| | | | | | | | Q5. A ns. Q6. Ans. Q7. Ans. Qs. Qs. Ans. Q10. Ans, Qu. Ans. Qi. Ans. Q13. ‘ CS I PS I Q.15. Write a relation between the velocity of ‘What is vibrated to produce sound in: (ii) an organ pipe? (ii) Air column (i) aviolin? (i) String ‘What is the audible range of frequencies? From 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz On which factors does the natural period of vibration of a body depend? Te depends on the shape and size of the body. What is meant by the natural frequency of vibration of a body? .. Natural frequency means the number of vibrations executed by a freely vibrating body in 1 second. Name one factor on which the frequency of sound emitted due to vibration in air column depends. Ie depends on the length of the air column. ‘What jis sonar? State its uses. Soffar stands for sound navigation and ranging, It is used to find the depth of seas, submarines, etc. : ‘Name the subjective property of sound related to its frequency. The subjective property of sound related to its frequency is pitch. Name the method which enables to locate underwater objects by transmitting ultrasonic waves and detecting the reflecting, impulse, Sonar State one factor that determines the quality of a musical note. The quality of a musical note depends on ; the waveform. Name two mammals which rely on echoes. pee se dolphins : Ans. Sound of a whistle ee er er oer ee oe ee d= LX+., where dis the distance between How is the speed of sound in air affected '. What is the term that describes how Ie is pitch. sound, distance of source of sound from reflecting body and time for hearing an echo. source of sound and the reflecting body, vi the velocity of sound and tis the time of hearing echo. when the following parameters change? (each of 1 mark) (i) Wavelength of a sound wave increases (ii) Pressure of air increases (iii) Temperature of air falls (iv) Humidity in air increases (v) Amplitude of sound wave decreases (vi) Frequency of sound wave decreases (i) There is no change in the speed of sound. (ii) The speed of sound does not change. (iii) It is noticed that with every 1°C rise in temperature the speed of sound increases by 0.6 m s and vice versa. (iv) The speed of sound increases. (¥) There is no change in the speed of sound. (vi) There is no change in the speed of * | soiind: * | the brain interprets the frequency of a sound called? Which has a higher pitch— the'sound of a whistle or that of a drum? @ Scanned with OKEN ScannerH Q2- Define wave velocigy and state it unit, Ans. The distance covered by a disturbance i some Particular medium in 1 sis called Q3. What is an echo? Ans. An echo is a sound heard after reflection from a rigid obstacle such as a cliff or a wall of a building, etc, Q4, State two conditions necessary for an echo to be heard distinctly. Ans. (i) Minimum distance between the source of sound and listener should be 17m. (ii) The wavelength of sound should be less . than the height of the reflecting body. Q5. What is meant by free vibrations of a body? Ans. Free vibrations are the vibrations of a body with constant amplitude and constant. frequency. : ss Q6. What are forced vibrations? .” # Ans. The vibrations which take place under the influence of an external periodic force are called forced vibrations. Q7. Whar is resonance? Ans, The phenomenon of setting a body into vibrations with its natural frequency by another body vibrating with the same frequency is called i Ee . hysical quantity whose uni juantity. Ans. Loudoer ‘Another unit of loudness is bel. Q9. Why is a bell provided with a big outer Each question carries 2 marks Ans. To produce loud sound, the bell i Provided with a big outer case, When the bob at the centre is made to strike the outer case, the case starts vibrating, Since its surface ara is large, soit displaces a large volume of air thereby producing a loud sound, Q10. Define the term ‘intensity’. Ans. The intensity at any point of a medium is equal to the amount of sound energy passing per second normally through unit area at that point. QUI. What are acoustically measurable quantities according to pitch and loudness? In which units they are measured? Ans. For pitch it is frequency measured in hertz (Hz), and for loudness it is intensity of sound measured in decibels (dB). Q 12. The quality of music from a group of instruments is independent of the listener's distance from the instruments. Why? . Ans, It is because the speed of sound in air is independent of the frequency of sound waves, . Q 13. Itis not possible to talk through an open space. Explain, ‘Ans. A