Dear Teachers and Students,

Join School of Educators' exclusive WhatsApp, Telegram, and Signal groups for FREE access
to a vast range of educational resources designed to help you achieve 100/100 in exams!
Separate groups for teachers and students are available, packed with valuable content to
boost your performance.

Additionally, benefit from expert tips, practical advice, and study hacks designed to enhance
performance in both CBSE exams and competitive entrance tests.

Don’t miss out—join today and take the first step toward academic excellence!

Join the Teachers and Students

Group by Clicking the Link Below
 Class – 10 Social Science
( Econom ics)
Previous Year Quest ions
Chapt er- 1: Developm ent

1
Docum ent Nam e
Your Com pany Nam e ( C) Copyright ( Print Dat e) All Right s Reserved
What Development Promises Different People, Different Goals; Income and
Other Goals; National Development; How to Compare Different Countries or
States?

MCQ:
1. Assume there are four families in a locality. If the monthly income of each
family is ₹ 10,000, ₹ 20,000, ₹ 30,000 and ₹40000 then what is the average
income of the locality. Choose the correct option from the following.
(a) ₹ 25,000
(b) ₹ 30,000
(c) ₹ 20,000
(d) ₹ 10,000 (2023)

2. Which one of the following is a developmental goal of the factory workers?

(a) Better wages
(b) Better technology
(c) More hours of work
(d) More labour work (2023)

3. Suppose there are four families in your locality, the average per capita income
of whom is 10,000. If the income of three families is 6,000; 8,000 and
14,000 respectively, what would be the income of the fourth family?
(a) 5,000
(b) 10,000
(c) 12,000
(d) 15,000 (Term-I, 2021-22)

4. Which one of the following indices is given priority by the World Bank with
respect to development?
(a) Infant Mortality Rate (b) Equality
(c) Body Mass Index (d) Per Capita Income
(2024)
5. Choose the correct option from Column A and Column B
Column A Column B
(a) Prosperous farmers from Punjab (i) More days of work and better wages.
(b) dlLaness rural laborers (ii) Availability of additional sources of
irrigation facilities.
(c) Farmers who depend only on rain for (iii) Higher support prices for their crops
growing crops for farmers.
(d) A girl from a rich urban family (iv) She gets as much freedom as her
brother
(2020)
VSA (1/2 mark)

6. "Different persons can have different developmental goals." Support the

statement with an example. (2023)

7. What may be a goal of landless rural labourers regarding their income?

(Delhi 2019)

8. What may be a goal of prosperous farmer of Punjab? (Delhi 2019)

9. What may be a developmental goal of urban unemployed youth? (2019)

10. Why is average income considered as an important criterion for development?

Give one reason. (2017)

11. What is the development goal of rural people of India as per your viewpoint?
(2015)

12. What is the most common indicator for measuring economic development of a
country? (2014)

13. If there are 4 families in a country with per capita income of $15,000. The
income of 3 families is $10,000;$20,000, and $12,000. What is the income of the
4"th “family? (2014)

14. What is the advantage of knowing per capita income? Mention any one. (2014)

15. How is the average income of a country calculated? (2014)

16. State any two goals of development other than income. (2014)

SA I (3 marks)

17. What is the meaning of development? Explain the two aspects of development.
(2017, 2015)

18. "For development, people look at a mix of goals". Support the statement with
three suitable examples. (2016)
OR
"People have conflicting developmental goals". Support the statement with suitable
examples. (2016)
19. Explain the factors on which the quality of life depends. (2016, 2015)

20. Which three development goals will you like to prescribe for rural labourers?
(2015)
21. What is meant by economic development? What are the two bases of
measuring economic development of a country? (2015)

22. State any three factors other than income that are important in life.
(2015, 2014)

23. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Explain giving
examples. (2014)

LA (5 marks)

24. What is development? Why do different people have different development

goals? Explain with four examples. (2021 C, 2020 C, 2015)

25. "Different people have different goals of development". Explain the statement.
(2020)

26. What is average income? What is its importance? Mention its limitations
related to development. (2017)

27. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different
countries? Describe its limitations. (2017, 2016)

28. What is national development? What are the aspects covered under the
national development? (2016)

29. Explain with example that there are other important development goals also
besides income. (2014)

30. Why could different persons have different notions of a country’s

development ? Explain with examples (2024)

