REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY

CARIG CAMPUS
Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT and ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION with

DRIVING

TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES

Traffic Islands– are areas within the roadway constructed in a manner to

establish physical channels through which vehicular traffic is guided, that will
segregate pedestrian.

Kinds of Traffic Islands

1. Rectangular Island

2. Triangular
Island

3. Rotary Island

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 Traffic Signs – a device mounted on a fixed or portable means of words or
symbols, officially created and installed for the purpose of regulating, warning and
guiding traffic.

o TRIANGULAR TRAFFIC SIGNS

o RECTANGULAR TRAFFIC SIGNS
o INVERTED TRAFFIC SIGNS

Classifications of International Traffic Signs

1. Danger Warning Signs. These signs are also known as a “caution signs”.
These signs have an equilateral triangular shape with one side horizontal and
having red borders. These are signs intended to:

 Warn motorist of approaching hazardous road conditions

 Seek caution for the approaching road hazards, and
 Call the reduction of speed.

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2. Regulatory Signs. These are signs which impose legal restrictions applicable
at particular location usually enforceable in the absence of such signs. These
are intended to:

 Inform road users of certain laws and regulations, and

 Special obligations, instructions, or prohibitions which they
must comply with and violations of which constitute
misdemeanor.
 Regulatory signs are usually round in shape with the exception
of “Stop Signs” and “yield Signs”. These signs are further
classified into two:
 Prohibitive and restrictive signs, and Mandatory signs.

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3. Informative Signs. These signs are also known as “guide signs”, or “direction
signs”. The rectangular shape white colored on blue background is used for
informative signs. Informative signs are intended to:

 Guide motorists along established routes,

 Inform the motorists of the proper roads, and
 Help motorists along the way in the most simple

TYPES OF GUIDE SIGNS

1. ROUTE MARKINGS – is usually found on highways composed of several

lanes which are going into different direction.

2. DESTINATION AND
DISTANCE SIGNS – is
usually erected on highway
informing the motorist as to

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 the number of kilometers and at which way to take going to its place of
destination.

3. INFORMATION SIGNS
– is usually erected on
highway which informs the
motorist of the
establishments in the era,
such hospitals, restaurants,
restrooms, hotels, and other
establishments which
provide services to motorist.

TRAFFIC SIGNAL LIGHTS

Traffic Light Signals – is a power operated traffic control device by which

traffic is warned or directed to take some specific actions.

Traffic Actuated Signal – is controlled by an individual using his hands in

signaling the flow of traffic wherein traffic shall proceed in accordance with the
desire of the individual controlling the flow of traffic.

The Colors.
- The colors had to be
recognized easily,
quickly and
unmistakably. It had to
be possible from the

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 considerable distance and while in motion. The quality, intensity and contrast of
the colors had to be such that they served their purpose in all weather, day and
night.

RED FOR “STOP”

- Red was obvious choice for stop. It had always represented danger. Fire was
red; man had learned early on to keep safe distance from it lest he be burned.
Therefore, red became associated with emergency and with danger.

WHITE FOR GO
- Though “to give the green light” has become the proverbial signal in many
situation, green was not the original choice for “go”.
- White first indicated that the railroad was safe and that the train could proceed
without danger. After all, white had always been regarded, though
unscientifically so, as a pure and clear color.

YELLOW FOR SLOW

- It indicates that the driver must slow the speed of his vehicle as per preparation
for stop when the red light will turn on.
- Caution for rail roads

GREEN FOR “GO”

- In fact, it could prove fatal and for a very pertinent reason. Green, after all was
a “natural color”. It was the hue of all foliage and growing things. Man knew it
so well environmentally that it spelled out to him life, safety and normality.
- Thus, green found its rightful place in the scheme of traffic lights. All that was
needed now was to find a replacement color to “caution” drivers.

SPECIFIC MEANING OF TRAFFIC LIGHTS

- To attain more effective and efficient controlling of traffic, each color of the
traffic light has specific meaning and traffic regulation.

Steady Red

 STOP at the designated line.

 Vehicles will be crossing from the “other side”.
 Expect pedestrians to cross at the pedestrian lane.
 Unless specified, you can TURN RIGHT after a FULL STOP to clear traffic
coming from the left.
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Steady Green

 GO
 It is turn of the vehicles on the other side to STOP.
 Pedestrians are not allowed to cross in front of you.
 Unless specified, you can move up to the middles section of the intersection
and make left turn when clear.
 Vehicles GING STRAIGHT have the right of way.
 DO NOT ANTICIPATE A GREEN LIGHT.

Steady Yellow

 PREPARE TO STOP
 It is turn of the vehicles on the other side and will be given the GO signal
shortly.
 DO NOT BEAT A YELLOW LIGHT.

Flashing Red

 This is the same as a STOP SIGN.

 STOP at the designated line.
 Vehicles will be crossing from the “other side”.
 Expect pedestrians to cross at the pedestrians lane.
 PROCEED WHEN CLEAR.

Flashing yellow

 This is the same as a YIELD SIGN.

 Proceed through the intersection with CAUTION.
 You have the right of way over a flashing RED LIGHT.
 Vehicles on the other side will proceed after coming to a FULL STOP.

Steady Green and Safety Left/right Arrow

 Vehicles can go straight or vehicles on the left lane can make a left turn.
 Vehicles can go straight or vehicles on the right lane can make a right turn.
 The RIGHT GREEN signal might or might NOT have a road sign disallowing
right turn while the RED light is ON.
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
- are markings on the roads and surfaces whereby a message is conveyed by
means of words or symbols, officially reflected for the purpose of regulating,
warning and guiding traffic.