material medium is necessary for the propagation of sound. Space has no L material medium. Hence, itis not possible to talk through an open space. sound heard at adistance? =o Q14. Why do we cup our hands to make the ' ‘Ans. We cup our hands helps to cdncentrate sound energy to a smaller area. This increases energy per unit area which, in turn, increases the intensity or the loudness. @ Scanned with OKEN ScannerQ.15. Windows sometimes rattle when the low notes of a pipe organ are sounded. Explain. ‘Ans. The sound produces compressions and rarefactions in the ait. They set the windowpans in vibrations. If the amplitude of vibrations is very large, the windows may rattle or even break. Q 18. Isic posable to detect the filling ofa hotels under a tap by hearing its sound a istance? Justify your answer ‘Ans. Yes. As the water level in a bottle increas, the length of che vibrating ai column “hove the water surface decreases and hence the frequency of the note produced £16. Bick, tick of a watch is not musical while increnses ic. sound wes shes This Buzzing of a bee is. Give a reason. din detect he filling of the bottle. ‘Ans. In case of a watch, there is no quickness 19. Soldiers of «troop ate often asked to brea and the syllables do not follow each other their steps while crossing a suspended in quik succession. In case of the sound of bridge. Explain. ; a bee, there is quickness of repetition of ‘Ans, Ifsoldiers walk in steps, the bridge may be sound and frequency is greater. set into resonant vibrations and may collapse if the amplitude becomes too E Q17. Two musical sounds having the same pitch and loudness may be interpreted large. Hence, soldiers ofa troop are often differently by the ear. How does it happen? asked to break their steps while crossing a or e.t: suspended bridge. How can one distinguish the sound of two Q.20. ‘What are damped vibrations? Give one musical instruments even if [Link] of the example. same pitch and the same loudness? ‘Ans. The periodic vibrations of continuously ‘Ans. Sounds of the same pitch and loudness _ decreasing amplitude are called the may differ in timbre or quality of sound. damped vibrations. An : dso the ear can interpret them Example: Vibrations ofa simple differently on the basis of various overtones sila sat pendulum oscillating in air present in the two sounds. J3) Answer the following questions. Each question carries 3 marks Q1. Two waves A and B have wavelengths 0.01 A (ii) Yes and 9000 A respectively. pectively. (iii) Since the loudness is directly proportional to the square of the (i) Name the waves. (ii) Are the speeds of these two waves equal, amplitude, the loudness will become when they travel in vacuum? one-fourth. (iii) If the amplitude of a wave is halved, Q2. (i) Define the term ‘loudness’. what will be the effect on its loudness? (i) Explain the subjective nature-of Ans. (i) The wave A is gamma id is jt The wi ama ip and ware Bi ; et po chee oan cel OE 128 @ Scanned with OKEN Scanner(i) Loudness is the prop 1 Property by vi which a loud sound ean bean from a faint one, pitch. (i) As loudness isa sensation of sound, ie a subjective property; ea ¢ distinguished both having the same while intensity being a measurable quantity, is an objective quantity for a sound wave, Q3. Give reasons: (i) We can recognize our friends even by listening to their voices, (ii) A renowned singer's voice is sweeter. (i) We can recognize our friends from their voices on the basis of the quality of their voice. This can be done even when the intensity and the frequency of voice are the same. Ans. (ii) This is because greater the number of overtones in a voice, the sweeter is the sound, Q4._ @) What do you mean by quality or timbre? (ii) Explain briefly the factor on which the quality of a sound depends. ‘Ans. (i) The quality is the property by which two notes of the same pitch and possibly of the same intensity, given by two different instruments can be distinguished from each other. (ii) The quality of a musical sound depends on the waveform. The waves produced by different instruments differ in their waveforms, Waveforms differ due to the presence of overtones along with the iF fundamental note. 1] Q5. How does a medium affeer the ampli free vibrations of a body? Explain. ‘Ans. In the absence of any resistance such as resistance’ of ait, etc., the amplitude of ree vibrations remains constant, Once a body starts vibrating, it should continue with the same amplitude and the same frequency, ude of forever. However, these vibrations cannot be realised in practice, because