eal -O1 [cectpre -0 GVOLW TOM The changes 1 flora and fauna that took place gradvatly over million 04 years due fo cumulatve Changes in organism ORGIN OF VRIVERSE o Temperature came down © Hy € He gasecwere # {ormea ins Mii * Various GALADUES # Blo BANG THEORY explains this were formed As preswure increased, Thermonvdear ex ptosion , Wok place and , red hot balls Expanded in volume condensed, 4 Precsore — UI maginadle Physiart terms 0 Universe : Expanded. ORIGIN OF GARTH ft 4-G Billion years ago » cuyjace Temp vy ® Vavious gases Nevaier vapav > clue to differential aS I Tide z aD) fap ng ce <@ pe Reensed) poco. ee ini e CHy Earth Voltanic erpphons — motten mass —SNH3, took place covered earth S surface| PRIMOTRERRFH prmmrive GARD Manes Paghada No atmosphere j 7 Reducing CNo free O2' inifialty ) # High temperature oe # NO ozone—s uv rays coulchenter easily | QH,0 ——» + Being lighter, it esceeped in almosphee hi iP € forms No, CO>, 20, ete at Eventualty Later, Ozone was alto formed _-# Temperature reduced € 20 vapour eventvaliy condeced € oltimatel fel on Earth BEPRECCION AS RAIN CRainfalt accured fer million years: — eee Lb : Forms the OCEAN we see todeuy. ¥ H20 was hot with vanous chemicals 4 ‘ First life Probably came. ' Life probably came §00 mitlion yeas after formanon ’ of earth is approx 4 BYA. « Distante b/w planets are cnown STELLAR DISTANCES. « These distances are measured (n LIGHT YEARS ° J Light gear - distance havelted by light in one year in Vaccum when we look at Me sturs,in a way, we are Peeping inks the past- >_ ORIGIN OF CIFE: CTheones for Origin of Life) ry of SPECIAL CREATION © bife-was-crea Given by Father Svrey © Life was created by come sopernatoral power by 60D © Lite was created as such in six DAMS = Diversity was created as such and will remain tike this ° Earth ig 4000 Years old. cil). Theory of CATA ROPHISM © Calashophic events (Catamakes) wipes Of the existing LIFE and NEW LIFE comes (ii) EXTRA TERRESTRIAL THEORY / THEORY OF PANcPERMIA / cosmozoic THEORY © Life comes from other planets in the form of seed /spore , etc Civ) THEORY: OF ABIOGENESIS/THEORY OF SPONTANEOUS GENER! © Life comes from non living things lite MUD, Shaw » grain, ete. : Gog Amphibians Nile River Lg (sts Mice weal swenty originated cldséol 100mXISTING LIFE Pasteur's experiment proved Biogenesis that cojected Theory of Abiogenesis ® He took PRE-STERILISED FLASK ) Gy cpowes rapnert - (WE Broth (Heareied yeast ‘ rmiavhiai groceth . | BroHh)CHeat billed é i) 420 Hi oY Tloske 1 —p¢ l aiasle * Hask-O ( Bmken '¢' Neck Eonciusion: Some iiving 97M (Spores (Bacteria) present in air entered Flas ie iT, hence life aredes iq Flask D whereas in flusk-T, these Spores got hreppec in fhe Benr g Neck, hence ao fe comes pom PRE EXISTNG LIFS ’ Most widely accepted theory of Origin of Life * Tt was proposed by OPARIN ancl HALDANE CRussian) Céngiand) © They said pnmive atmosphere on earth supportect origin of life fixe Reduchng dmos phere taghhing Lightening SUN * Increased temperature "ON Hv ays * yolanic erphonsSr a LON ‘ C, 450, C02, iG Hy Amino acids simple] [ Protein, Complexsgar, NoSoP NHS NJ sugar, No Bases, Nuctere aa inorganic Fust [_Nucleohde _ eid compoonth organic Simple Organic compounds Compounds Ps 1S! Life 40 vapour —> clouds —> rain (dissolved He, CO, NH5,CHy) formed OCEAN = full of chemicals MILLER £& OREY ExPERIMENT —> They