condition check hoti hai, jo TRUE ya NULL honi chahiye.
Ek ya multiple columns pe laga sakte ho.
Kab use karna? Jab specific values chahiye, jaise Age >= 18 ya Salary positive.
Example:
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CREATE TABLE Employees ( ID INT, Salary DECIMAL(10,2) CHECK (Salary > 0));INSERT
INTO Employees (ID, Salary) VALUES (1, 5000); -- Kaam karegaINSERT INTO Employees
(ID, Salary) VALUES (2, -100); -- Fail hoga
Note: SQL Server mein CHECK constraint sirf same table ke columns ko refer kar sakta hai,
subqueries nahi.
1. Default values ke saath table create karne ka syntax kya hai?
DEFAULT constraint se column ke liye default value set karte hain, agar Insert mein value na diya
jaye.
Syntax:
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CREATE TABLE table_name ( column_name datatype DEFAULT default_value, ...);
Example:
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CREATE TABLE Customers ( CustomerID INT PRIMARY KEY, Country VARCHAR(50) DEFAULT 'India',
CreatedDate DATE DEFAULT GETDATE());INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerID) VALUES (1); --
Country='India', CreatedDate=abhi ka dateSELECT * FROM Customers;
Details:
Default tab lagta hai jab column ko skip karo ya DEFAULT explicitly likho.
Default mein literals (jaise 'Unknown'), functions (jaise GETDATE()), ya expressions daal
sakte ho.
1. PRIMARY KEY aur UNIQUE mein kya fark hai?
PRIMARY KEY:
Column (ya columns ka group) ke liye uniqueness ensure karta hai.
NOT NULL hota hai, NULL nahi allowed.
Ek table mein sirf ek PRIMARY KEY ho sakta hai.
By default clustered index banata hai.
Row ko uniquely identify karne ke liye use hota hai.
Example:
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CREATE TABLE Employees ( EmployeeID INT PRIMARY KEY, Name VARCHAR(50));
UNIQUE:
Uniqueness ensure karta hai, lekin ek NULL value allow karta hai (SQL Server mein).
Ek table mein multiple UNIQUE constraints ho sakte hain.
By default non-clustered index banata hai.
Alternate keys ya unique fields (jaise Email) ke liye use hota hai.
Example:
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CREATE TABLE Employees ( EmployeeID INT PRIMARY KEY, Email VARCHAR(100) UNIQUE);
Fark:
PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL hai; UNIQUE ek NULL allow karta hai.
Ek PRIMARY KEY per table; multiple UNIQUE allowed.
PRIMARY KEY main identifier hai; UNIQUE secondary fields ke liye.
1. Foreign key relationship kaise create karte hain?
FOREIGN KEY ek table ke column ko doosre table ke PRIMARY KEY ya UNIQUE column se
link karta hai, taaki data consistent rahe.
Syntax:
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CREATE TABLE child_table ( column_name datatype, CONSTRAINT fk_name FOREIGN KEY
(column_name) REFERENCES parent_table(parent_column));
Example:
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CREATE TABLE Departments ( DeptID INT PRIMARY KEY, DeptName VARCHAR(50));CREATE TABLE
Employees ( EmpID INT PRIMARY KEY, DeptID INT, CONSTRAINT FK_Dept FOREIGN KEY (DeptID)
REFERENCES Departments(DeptID));
Details:
Ye ensure karta hai ki Employees mein DeptID wahi ho jo Departments mein hai.
Departments ka row delete nahi kar sakte agar Employees mein uska reference ho (jab tak ON
DELETE CASCADE na use ho).
ON DELETE ya ON UPDATE actions daal sakte ho (jaise CASCADE, SET NULL).
Cascade Example:
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CONSTRAINT FK_Dept FOREIGN KEY (DeptID) REFERENCES Departments(DeptID) ON DELETE
CASCADE;
1. SQL Server mein constraint kaise drop karte hain?
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ALTER TABLE aur DROP CONSTRAINT se constraint hata sakte ho.
Syntax:
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ALTER TABLE table_nameDROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name;
Example:
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ALTER TABLE EmployeesDROP CONSTRAINT FK_Dept;
Details:
Constraint ka naam pata hona chahiye (agar nahi pata, toh sp_help 'table_name' se check
karo).
Common constraints jo drop kar sakte ho: FOREIGN KEY, CHECK, UNIQUE, DEFAULT.
Note: PRIMARY KEY drop nahi kar sakte agar uska FOREIGN KEY reference ho, pehle
FOREIGN KEY drop karo.
1. ALTER COLUMN aur MODIFY mein kya difference hai?
SQL Server mein ALTER COLUMN use hota hai, MODIFY nahi.
ALTER COLUMN: Column ka datatype, size, ya NULL/NOT NULL property change karne ke liye.
Syntax:
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ALTER TABLE table_nameALTER COLUMN column_name new_datatype;
Example:
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ALTER TABLE StudentsALTER COLUMN Name VARCHAR(100);
Details:
Datatype change kar sakte ho (jaise VARCHAR(50) to VARCHAR(100)), lekin data
compatible hona chahiye.
NOT NULL add ya remove kar sakte ho.
Column ka naam change nahi kar sakta (uske liye sp_rename use karo).
Limit: Agar column constraint ya index ka part hai, toh pehle woh drop karo.
MODIFY: SQL Server mein nahi hota, ye MySQL ya Oracle mein use hota hai.
MySQL mein: ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY COLUMN column_name new_datatype;.
Fark: SQL Server mein ALTER COLUMN, MySQL mein MODIFY. Kaam same hai (datatype
change), syntax alag hai.
MySQL Example (just for reference):
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ALTER TABLE Students MODIFY COLUMN Name VARCHAR(100);
Dhyan de: Column alter karte waqt data loss se bachne ke liye check karo (jaise VARCHAR ko INT mein
convert karne se error aa sakta hai).
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