of the presence of medium. The resistive force has a tendency to resist the motion. As a result, the vibrating body loses energy in doing work against the friction and so its amplitude keeps on decreasing, Q6. Giving an example of each distinguish between free and forced vibrations. Ans, Free vibrations: The vibrations produced in a body on being slightly disturbed from its mean position aré called free vibrations. For example, a freely suspended pendulum vibrates about its mean position in vacuum. Forced vibrations: When a body is made to vibrate with a frequency other than its own ‘natural frequency, its vibrations are said to be forced vibrations. For example, when a wire of a sitar or guitar is plucked, its board makes forced vibrations. Q7. Give any three differences between light waves and sound waves. Ans. Sound waves Light waves + They require a + They can travel in material medium for} vacuum. propagation. They travel with a speed of 330 m sin air at 0°C. + They are of different frequencies and give wavelengths of different pitches. + They travel with a speed of 3 x 10° ms" in air or vacuum. © They are of different frequencies and wavelengths, giving different colours. Q8. Why are the stringed instruments provided with a sound box? “ans, The vibrating string on striking, produces a very weak sound which cannot be heard at a distance. Therefore, the stringed instruments are provided with a sound box. As the string vibrates, the box starts vibrating with forced = sound box has a large vibrations. Sine: @ Scanned with OKEN Scanner(i) Which of these sh Gi) Whi of I? (ii) What is the ratio of the vibrations in | Ans. (i) 1 i) 1 Q18. Draw the diagrams to sh the loud note. f the fre i quen and Ib cies of Git) 132 Ans. The required diagrams are shown bel | low. i Nt 3 ' ! | = PRT] a he Distance (0 Small amplitude (soft note) E-— a) A = ! pod a Distance—> (ii) Large amplitude (loud note) Fig. 7.6 in two different modes A and B? Answer the following questions. QI. (Define the term ‘pitch’? (ii) Explain the subjective nature of pitch. Ans. (i) Pitch is the shrillness of a note which enables us to differentiate between wo sounds with equal loudness, coming from different sources and having different frequencies. (ii) Pitch is a sensation which depends upon the frequency: The pitch has subjective note? ‘ows the fundamental ich has the frequency four times that tow the soft note and Q19. A stretched wire 0.5 m long, made to vibrate (i) IF the wavelength of wave produced in mode A is 1 m, what is the wavelength of wave produced in mode of the above diagram? 7 (ii) In which case, the note produced is louder? Give reason for your answer, (iil) In which case, pitch of the note Produced is higher? Give reason for your answer, Ans. (i) For figure B, the wavelength of wave produced, 2 = 0.5 m. (ii) In A, because amplitude is larger. (iii) In B, because frequency is high Q20. Draw the diagrams to show the low pitch note and high pitch note. ‘Ans. The required diagrams are shown below. Low frequency —> Low pitch, High frequency —> High pitch Fig. 7.8 Each question carries 4 marks ‘existence while the frequency has an objective existence. The pitch is purely a physical sensation, while the frequency isa measurable quantity 2. (i) Why does a guitar or sitar have a number ¥ g of strings of different thicknesses? (ji) How can the player of an instrument give out sounds of different pitch? @ Scanned with OKEN Scanner4 t Ans. (i) So that it can produce sounds of different pitch. (ii) ‘The player of an instrument produces sounds of different pitch in three ways: 1, By selecting strings of different thicknesses, 2. By changing the length of the strings. 3. By tightening the strings thereby changing the tension in the strings. Q3._ (i) What is fundamental frequency? (ii) Explain the factors on which the frequency of a vibrating string depends. Ans. .