31. “The development goals of different categories of people may

differ.” Evaluate the statement. (2025)
 Income and Other Criteria; Public Facilities

MCQ

32. Which of the following countries has the highest 'Life Expectancy' at the birth'?
(a) Nepal
(b) Bangladesh
(c) India
(d) Pakistan (2023)

33. Which of the following countries has better rank in Human Development Index?
(a) Afghanistan
(b) Myanmar
(c) India
(d) Nepal (2023)

[Link], the monthly income of the family members is as follows

respectively :
Mother -Rs. 50,000/- Father -Rs. 40,000/-
Son - Rs. 20,000/- Daughter -Rs. 20,000/-
The average income of the family would be:
(a) Rs. 32,000/- (b) Rs. 30,000/-
(c) Rs. 32,500/- (d) Rs. 33,000/- (2024)

35. Read the following data and answer the question that follow:
Some comparative Data on Haryana, Kerala and Bihar
Infant
Net Attendance
Mortality Rate Literacy
State Ratio (per 100
(per thousand Rate %
person)
person)
Haryana 30 82 61
Kerala 7 94 83
Bihar 32 62 43

How much is the Net Absence Ratio of Haryana? Choose the appropriate option
from the following:
(a) 39
(b) 27
(c) 38
(d) 18 (2023)
36. Read the following statements about Human Development and choose the
correct option:
(I) It is the composite Index prepared by United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP).
(II) Parameters to measure it are Longevity, Literacy and Per Capita Income.
(III) Countries are ranked according to Developed and Low Developing countries.
(IV) World Bank also prepares report of Human Development on the basis of Quality
of Life.
(a) I and II
(b) II and III
(c) I and III
(d) II and IV (2023)
37. Two statements are given below as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the
statements and choose the most appropriate option.
Assertion (A): Kerala has low Infant Mortality Rate.
Reason (R): Kerala has adequate provision of basic health and education facilities.
(a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of the A.
(b) Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of the A.
(c) A is correct, but R is incorrect.
(d) A is incorrect, but R is correct. (Term-I, 2021-22)
38. Among India (130), Myanmar (148), Nepal (149), Pakistan
(150), who has the highest HDI?
(A) Pakistan
(B) India
(C) Nepal
(D) Myanmar (2025)

VSA (1 mark)
39. Define the term per capita income. (2020)

40. Define the term literacy rate. (2020)

41. Study the table and answer the question given below:

Some comparative data on Haryana, Kerala and Bihar

State Infant Mortality Literacy Net Attendance
Rate per 1,000 Rate % ratio (per 100
live births (2016) 2011 persons) secondary
stage(age 14 and
15 years) 2013-14
Haryana 33 82 61
Kerala 10 94 83
Bihar 38 62 43
In comparison to Kerala which state has the highest infant mortality rate?
(2020)
42."Suppose the average income of a country is not being increased over time but the
records of the National Income show a rise". What does this situation signify?
(2020 C)
Fill in the blank:
43. Human Development Index (HDI) level in India can be improved through ________.
(2020)
44. Why Kerala has a low infant mortality rate? (2017, 2016, 2015)

45. In what respect is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development of the
countries different from the one used by the World Bank? (2015)

46. What is the full form of HDI? (2015)

47. Explain the term Net Attendance Ratio. (2015, 2014)

48. What term is used for report published by UNDP which compares countries based on
the education levels of the people, their health status and per capita income? (2014)

SA I (3 marks)

49."Money cannot buy all the goods and services that a person may need to live well".
Explain the statement with suitable examples. (2021 C, 2020, 2016)

50. Suggest any three ways to maintain Body Mass Index. (2020)

51. On the basis of which three indicators of HDI 2004 Sri Lanka has better rank than
India? (2017, 2016)

52. Explain the three components of Human Development Index. (2016, 2014)

53. Which three efforts should be made by any country to improve its HDI? (2016)

54. Explain the role of education and health in the overall development of a country.
(2014)
 LA (5 marks)

55. In what respect is the criterion used by the UNDP different from that of the World
Bank? What are the limitations of the criterion used by the World Bank?
(2021 C, 2017)

56. How is it that the average person in Punjab has more income than the average
person in Kerala but it lags behind in many other crucial areas? Explain. (2017, 2016)

57. How can we ensure the sustainability of development in our country? Suggest
any one way. (2014)

Sustainability of Development

58.'The question of sustainability of development raises many fundamentally new

issues about the nature and process of development'. Explain it with examples.
(2023)

59. What is sustainable development? Why is the issue of sustainability important

for development? Explain. (2016,2015)

60. Suggest any three measures for sustainable development. (2015)

61."Sustainability of development is a new area of knowledge." Do you agree?