TYPES OF PAVEMENT MARKINGS

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 1. CURVE MARKINGS – are used to show where parking is legally
prohibited or not allowed, such Bus Stop, or in front of a fire hydrant,
drive way.

2. REFLECTORIZED
MARKINGS – are used to
mark hazardous areas and also
used as delineators or road
limits, these delineators are
aids especially during night
driving, particularly when the
alignment of a road changes
and might confused the
operator of the vehicle.

3. STRIPED CURB
MARKINGS – are
markings used in traffic
islands in order to warn
the driver of the traffic
island on the road and
aids the motorist to its
traffic lane.

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 4. PAINTED CROSSWALK – are placed at intersections and other places
where there is considerable pedestrians traffic to provide pedestrians
with safety zones when crossing.

5. BROKEN
WHITE LINES –
is used to define
or separate traffic
lanes. It permits
crossing from one
lane to another if
there is ample passing distance, and if the opposing lane is clear of
traffic.

6. SOLID WHITE LINE – is used

to separate opposing streams of
traffic. Crossing is unlawful
except where ample distance
exists and where the opposing
traffic lane is clear of traffic. A
solid broken white line means
passing to the left or right is
allowed provided the way is
clear.
7.

8. SOLID YELLOW LINE – is your driving lane prohibits you from passing
other vehicles. A solid yellow line at the left lane means, it is not safe to
pass.

9. DOUBLE YELLOW LINE

– indicates two way
traffic; were crossing of

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 pedestrian and motorist is not allowed. It separates the opposing flow of
traffic.

[Link]
YELLOW LINES–
is a two
way/highway
which means no
overtaking or
passing is permitted only when the road ahead is clear.

11. Double Yellow

Lines: One Solid,
One Broken
A solid yellow line to
the right of a broken
yellow center line
means passing or
crossing is prohibited in that lane, except when turning left. If the broken
line is closer to you, you can cross the broken line only to pass another
vehicle and only when it is safe to do so.

12. STOP LINE – it indicates

where stop should be made.

TO DO:

ESSAY 1:

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How do cultural, environmental, and technological factors influence
the design and effectiveness of traffic signs across different
countries, and what role do these signs play in shaping driver
behavior and public safety? Discuss with examples and consider how
standardization efforts, such as the Vienna Convention on Road
Signs and Signals, address or fail to address these influences.

Cultural, environmental, and technological factors significantly influence

the design and effectiveness of traffic signs across different countries. In
cultural factors, signs are used corresponding to local languages and
symbols to ensure proper comprehension of drivers. Environmental factors
is also given thought of like climate, weather, road infrastructures and
others. These are also put into signs to warns drivers of different terrains,
road types. Technology is always advancing, and so is the way man use
them. In traffic, we use nowadays GPS, and apps like waze, google maps.
This is to help drivers with directions and sometimes, even foresee traffic
congestions that drivers may encounter along the way. Consistent sign
design and placement reduce confusion. Signs inform drivers about local
rules, hazards, and best practices. Signs enforce traffic laws and
regulations. Effective signs reduce crashes by alerting drivers to potential
hazards. Signs optimize traffic flow, reducing congestion and minimizing
travel times.

ESSAY 2:

Discuss the role of pavement markings in enhancing road safety and

traffic efficiency. In your answer, analyze how different types of
pavement markings (e.g., lane lines, crosswalks, stop lines, and bike
lanes) contribute to driver and pedestrian behavior, particularly in
high-traffic urban areas. Further, evaluate the effectiveness of
current pavement marking standards and suggest any improvements
that could be made to accommodate advancements in vehicle
technology, such as autonomous vehicles.

A driver must be able to see pavement markings at a certain distance down

the road in order to receive adequate information to safely guide the
vehicle. This distance allows the driver adequate time to perceive, process,
and react to the information that the pavement marking presents. Here in
the Philippines, not all drivers obey the pavement markings. Roads
designated for bikes or the bike lane is sometimes used by motor vehicles,
or sometimes even 4 wheeled vehicle. It is being abused because their
behavior is not well mannered. Especially when faced with heavy traffic
congestions. They always use this designated lanes to slip through traffic
congestions that leads to accidents due to human error. I suggest that roads
should be widened for pedestrian lanes, and local roads depending on the
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location. Wider roads if there are more people driving, or wider pedestrian
lanes and pavements if the location is rural.

ESSAY 3:

"Discuss the role of traffic lights in urban transportation systems.

How do traffic light designs and their synchronization impact traffic
flow, safety, and environmental sustainability? In your response,
evaluate the challenges faced by city planners in optimizing traffic
light systems and propose potential solutions to improve their
effectiveness in modern cities."

Traffic light systems improve safety at intersections by regulating the flow

of traffic and minimizing conflicts between different road users. Modern
LED traffic light systems offer increased visibility, which is particularly
important at night or in bottlenecks. The primary function of any traffic
signal is to assign right-of-way to conflicting movements of traffic at an
intersection. This is done by permitting conflicting streams of traffic to
share the same intersection by means of time separation. The integration of
pedestrian countdown signals and the synchronization of lights to improve
traffic flow are modern trends in traffic light design. Traffic Signal
Synchronization is an engineering technique of matching traffic signal
green lights at successive intersections to maximize passage of motorists
along a corridor. Traffic signal synchronization allows for minimal stopping
which helps reduce travel times.

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