(i) Ifthe string vibrates as a whole in one segment, the frequency of vibrations is the lowest and is called the findamental frequency. (ii) The frequency of a vibrating string depends on the following three factors: 1, Length of the stretched string: The frequency ofa fundamental note is inversely proportional to the length of the string, If fis the frequency and Tis the length of the string, then: fet Tension of the string: The frequency ofa fundamental note is directly proportional to the square root of the tension T, ie. f VT « Mass per unit length of the strings: The frequency of a fundamental note varies inversely as the square root of im, the mass per unit lengeh of the PY = wire, L€., fey Q4. Fig, 7.9 shows four pendulums A, B, C and D hanged from the same flexible support. Lengths of pendulums A and D are equal while that of C is longer and B is smaller. The pendulum A is set into vibration. jn your observation giving reason, ‘Ans, (i) As the pendulum A is set to vibrate, the QS. Describe and explain a simple experiment t0 An Ne (ii) State the principle described by thig experiment. c Fig. 7.9 pendulum B also starts vibrating and ultimately acquires the same amplitude as that of A. Pendulums Cand D make rather irregular motions but eventually settle down to vibrate with the same frequency as that of pendulum A. The pendulums C and D are in the state of forced vibration, while the pendulum B is in the state of resonance. This is because the natural period of pendulum D is equal to that of A (being of the same length) and, therefore, resonance takes place. (ii) The principle is resonance. illustrate the phenomenon of resonance. Mount two identical tuning forks A and B of the same frequency upon two separate sound boxes such that their open ends face each other. If the tuning fork A is set into vibrations, the other tuning fork B also starts vibratingrand a loud sound is heard. Frequency » Frequency B Fig. 7.10 The vibrations produced in the tuning fork B are due to resonance. The vibrating tuning fork A’sets the vibrations in the air column of its sound box. These vibrations are communicated to the sound box of the @ Scanned with OKEN Scannertuning fork B. The air column of tuning fork iB on 2, The waves in a musical note are B starts vibrating with the frequency of tuning fork A. Since the frequency of these vibrations is the same as that of the tunin, fork B, it starts vibrating due to resonance Q8. (i) How does a stretched string on Being succeed at regula intervals whereas there is no regularity about the waves. Q10. The rear view mirror of a motorbike starts vibrating violently at some particular speed set - vibration, produce an audibles. 3 - Spee Tie sound? does this happen? (i) Will his sound be audible if the strings Oe eee ee eee set into vibration on the surface of the” taking place? ie ean moon? Give reasons for your answer, Gi) Wha cold dan to top ch violent vibrations? Ans. (i) Vibrating sting sets up compressions and rarefactions in the medium (air) which are received by the ear as sound. ‘Ans. (i) This happens when the frame of the motorbike holding the mirror has the natural frequency of vibration equal to that of piston (of engine). At this position frame vibrates witha large (ii) No, because there is no:medium (air) to” carry the vibrations of the stretched string to our ear and produce the opted : audible sound. i : 9. (i) State three characteristics of a musical GhThe phepomenon eae te me resonance. sound. (ii) The speed of the motorbike should be (ii) How does a musical sound differ changed so that the frequency of piston from noise? becomes different from the natural ‘Ans. (i) 1. Loudness: Itis the property by virtue feequency of reat view mirror and of which a loud sound can be resonance does not take place. (i) Two friends were playing on their identical guitars whose strings were adjusted to’give notes of the same pitch. Will the quality of the wo notes be the same? Give a reason for your answer. distinguished from a faint one. It is directly proportional to the square of the amplitude. Pitch: I is the characteristic of a sound by which an acute or a shrill note can be distinguished from a dull (ii) Give the relation between wavelength, | or flate note. It depends on the time period and wave velocity of a wave motion. frequency of the note. 3, Quality: Ie is the property by which ‘Ans. (i) The quality of two notes need not to be « of the same pitch and of the same. This is because both the by two guitars emit the same fundamental note but subsidiary notes will not be exactly Qu. Pe two note the same loudness emitted (i) 1. Amusic different instruments can be distinguished from cach other. It depends on the waveform of the nore produced by the instruments. ical note produces pleasing effect to our ears, whereas a noise produces unpleasing effect our et, same due to which the waveform of the wo guitars will be different and hence they differ in quality. i) a 7 where v= wave velocity, ¢= time he. period and A = w. @ Scanned with OKEN Scanner2 = Q6. Sol. Numerical Problems Qu. Sol. Q2. Sol. Q3. Sol. . What is the wavelength of sound waves produced in air by a vibrating tuning fork whose frequency is Sol. Q5. Sol. The notes emitted by