Justify your answer. (2014)
LA (5 marks)

62. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development? Explain. (2020)

63."Sustainability of development is a crucial aspect in present times". Support the

statement with examples. (2020 C)

64."Consequences of environment degradation do not respect national or state

boundaries". Support the statement with example. (2019,2016)

65. Explain the importance of sustainable development by giving the example of

ground water. (2016,2014)
66. What does sustainability of development mean? How can sustainable
development be achieved?
(2015)
67. Why is sustainable development essential? How does it help to prevent
environment degradation? (2015, 2014)

68.'The earth has enough resource to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy
the greed of even one person'. How is this statement relevant to the discussion of
development? Explain. (2014)

69. Recent evidence suggests that overuse of groundwater is a concern in the context
of sustainability of development. Explain. (2025)

Topic – 4 Indicators of Development

MCQ

70. Which of the following is a key indicator used to measure a country’s

development?
(a) Primary Production
(c) Gross Domestic Product
(b) Secondary Production
(d) Net Domestic Product (2024)

Topic – 5 Human Developments

MCQ

71. On which of the following basis does the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP) publish the ‘Human Development Report’?
(a) Manufacturing, Infrastructure and Health
(b) Education, Health and Per Capita Income
(c) National Income, Health and Banking
(d) Gross Domestic Product, Technology and Innovation (2024)
 Class 10 Social Science
( Economics)
PYQ Solut ions
Chapt er - 1: Developm ent
 ANSWER

1.(a) : ₹ 25000
2. (a) : Better wages

3. (c): Suppose the income of fourth family is x.

According to question.
10000= (x+6000+8000+14000)/4
⇒10000= (x+28000)/4
⇒x+28000=40000⇒x=₹12000

4. (d) Per Capita Income (2024)

5. (d):A girl from a rich urban family - She get as much freedom as her
brother.

6."Different persons can have different developmental goals".

People have different developmental goal because they come from different
background. Development goal for farmer might be irrigation facilities for an
unemployed youth it may mean employment opportunities.

7. Development goals for landless rural labourer are more days of work and better
wages.

8. The prosperous farmers of Punjab can aspire for better irrigation facilities. As a
developmental goal, they can look forward to sending their children to better
schools. They would also look for better yielding crop varieties.

9. To get employed with good salary package. Allocation of job as per his/her
requirements and qualifications.

10. Average income represents the total income of a country divided by the total
population. If the average income is adequate to meet the basic requirements and
other facilities, then country is considered developed.

11. It can be (i) Regular income (ii) Regular job (iii) Own a piece of land (iv) Better
health.

12. Per capita income

13. $18000

14. It is the most appropriate criteria for measuring the development of a country.

15. It is calculated by dividing the total income of the country by total population.
 16. (i) Education (ii) Health

17. Development refers to progress or improvement in lifestyle. Important aspects

of development are:
(i) Different persons can have different developmental goals.
(ii) What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It
may even be destructive for other.

[Link] development, people look at a mix of goals, for example:

(i) People have different developmental goals because people come from
different background.
(ii) Different people have different dreams and aspirations.
(iii) People set their goals according to the changing circumstances and the
prevailing situation
(iv) People may change the goal with the change in situation which could be
contradictory to previous goal
(v) For example: A person willing to do higher education will change his goal go
for employment because weak economic situation of the family.

[Link] quality of life depends upon the following factors:

(i) Money and material things
(ii) Presence of family members, friends and relatives
(iii) Good working atmosphere at the office
(iv) An opportunity to learn and contribute
(v) A position of self-respect in the family
(vi) A safe and secure environment.

