Human Rights and Teacher Training

(S.P. Mullick, C.J. Malhotra)

A Comparative Study of Fundamental Rights and Universal Declaration of

Human Rights

NAME OF THE EQUIVALENT/NEAR EQUIVALENT/ NEAR

FUNDAMENTAL COMPARABLE COMPARABLE ARTICLES
RIGHT AND ARTICLES IN IN INTERNATIONAL
ARTICLE IN THE UNIVERSAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND
INDIAN DECLARATION OF POLITICAL RIGHTS, 1966
CONSTITUTION HUMAN RIGHTS, 1948
Article 14: The State Article 7: All are equal before Article 14(1): All persons shall
shall not deny to any the law and are entitled be equal before the courts and
person equality before without any discrimination to tribunals. In the determination of
the law or the equal equal protection of the law. any criminal charge against him,
protection of the laws All are entitled to equal or of his rights and obligations in
within the territory of protection against any a suit at law, everyone shall be
India discrimination in violation of entitled to a fair and public
this Declaration and against hearing by a competent,
any incitement to such independent and impartial
discrimination. tribunal established by law. The
press and the public may be
excluded from all or part of a
trial for reasons of morals, public
order (order public) or national
security in a democratic society,
or when the interest of the
private lives of the parties so

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 requires, or to the extent strictly
necessary in the opinion of the
court in special circumstances
where publicity would prejudice
the interests of justice; but any
judgment rendered in a criminal
case or in a suit at law shall be
made public except where the
interest of juvenile persons
otherwise requires or the
proceedings concern
matrimonial disputes or the
guardianship of children.
Article 15(1): The Article 2: Everyone is entitled Article 2: Everyone is entitled to
State shall not to all the rights and freedoms all the rights and freedoms set
discriminate against set forth in this Declaration, forth in this Declaration, without
any citizen on grounds without distinction of any
only of religion, race, distinction of any kind, such kind, such as race, colour, sex,
caste, sex, place of as race, colour, sex, language, language, religion, political or
birth or any of them. religion, political or other other opinion, national or social
opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other
origin, property, birth or other status.
status.
Article 16(1): Article 23 (1): Everyone has Article 25: Every citizen shall
There shall be equality the right to work, to free have the right and the
of opportunity for all choice of employment, to just opportunity, without any of the
citizens in matters and favourable conditions of distinctions mentioned in article
relating to work and to protection 2 and without unreasonable

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employment or against restrictions.
appointment to any unemployment To have access, on general terms
office under the State. of equality, to public service in
his country.
Freedom of Article 19: Everyone has the Article 19: (1) Everyone shall
speech and right to freedom of opinion have the right to hold opinions
expression- 19 (1) and expression; this right without interference.
(a) All citizens shall includes freedom to hold 2. Everyone shall have the right
have the right to opinions without interference to freedom of expression; this
freedom of speech and and to seek, receive and right shall
expression. impart information and ideas include freedom to seek, receive
through any media and and impart information and ideas
regardless of frontiers. of all
kinds, regardless of frontiers,
either orally, in writing or in
print, in the form of art, or
through any other media of
his choice.
Article 19 (1)(b): Article 20: Article 21: The right of peaceful
All citizens shall 1. Everyone has the right to assembly shall be recognized.
have the right to freedom of peaceful assembly No restrictions may be placed on
assemble peaceably and association. the exercise of this right other
and without arms. 2. No one may be compelled than those
to belong to an association. imposed in conformity with the
law and which are necessary in a
democratic society in the
interests of national security or
public safety, public order (order

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 public), the protection of public
health or morals or the protection
of the rights and freedoms of
others.

Art. 19 (1) (c): All Article 19: Everyone has the Article 19: (1) Everyone shall
citizens shall have the right to freedom of opinion have the right to hold opinions
right to form and expression; this right without interference.
associations or unions. includes freedom to hold 2. Everyone shall have the right
opinions without interference to freedom of expression; this
and to seek, receive and right shall include freedom to
impart information and ideas seek, receive and impart
through any media and information and ideas of all
regardless of frontiers. kinds, regardless of frontiers,
either orally, in writing or in
print, in the form of art, or
through any other media of his
choice.
Article 19 (1)(b): Article 20: Article 21: The right of peaceful
All citizens shall 1. Everyone has the right to assembly shall be recognized.
have the right to freedom of peaceful assembly No restrictions may be placed on
assemble and association. the exercise of this right other
peaceably and 2. No one may be compelled than those
without arms. to belong to an association. imposed in conformity with the
law and which are necessary in a
democratic society in the
interests of national security or
public safety, public order public

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