two wires of lengths , and J have frequencies 512 Hz and 192 He respectivay If the density, the radius and the tension of wires are the same, calculate the ratio of their lengths, Here, f, = 512 Hz and f= 192 Hz afk 2A LA, hh Lf, 512 8 : Hence, the ratio of lengths is 3 : 8. ’ 8. ‘A man stands at a distance of 255 m-away from a wall. He shoots a rifle and hears the echo after 1.5, Calculate the velocity of sound. Given: The distance of wall from man, d= 255 m and time taken by sound to go to the wall, ='.5 5, v. Velocity of sound, » = 24-2 : 2 ‘Two sound waves in air have wavelength ratio 1 340 ms". : 3. Find their frequency ratio. Given: Ay 3 From the relation, f, = fa» we have: f 256 Hz and the velocity of sound in air is 330 m s"? Given: f= 256 Hz and v = 330 m s* c. Wavelength, 2=% = 239. 1.289 ~ 256 Aship on the surface of water sends a signal and receives it back after 4 s from a submarine inside the water, Calculate the distance of the submarine from the ship. Given that the speed of sound in water is 1450 ms". Giver: Time taken, t = 4 s and speed, » = 1450 ms". vxt 1450 x 4 22 3m. *. Distance, d= = 2900 m." Hence, the distance of the submarine from the ship is 2900 m. Radio waves of speed 3 x 10° m s" reflected off the moon and received back on the earth. The time elapsed between the sending of the signal and receiving it back at the earth station is 2.5 s. What is the distance of the moon from the earth? Let d be the distance between the earth and the moon. ‘Then applying the formula v= 2%, we gee: t 3.x 10° x 2.5 : 75. 10m. 2 2 : 1oge Fie diffance of the moon from the earth is 3.75 x 10" m. 134 @ Scanned with OKEN Scanneramplitudes i i m ies in the ratio 1 : 3, Find the ratio of their loudnesses. | Since the intensity of sound, I oc a } ., RIAL OR 1 Br 8. (i) An electromagneti Q = magni wee has a frequency of 500 MHz and a wavelength 60 cm, Calculate the ; ©: Name the medium through which itis travelling. (ii) A wave has a wavelength of 0.01 A. Name the wave. | Sol. (i) Given: f= 500 MHz = 500 x 10°= 5 x 10" Hz and 2 = 60cm =0.6 m. | +. Velocity of wave, v = f= 5 x 10° x 0.6=3 x 10' ms" Te shows that the wave is travelling through vacuum or air, = ih ii) Teis ay-ray. 1 : : Q9. A sound wave of wavelength rt has a frequency of 996 Hz. Keeping the medium same, if the | _ frequency changes to 1328 Hy, calculate the: (i) velocity of sound and (i) new wavelength. Sol. Given: 2 = ; mand f= 996 Hz. (i) Velocity, » = fr = 996 = 332 ms", (ii) Since the medium is the same, so the velocity of sound will remain the same. Now v= 332 ms" and f= 1328 Hz. net 2 32 m= 0.25 m. f 1328 Q10, A bat emits an ultrasoni sound of fequency 0.25 MHz. Calculate che tine in which one vibration iscompleted. . Sol. Given: f= 0.25 MHz = 0.25 x 10° Hz = 2.5 x 10° Hz 5 110°" _ 9.000004 = 4 x 10°s. “ Tess 755) Fo 25x10 25 e -2 m has a time petiod of 10” s. Ifthe time period is decreased to QI1. A sound wave of wavelength 0.33: 10% s, calculate the wavelength and frequency of the new wave. Sol. As the velocity remains the same in a given medium, ~ hyde 0332 _ A “TT 10> 10% a, 0332_x 10 _ 0.9332 m, which is the wavelength of new wave, or - x 10 ‘ 1 sot Also, frequency = ime period 10 @ Scanned with OKEN Scanner' . ™ Q 122A thin metal plate is placed againse the teeth of cog wheel. Cog whee is rotated at a speed of 129 revolutions per minute and has 160 teeth, (i) Calculate the frequency of note produced. (ii) Calculate the speed of sound if the wavelength is 1.05 m. : (iii) What will be the effect when the speed of the cog wheel is doubled? Sol. Given: frequency of the cog wheel = 120 revolutions/minute = 2 =2Hz. (i) Frequency of note produced, f= 160 x2 = 320 Hz. (ii) Speed of sound, » = f= 320 x 1.05 = 336 ms". (iii) When the speed of the cog wheel is doubled, the sound becomes shrill. Q13. A boy stands in ftont of cliff on the other side of a river. He fires a gun and hears an echo after 6. The boy then moves 170 m backward and again fires the gun. Now, he hears the echo after 7 s. Calculate the: (i) width of the river, and (ii) speed of sound. Sol. (i) Let the width of the river be dm. Then on moving the boy backward by 170 m, the distance between boy and cliff will be (d+ 170) m. ©. Velocity of sound, » = ee ' 7 ‘As the velocity of sound is the same in a given medium, 2d _ Ad + 170) 6 7 o... et or 7d = 6(d+ 170) {Cancelling 2 from both sides} 7d = 6d+ 1020 7 7d—6d = 1020 or d = 1020m. Hence, width of the river is 1020 m. : (ji) Pueting the value of din formula v = #4, cae 2 x 1020 v=—— j = 340ms", @ Scanned with OKEN Scanner