[Link] development goals for rural labourers are:

(i) More days of work and better wages.
(ii) Local schools to provide quality education for their children.
(iii) There should be no social discrimination.

[Link] development means the rate of production is greater than the rate of
increase in population and the rate of growth of GDP is high enough to fulfill the
basic needs of the population.
Two basis of measuring development of a country are:
(i) Average or per capita income.
(ii) National income and public facilities.

[Link] income is one of the most important aspects of our lives, there are other
important things, such as
(a) Education, equal treatment, freedom, security, good health and respect.
(b) Women need safe and secure environment to take up a variety of jobs or run
a business.
(c) People also need political rights and civil liberties.
(d)Nam
Docum ent People
e need pollution-free environment and clean surroundings.
[Link] are used to compare different countries, states, or regions. As
countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell us
what an average person has earned. Thus averages are good criteria for
comparisons.
Averages have many limitations which are:
(i) They do not give us the true picture regarding the distribution of income.
(ii) Averages don't give us any information regarding the non-materialistic goods
and services.
While averages are useful for comparison, they also hide disparities. For
example, the infant mortality rate of a country does not differentiate between
the male and female infants born in that country. Such an average tells us
nothing about whether the number of children dying before the age of one are
mostly boys or girls.

[Link] means continuous progress or increase in real per-capita income.

In other words, there is improvement in economic welfare of the people and
their standard of living.
The four characteristics of development are :
(i) Developmental goals are different for different people.
(ii) What may be development for one may not be development for the other.
(iii) For development people look at a mix of goals.
(iv) Different persons could have different as well as conflicting notions of
country's development.

25. Different people have different development goals:

(i) People have different developmental goals because people come from
different background.
(ii) Different people have different dreams and aspirations.
(iii) People set their goals according to the changing circumstances and the
prevailing situation
(iv) People may change the goal with the change in situation which could be
contradictory to previous goal
(v) For example: A person willing to do higher education will change his goal go
for employment because weak economic situation of the family.

[Link] income - it is the total income of a nation (GDP) divided by its

population, also called per capita income. It helps in classifying countries as
developed, under developed or developing.
As done by World Bank it hides disparities, as in the middle east countries, a
small population is rich but a very large population is poor.
Limitations of calculating per capita income are :
(i) A rise in per capita income can be due to rise in prices and not due to increase
in physical output, it is not a reliable index of economic development.
 (ii) National income rises but lack of distribution makes the rich richer and the
poor poorer.
(iii) It excludes all non-marketed goods and services, even though they may be
important for human happiness and better quality of life.
(iv) Rise in per capita income may be due to use of modern capital intensive
technology in production which may be labour displacing in nature thus
adversely affecting the poor masses.
(v) If rate of population growth, is higher than the rate of growth of national
income, this will lead to fall in per capita availability of goods and services and
economic welfare.
(vi) Contribution of commodity to economic welfare may be higher than its
money value e.g., money value of salt, needle, thread etc. included in national
income is lower than their contribution to economic welfare.

27.(i) Per capita income is the base for comparison by the World Bank.
(ii) Narrow concept of development.
(iii) Countries are divided into rich and poor.
(iv) The World Bank defined low- and high-income countries according to per
capita income.
(v) Countries with per capita income of US $49,300 per annum and above in
2019 are called rich countries.
(vi) Countries with per capita income of US $2500 or less are called low-income
or poor countries.
Limitations in classifying different countries by World Bank:
(i) This criteria takes into account only the economic aspect of life and ignore the
social aspect of life.
(ii) It ignores education, health, life expectancy, sanitation etc.

[Link] development is the ability of the nation to improve the standard of

living of its population. It can be done by providing various needs and
opportunities of livelihood to the people and providing them employment, etc. It
also includes providing basic hygiene, healthcare and education.
The important aspects of national development are:-
(i) Enlargement of economic awareness
(ii) Increasing agricultural outputs
(iii) Eradication of poverty
(iv) Development of rural areas
(v) Handling of growth in urban areas
(vi) Ensuring gender parity in the society
(vii) Resolving conflicts by discussion and negotiation.
[Link] from money, people may seek growth and development through
independence, security, respect, equitable treatment, unpolluted environment,
etc .
(i) Independence is essential for success because it enhances confidence,
eliminates over-dependence on others, promotes enjoyment, provides a sense of
accomplishment, and helps people make better decisions. For creatures to
function efficiently in the world, they must be self-sufficient.
(ii) Security is a financial instrument, usually any tradable financial asset. The
definition of what constitutes security varies depending on the jurisdiction in
which the assets are exchanged.
(iii) Respect is a strong emotion of appreciation for someone or something based
on their abilities, attributes, or accomplishments.
(iv) Equality is about ensuring that every individual has an equal opportunity to
make the most of their lives and talents.

