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Part One : ROCKS
1. Rock Cycle
The rock cycle is a web of processes that autlines how each of three major rock types
igneous, metamorphic, and semantory form and break down based on the different applicatian
of heat and prossure over time. For example : sedimentory rock shale becomes slate when
heat and pressure are added.
Fig. 1. The rock cycle.
The main ide ais that rocks are continually changing from one type to onether and
back again, as forces inside the eath bring them closer to the surface (trere they are weathered,
earoded, and complacted) and forces on the eath sink them back down (where they are heated,
pressed, and melted).
2. Types of Rock and Usage
Ingneous rocks form when hot, molten rock crytallizes and solidifies, the meldt
originates deep within the earth near active plate boundaries or hot spots, the rises
toward the surface.
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Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the accumulation or
deposition of mineral or organic particles at earth's surface, fallowed by cementation.
Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rock is transformed physically or
chemically at elevated temperature, without actually melting to any great degree.
Use of Rock
Rocks are natural solid substances that are used for several, reason. Rocks are found
everywhere, from the building of the highways to the houses we live in.
The availability of rocks plays an important role in our lives :
- Blocks of stones are used in foundation, walls, bridge pier, abutments, lighthouses,
aqueducts, and retaining walls.
- Rocks are used for masonenry work, lintels,and vertical columns,covering floors of
the buiding
- Flags or thin slabs are used for paving, roofing, …
3. Advantages of Rocks
Rocks are very important in the formation of soils that can be used for agricultural
production, they are also very important to mankind because they are one of the best sources
of fuel and power. For exemple, we derive coal, petroleum and even natural gas from rocks.
Minerals are extracted from rocks. This is one of the obvious advantages of rocks. They also
help us to develop new technologies and we are used in our evenyday lives. Our use of rocks
and minerals includes as building material, cosmetics, cars, roads, and appliances.
Routinely have drill cuttings, relatively inexpensive, independent and portable
tectnique, results can be obtained real time.
4. Disadvantages of Rocks
Rocks do not contribute organic matter to the soil and any mineral nutrientes in the
rock are released so slowly that soil improvement is negligible. Rocks can create problems
when it comes time to remove your mulch. Possible contamination from caving, thin beds are
routinely identified but not resolved, reliant on representative sampling of cuttings at the
wellsiter.
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French Name English Name
Roches métamorphiques Metamorphic rocks
Amphibolite Amphibolite
Ardoise Slate
Quartzite Quartzite
Gneiss Greiss
Phyllite Phyllite
Schiste Schist
Marbre Marbre
Shale Shale
Roches sédimentaires Sedimentary rocks
Arène Arena
Argile Clay
Arkoses Arkoses
Conglomérat Conglomerate
Brèche Breach
Grès Sandstone
Poudingue Pudding
Calcaire Limestone
Dolomie Dolomite
Lumachelle Lumachelle
Marnes mares
Roches magmatiques Igneous rocks
Magma Igneous
Granite Granite
Syénite Syenite
Granodiorite Granodiorite
Diorite Diorite
Rhyolite Rhyolite
Trachyte Trachyte
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Andésite Andesite
Tab. 1. French and English Names of Rocks.
NB : metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rocks to new types of rocks
in a process called metamorphism.
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Part Two : NATURAL RESOURCES
0. INTRODUCTION
The Democratic Republic of Congo has rich natural resources in the perpetration of
massive human rights abuses. The DRC has an abundance of natural wealth, including a
multitude of minerals such as diamonds, gold, copper, cobalt, cassiterite and coltan, as well as
timber, coffee and oil. However, these vast resources have scarcely benefited the Congolese
people. Instead, they have contributed to decades of conflict, numerous serious human rights
abuses and violations of international humanitarian law. The link between natural resource
exploitation and human rights violations dates back to colonial times and continued
throughout the three decades of President Mobutu Sese Seko’s rule.
Mineral resource reserve is the composite of useful cencentration of minerals that
may or may not exceed the input cost for obtaining the target valuable minerals.
[Link]/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/mineral-resource.
1. MINERAL RESOURCES MAP OF ITURI
Fig. 2. Mineral resources map of Ituri1
1 Alexandre Jaillon, MAPS OF MINING SITES IN ITURI (2017).
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2. MINERAL RESOURCES LIST OF ITURI
The Ituri Province is one of the DRC’s resource-rich provinces ; notably gold, coltan,
cassiterite, diamonds and oil. Gold production in Ituri is essentially artisanal as historical
industrial companies such as SOKIMO and its partners have not produced gold in this
province for almost twenty years2.