experimenially proved the theory of OPARIN & HALDANE > For diagram srefer me MED-EASY Spark discharg € chamber —gases rato “ [2 2 aa with water Vapour. Aste paw cos — He took, NH3 sCHy 9 H2 along with H20 vapour a} 19k Voltage , so0’c temp fa spark discharge chamber —> Mer [& days of Expenmen's, they collected the cater © fovnd simple amino acids tie Gilycine, Acparalic atid, alanine Lecture -03 | H miner € unrey perfumed expenment in 14 3Theories for Euoluton: CBiologica /organic Ewolution Le How these variations occur in species “T) Lawprceism /Theory of use or disuse of organs i Theayy of inheritance of 9g acquired characlers- * Proposed by a french Naturalist — Lamarck According to this theory F> All organisms have internal vital force that enable them fo evelop a new ogyan or modify the existing one [-® Change wn enwonment forces an organism to develop a nevo organ. or modify the existing r-® The more we use an organ, the more it develops, the less we use an organ, it disappears. Cuse £ pisuge) ~—* The character acquired during lifetime is also nest _generahon 9 eee 4; ody buitder —s Child not body builder aoe gave example of giraffe suppert his heey CP SOYS * Giraffe developed tonger nee Over ime dee ty leaves On fall freee when grass was nor auditable foraging E. SOMANIC Céx 2 types of cell 7 a GERM CELLS: Any cha. et Pass fo next coe °F Germ plasm Hon(ii) DARUDINISM (THEORY OF NATURAL SeLECNON ° . ie » NATURAL SELECTION B tay ace mor Cet ait b BRANCHING: DECENT © Darwin born in England, went on a sea voyage on H.M. 5 Cer majesty ship) 1 GALAPAOOS ISLAWD located IN Pacific ocean * At the came time, Alfred Russel cailace fravetledl fo Mate frchipatays located in INDIAN OCEAN Both came uP will similar Conclusion fr Evolus on of spedes v Darwin- published d boot, ORIGIN OF SPECLES menhonin Theory of Natvral Selechon d Darwin was greatly inftvencect by POPULATION THEORY by Thomas Mai Hus LANON Theory exponentially byt popvlcihon size Population mue a yendency 10 grou ¢ [ stable more or (ess except season fluctbahon Resources are limited - DARWINS THEORY 1) OVER PopucATION, € DIFFERENTA e PRopucn0v L REPRO DLCHON There is a tendency for organisms tp over produce Ceg- Bogs: S-6 puppies ) g dif{ erent Organisms prod reproduce atdliff age cnet aift rate Population is sTABLE Le Resources are LIMITED v Competition & Shuggie for existance £® Reswones ave limirect ! Nee € shuggle for existance ¥ INTRASPECIFIC USTERSPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL Compenon ComMPENTION ‘STRUGGLE © Bho members of a *Bhwo the members of Col, Rain, Hor-temp, same speues differenr species ete j jahions exists vse ful 3 i gare Same, varia VARIATIONS + No two indivdvaly species a ° aes whith according fo DARIN is: ADAPTATION Is aclvaniugeous € enabes she organism To survive © eg, Polar Bear = Cold Climate # Smal) # DIRECNONAL ( Preciicdaible # Acumulare over hme generation after generation @ Nature selects individval with advantageous variation aohich nou Reproduces more, leaves more progeny and other eliminates C Survival OF Firtesr— Herbert Spencer ) pe NATURAL SELECTION (tells aboui mechanism of Evviunion ) —> BRANCHING DESCENT ( Patiern of evelehon ) IF shows how species are related f common ancestoryMUTA TON mEORY a oN H By Hugo devries : # He worked on evening PRIMROSE (DENTHERN LARANECILIANA ) ‘ , # Single Step large