30. [Link] Priorities and Goals: Different individuals or groups may prioritize
different aspects of development based on their unique needs and
circumstances. For example, an industrialist might consider economic growth and
infrastructure development as the most important indicators of a country's
development. In contrast, a farmer might prioritize agricultural productivity,
access to water, and rural development. Similarly, a student may focus on the
quality of education and employment opportunities as key aspects of
development.

[Link] and Economic Backgrounds: People's social and economic backgrounds

influence their perceptions of development. For instance, individuals from
marginalized communities might view social justice, equality, and the eradication
of poverty as crucial components of development. In contrast, those from affluent
backgrounds might emphasize technological advancements and luxury amenities.
For example, in India, while urban residents might prioritize the expansion of
smart cities and digital infrastructure, rural residents might prioritize access to
basic amenities like clean water, sanitation, and healthcare.

[Link] and Regional Differences: Cultural and regional differences also shape
people's notions of development. Different regions within a country may have
distinct needs and developmental priorities based on their geography, climate,
and cultural practices. For example, in a coastal region, people might view the
development of fisheries and coastal management as vital, whereas, in a
mountainous region, infrastructure development for connectivity and disaster
management might be more critical. Additionally, cultural values and traditions
can influence what people consider essential for their development and well-
being. (2024)
31. Different groups in society have different development goals based on
their socioeconomic status, occupation, and needs. For example, farmers
prioritize irrigation and support, factory workers seek employment and
better wages, while women may focus on healthcare and education.
Marginalized communities might look for social justice and equality.
Recognizing these diverse goals is essential for inclusive development
planning to ensure equitable benefits across society.

32.(b) : Bangladesh
33.(c) : India

[Link] total income of the family is:

50000 +40,000+20,000+20,000=130,000
The number of family members is 4.
The average income is calculated as:
Average Income=
Total Income/Number of Members
Average Income=130,000/4

Average Income=32,500
SOLUTION
The correct option is:(c)
Rs. 32,500/-

35.(a) : 39
36.(a) : I and II

37.(a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of the A: There is
low infant mortality rate in Kerala. Its reason is that, Kerala has adequate
provision of basic health and educational facilities.

38.(B) India
39. Per capital income measures the average income earned per person in a given
area in a specified year. Its is calculated by dividing the areas total income
by its total population.

40. Literary rate is defined by the percentage of the population of a given age
group ( 7 and above), that can read and write.
[Link]

[Link] the average income of a country is not being increased over time but the records
of the National Income show a rise it is a situation of unequal distribution of income.

43.(i) Increasing educational level of the people.

(ii) Increasing their health status.
(iii) Increasing people's per capital income.

[Link] has low infant mortality rate as it has high development of education and health
facilities.

45. UNDP compares countries on educational level, health status and per capita income;
whereas the World Bank uses only per capita income for measuring development.

46.. Human Development Index

[Link] net attendance ratio is the percentage of the official primary school age
population that attends primary school. The Gross Attendance Ratio (GAR) is the total
number of students attending primary school regardless of age.

[Link] Development Index (HDI)

[Link] cannot buy all the goods and services that a person may need to live well.
Income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services
that citizens are able to use. For example, normally, money cannot buy a pollution free
environment or ensure that a person gets unadulterated medicines, unless a person
can afford to shift to a community that already has all these things. Money may also
not be able to protect individual from infection, disease, unless the whole of our
community takes preventive steps.

[Link] three ways to maintain Body Mass Index (BMI):

(i) It is important to exercise at least 60-90 minutes most days of the week.
(ii) Stay hydrated and eat a balanced diet.
(iii) Avoid fast food and oily food.