Nº MINERAL LOCATION COMPANIES OBSERVATION
RESOURCES
1 Gold North Eastern of Anglo Gold Exploitation phase
the LS. Djugu- Ashanti (AGA) to begin in
Irumu Concessions 40
2 Gold , Diamond Mambasa-Irumu- Kilo Gold Exploration and
Djugu development
3 Gold, Platinum, Mambasa Canadian Loncor Exploration Ngayu
Niobium, Tantalum, Resources Projet
Copper, Iron,
Diamand.
4 Gold Mambasa Auris AG Exploration
5 Gold Unknown Golden Valley -
6 Gold and Diamand Mambasa ( Ituri Golden Dragon Exploration
river) (FAMETAL)
7 Gold and derives Djugu-Irumu Kilo Moto Selling shares and
sites to foreign
companies
8 Gold and Diamand Ituri river COMMET Exploration
Tab. 2. Mineral resources list of Ituri.
2
Augustin Bedidjo, Study on orppling using mercury in artisanal mining in Ituri (2018).
3. CONSTITUANT ELEMENTS
Cassiterite constituanted by Tin and Oxygen ;
Coltan constituanded by Iron, Manganese, Niobium and Tantalum.
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ENGLISH FRENCH CHEMICAL USAGE
NAME NAME FORMULA
Gold Or Au In jewellery, in finances and investing, in
dentistry.
Diamond Diamant C In industrial cutting and polishing tools,
in jewellery.
Platinum Platine Pt In electronics, automotive, industry,
dentistry equipment, jewellery and
bullion.
Niobium Niobium Nb In alloys including stainless steel, in jet
engines and rockets.
Tantalum Tantale Ta For electrolytic capacitors and vacuum
fur nace parts, make chemical process
equipment.
Copper Cuivre Cu Is used as a conductor of heat and
electricity, as a building material and as a
constituent of various metal alloys.
Iron Fer Fe In civil engineering and in
manufacturing.
Cassiterite Cassitérite SnO2 Is used as plates, cans, containers, solders
and polishning compounds and alloys.
Coltan Coltan (Fe, Mn, Nb, Ta)2 O6 Production of tantalum capacitors, in the
production of mobile phones.
Tab. 3. English and French names, chemical formula and usage of mineral resources of Ituri.
4. EXPLOITATION MOOD
In Ituri, the exploitation mood is essentially artisanal mining and semi industrial
mining. The different is at the tools used.
Artisanal mining : uses rudimentary tools ;
Semi industrial mining : uses industrial tools but it is small extension.
In Ituri, we have two types of exploitation is open-pit mining and underground
mining.
Open-pit mining : is a surface mining technique. This surface mining technique is
used when mineral or are deposits are found relatively close to the surface of the earth.
Open-pits are sometimes called « quarries » when they produce building materials and
dimension stone. Open-pit mining mean exploitation en ciel ouvert in French.
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Underground mining : is a surface mining technique. When any ore boby lies a
considerable distance below the surface, the amount of waste that has to be removed in
order to uncover the ore through surface mining becomes prohibitive, and
underground techniques must be considered. Underground mining mean
exploitation en mine souterraine in French.
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Part Three : EROSION
0. INTRODUCTION
The topic <<erosion>> in wich we try to explain some point on erosion like:
1. Definition;
2. Cause of erosion;
3. Consequence of erosion and at the end;
4. The preventions of erosion.
1. DEFINITION
Erosion is the geological process in which earthen materials are worn away and
transported by natural forces such as wind or water. A similar process, weathering, breaks
down or dissolves rock, but does not involve movement.
[Link] › encyclopedia › erosion. Le 25/04/2023 at 10h30
2. CAUSES OF EROSION
Soil compaction, low organic matter, loss of soil structure, poor internal drainage,
salinisation and soil acidity problems are other serious soil degradation conditions that can
accelerate the soil erosion process. This fact sheet looks at the causes and effects of water,
wind and tillage erosion on agricultural land.
[Link] le 25/04/2023 at 10h40 AM
3. CONCEQUENCES OF EROSION
Reduced ability of the soil to store water and nutrients. exposure of subsoil, which
often has poor physical and chemical properties. higher rates of runoff, shedding water and
nutrients otherwise used for crop growth. loss of newly planted crops.
The exemples of erosion manifestation in bunia are:
1. We have a big hole in nyanya quarter and SUKISA quarters beacause of the rain ;
2. The bad rood condition cause also the erosion prevent people moving easily by foot
and car ;
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3. Bad canalisation of water domestic water and of the rain.
4. PREVENTIONS OF EROSION
The preventions of eroson are :
Use land according to its capability ;
Protect the soil surface with some form of cover ;
Control runoff before it develops into an erosive force ;
We tell peoples tobuild a good strick down hard ;
To plant the grass where there is the signe of erosion ;
To plan the big trees ;
After all we must do a good must follow up of this preventions.
[Link]
25/04/2023 at 10h38 AM
Conclusion
To clore our work, we tried to explain the cause, the concequences and preventions
of erosion.