mutanon ,~ SALTATION v Mutahons are responsiae for Evolonon v Large , Rundom { Dw echonies , By chance e Unpredictable Various facto together are responsible for Evolution Natural Selechon . a Mutation ee E Genelic recombination Genetic dnift Grene migration Exampies of Natval Selechon 40 Dano finches (ii) Indusmal melanism (in) AMBION cesistant microbe / bacfena een ania cw) Peshdide resistant mosquito clue to ANTHROPOGENIC ATTEN > Before indusmialisahon (ie's) in Englanc, OKIE WINGED MOTH (BKton perpiuna) ere more 10 nomber than dark winged moth ¢ Bicton carbonara) ¢ No pallubon (No indushies) —> Lichens covered bart of Trees => Ly v Here uohile winged moth eouid easily cumooftage in ign’ background cue (ichen¢ conereas, dat winged de ro «ts conhashng Colour were cca predated by hieds ) , ) ; , 5 J , > > > > > > > > > 2 2 . . > > . > LichensPollotion —> vichens gone —> Bart turned dark —> white winged moth eauity ‘due toindushatisation ) Predated in Sart back grvint 1920's: wheateas dare wi nga @ : moth survived PEGNUbEe RESISTANT MosQuITO excocsve use af DOT finsectiaides | pesticides 2 Theymight have vanalions hat are advantugeoxs that enabled them fp surwve agarngt | DDT © Natural celection {ratora setecton] | | : | LECTURE - 05 | i a é € 4 r ¢ e © o | ¢ lo < { MICROE c > Nuent COLONY B = IG medivrn as s Change in medium (emp (PH s dium ( pIPH) 7 ° Belk adaptations | /Por vanahens than colon 7 gpcionalcolonies er ee New envionment | A 14 new envinnmens fal bac in- fuilt | 4 5 mm (Bb h e PRE EXISANG V ARIAT no Uh mess S>DA Shines wedivin py Variations exist from grarbay 8 prowuce ? 4 ¥ ‘ More progeny Nore: Rate of appearanie of nevoiife forrns w¢ tivecHy finved te fhe lifespan or life cyue of omanism y © Mio bes divide 1. the (eulis are ontainecl Within few hovis & For Me sume wt eterig afichor ot years Qs fher Mf Spun js inyEvolunon is not a directed process in The scene of determinism . y Tr is a StocHASTIC PROCESS ( Random] By chance) jn nature and based on chance mutation ta+e-orgumisms- events ia nalvre and chance mofaunon in the organikm TYPES OF NATURAL SELECTION > (i) Stabilising [Normal Sefechon Ls (uu) pirechonal Selechon Ls (in) Disrupive Setechon. (i) STABILISING SELECTION In this, nature selects fhe Average mean value charatler or intermediate phenotype [Link] ae 9: WEIGHT OF NEWRDRN with a | | aa — partular ‘ elechon é pnenory pe “| Sook 29Gtg 3-36 qi UW. ; B5t auty Aug >More a Survivability Compared to Phenonype ——> see Alter Adturat No- of ceiech 20 wdividual Peat get narrower with a porhutar fg mean character | phenotype * valve seleckaUi) piRECTOWAL / PROGRESSIVE SELECTION Here, extreme / peripheral values are selected. Not i at a time. Ez ie eee Gi) Disevemve SELECTION nlemediale gut one —_ TS Peat nitty in gae A rehan at cr nine > uposrRint MELANICA Both peripheral values are selected att Fhe same hime ( €g; Shells of snails oF mottusce. fees Block. | Camouflage in Rocke ib Grey 3 Cannot campflage —> White + Camouflage in sand —s 2 BOA extrem > Both sciec fed . aBVIDENGES @F auoLwiNay r> (1) Morphological ancl Anatomical evidences CRs F> ci) Paleniviogical evictences Analogy [Cid Embryotogicat evidences > Civ) Biochemical evidences Ls (vy) Artificial selection MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL EVIDENCES © CI) HOMOLOGY / HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES Sructores worth similar basic plan or common origin but performs different function are k/Q HOMDLOGOUS STRUCTURES : cai: Forelimbs of Hume | af ' ae 19 Tat have similar boaes- Raclivs,cina , | Geeay homens, carpat, metacarpa( boi-shii ~ e |per fom’ different fu | chai per fo ifferent funchon a Homovoay is ct result of “DIVERGENT EVOLUTION u even after having common origin, dve to ditferent_geogra piccil areas and different adaptations ce ro clifferent needs, Hey FUNCTIONALLY DIVERGED Prottchon a oT " =(2)° Thoms of Bovgainvelien € Tendns ef Cucerbr ta (Both ate modified aaullary bod ) climiinck pe Single c(qulation », >Double © Verreprate’s heart—» 2/3)u chambered peart-£e mixeol © veriebrares’s brTO —» Fore brain, midbeatia, Hindbrain(ii) ANALOGY / ANALOGOUS STRUCIDRES * Shouctores having diff: ongia or anatomy bvt performing : similar fonchon. ° i esol! O Analogy is a 1 t CONVERGENT EVOLUTION | Even after having diff Ongin, the shwctores evolved funchonal ty dcame dve to the similar environments € cimilar needs / ddaptahonc Gy? © Flippers of Penguig L Doi phig help in in bin epamm at. swimming HAR AA & © wings of Bird & Butterfly. Vertebrate invertebrate ft —L Eye of Octopus, and eye ef Mammnet invertebrate Vertebrate © Sweet petaro anc ate peterro Nel ecratD, modifred root =f Moditied hoor Blochemical EVIDENCES Similarities in proreins and genes per forming a given . I Funcho among given diverce orgamems give clues to fonction ju CHIMPAL common a nceshy MAr €q 52 Similarities iq DNA * Simitar enzyme TRYPSIN: foond in ifebrales ancl in vert EMBRYO LOGICAL EVIDENCES “PB ERNST HAECKEL gave bregenehic [aus Bl : | OmENE NE Law | RECAPITULATON ee eeBiQotNEenc LAW / ReAPITULATION THEORY > ~> 7 According to this, * ONTOGENY RECAPITULATE PHYLOMENY =a CEmory onic dev) Ceomman ancestoy ) ~> ~> * He said embryonic dev. of an organism passes through stages that —5 resembles their ancestoral adults > ° e Certain featres during embryonic stage common tv ail vertebrates that are absent in adult © For egy the embryos of all vertebrates inclucting human develop a row of lits just behind the h bor it is € a finthonat organ only veshi it any other adult vet febrates i (ash and nor fount bwwdddY ° Diff. aged rock sediments contain fossil of aiff life forms @bho probably died donag formahoo of the parhcular sediment > : Von ¢ _— 3 > 2 PALENTDLOGICAL EVIDENCE 3 FOSGILG «Are the complete organism or its part or footpnnts or 9 excreta preserved over millions of years ; 9 PALENTDLOGY : Siudy of Fossils ; © Rocks form sediments and a cros-sechon of earth’ crust indicates ; the arrangemen! of sedimenls one over Hie other during the tong , toy of earth ) ) ° They reprecent ex tinct organisms (eg , Dinosaurs ) is in diff Sedimentay layers indicates the © The shvdy of fassil existed. geological penal in whth they- & Age Of Fossif —» Deepest layer: OLDEST Fos ® RELATIVE DATING —s COmparing sediment of _ Superficial ayer: NELOEST . © Rapioacnve DATING = carbon daking. ARTIFICIAL SELECTION (AS an evidence of Evolvhon \ ° Man has bred selected plants and animals for agricultre, horticul tye, sport or securiny . & Tt is arguea that if within hundred of gears, man has createol neug breeds, could not natvre have done the same over milliang Of years a ul a as a f a“ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ & & & s s s s s s ‘ ‘ / : !