51.(i) Life expectancy

(ii) Gross enrollment ratio
(iii) Per capita income
[Link] Development Index is published by the UNDP.
(i) It includes the level of development of a country.
(ii) It indicates about a country how far it has travelled and how far it has yet to
travel to achieve high ranks in matters such as per capita income of the people.
(iii) It includes important welfare elements such as life expectancy, literacy,
educational level of people and health status.

53. The three efforts which could be made by any country to improve its HDI are :
(i) Providing 100% literacy to the people.
(ii) Improving health facilities.
(iii) Creating a pollution-free environment

54. (i) Role of education : It plays a vital role in the overall development of a human
Being and society, therefore stress on imparting education has been given in our
constitution.
(ii) Role of Health: The general health standard in India is quite low. This is quite
inevitable as nearly one-fourth of the population lives below the poverty line.
A community based programme on health care and medical services in rural areas is
launched. As a result of these efforts, there has been a fall in the incidents of
certain diseases like tuberculosis, leprosy and polio.

[Link] World Bank uses per capita income to measure the development. But it
does not give the clear picture about the condition of the people in the country.
That is why UNDP has adopted Human Development index. The Human
Development Index (HDI) is based on :
(i) Per capita income: When the total national income of the country is divided by
its population, we get the per capita income.
(ii) Life expectancy: It measures the average age of a person in a country. It helps
us to know the health facilities of the country.
(iii) Literacy rate: Education is also one of the most important criteria for the
development of a country.
(iv) Gross enrollment ratio: It measures the education gained at three levels-at
the primary, secondary and higher education level.

56. (i) Per capita income of Punjab is ₹26,000 and Kerala is ₹ 22,800 .
(ii) Literacy rate of Punjab according to 2011 census is 75% and Kerala is 94%
i.e., Punjab lags behind Kerala.
 (iii) Therefore, income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material
goods and services that citizens are able to use.
(iv) Over the past decade, health and education indicators have come to be
widely used along with income as a measure of development.
(v) Human Development Report published by UNDP compares countries on the
basis of educational levels, health status and per capita income.
(vi) Kerala has a low infant mortality rate as it has adequate provision of basic
health and educational facilities.

[Link] development is development that meets the needs of the present

generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs. An important measure that we can take to attain sustainability is to
adopt measures to reduce global warming and carbon emission. (i) Improvement
in human capacity is needed through better education and healthcare that will
result in improving the quality of life and better decisions related to the
environment.
(ii) Consumption and production should be managed responsibly so as to avoid
wastage.
(iii) Decarbonise the energy system so as to provide clean and affordable energy
to all.
(iv) Providing access to clean drinking water and nutritious food.
(v) Protecting the environment from damage due to human activities.

(vi) Planning smart infrastructure so that the population can be managed

properly.
(vii) Responsible use of information technology to support sustainable
development.

58. (i) Sustainable development has continued to evolve as that of protecting the
world's resources while its true agenda is to control the world's resources. (ii)
Environmentally sustainable economic growth refers to economic development
that meets the needs of all without leaving future generations with fewer
natural resources than those we enjoy today.
(iii) The essence of this form of development is a stable relationship between
human activities and the natural world, which does not diminish the prospects
for future generations to enjoy a quality of life at least as good as our own.
(iv) Example: Crude oil that we extract from the earth is a non-renewable
resource. Still its explorations are being done non-judiciously.
[Link] development means development should take place without
damaging the environment and development in the present should not
compromise with the needs of the future generation.
Issue of sustainability is important and desirable for development.
(i) Economic development is a continuous process. Hence resources are not
exploited. At the same time, development should not harm the environment.
(ii) It is desirable because everyone would certainly like the present level of
development to go further or at least be maintained for the future generations.

60. (i) Controlling overuse and creating an awareness to provide sustainable

development.
(ii) Increased use of renewable resources.
(iii) Less use of fossil fuels.
(iv) Introduction of organic farming.
(v) Adopting measures to reduce global warming.

[Link], we agree with this statement. The reasons are:

(i) Sustainability of development is comparatively a new area of knowledge in
which scientists, economists, philosophers and other social scientists are
working together.
(ii) In general, the question of development or progress is continuous.
(iii) At all times, as a member of the society and as individuals we need to ask
where we want to go, what we wish to become and what our goals are.

[Link] issue of sustainability is important for development because of the passage of

time the generation changes and with this change society wants more and more
benefits from the resources which are present in our nature. Because of the
increasing needs of people of our society, things are decaying day by day, and
excessive use is making things worse. If the speed of using resources remains the
same then the available resources will be exhausted soon and our coming
generation will stay deprived of all kind of needs.
The issue of sustainability is important for development because of the following
reasons:
(a) The growth and development should be done by keeping in mind future usage.
(b) If resources are not sustained, then our natural resources will stagnate after
some time and no upcoming generation will be able to take advantage of these
natural resources.

[Link] is felt that the economic growth and industrialisation have led to reckless
exploitation of natural resources. Sustainability promotes a rational use of natural
 resources.
(i) Currently, reckless exploitation of non-renewable natural resources is going on.
Since the stock of natural resources like oil and minerals is limited, development
should not take place at the cost of these scare natural resources as they are not
renewable in the near future.
(ii) Ground water is an example of renewable resource. But if we use more that
what is replinished by nature, then we would be overusing this resource.
(iii) Once the non-renewable resources would be exhausted, we would not be able
to use them in future. So, using the resources judiciously will help in maintaining
the sustainability of development of our ecosystem.
(iv) Economic development is a continuous process. Resources are to be used in
such a way that they are not exploited. At the same time, development should not
harm the environment.

[Link] of environment degradation do not respect national or state

boundaries. This issue is no longer a regional or national issue. Our future is linked
together. Sustainability of development is essential for all the mankind and it is our
common responsibility to save the environment.
These days, it is a matter of discussion among different countries of world. Global
warming, acid rain etc. are not bound to a country and cannot be controlled by
one nation. It is a global matter for thinking and finding the solutions.

65.(i) Sustainable development is all about judicious use of resources at present

keeping in mind the future requirements of the coming generation.
(ii) Ground water is overused for agriculture.
(iii) Water is drawn from wells and this leaves the underground water-table
depleted.
(iv) Though water is a renewable resource it is used more than what is being
replenished.

66. Sustainable development is defined as meeting the needs of the present without
Compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Unless
the development is sustainable it cannot be continued for a prolonged period of
time.
Sustainable development is the upliftment of a particular section of the society
achieved by cooperation and utilization of various types of natural and man-made
resources without harming the environment, it's various elements and above all
the natural resources.
It can be achieved by -
(i) Using eco-friendly processes and producing ecofriendly products.
(ii) Recycling and reusing as many products as possible.
(iii) Use of things that don't harm the environment.
(iv) Judicious use of fossil fuels and working it towards alternative energy sources.
(v) Curb activities that lead to pollution.
[Link] development is important for economic growth because:
(i) Environment must be conserved while development is taking place.
(ii) Resources must be used in such a way that it is conserved or replenished for
future generations.
(iii) The standard of living of all people must be raised.
Measures to ensure sustainable development:
(i) We should focus on using renewable resources.
(ii) The present resources must be used judiciously, with planning, and
overexploitation should be avoided.

68. This statement was given by Mahatma Gandhi:

(i) It means that the earth has abundant resources to satisfy everyone's needs
but, in our greed, and hurry to develop, we have been recklessly exploiting
the resources.
(ii) In the name of development, we have indulged in activities such as
deforestation, overgrazing,
encroachment into forest land, overuse of ground water, use of plastices etc.
(iii) The exploitation of natural resources not only harms the environment but
may cripple the future generations of the development process itself.
(iv) If fossil fuels are exhausted, the development of all countries would be at risk.
(v) Thus, there is a need for conservation and judicious use of resources for
development.

69. Overuse of groundwater occurs when the extraction exceeds the natural
recharge of aquifers. This leads to the lowering of the water table, making it difficult
and expensive to extract water. Excessive withdrawal harms ecosystems and
reduces water availability for future generations. Such over-exploitation is
unsustainable as it threatens long-term water security, affecting agriculture,
industries, and domestic use. To ensure sustainability, groundwater must be used
judiciously with practices like rainwater harvesting, regulated use, and water
conservation.

70. (C) Gross Domestic Product

71. (B) Education, Health and Per Capita Income.

CLICK TO DOWNLOAD MORE CHAPTERS