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Chapter Two Summary Notes

An Electrical Power Transmission System is designed to transfer bulk electrical energy from generating stations to load centers at high voltages, ensuring reliability and stability. Key components include transmission lines, transformers, circuit breakers, and protection systems, while performance is influenced by factors like voltage drop and line losses. The system is classified into short, medium, and long transmission lines based on length and voltage, with efficiency always being less than 100% due to inherent losses.

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8 views4 pages

Chapter Two Summary Notes

An Electrical Power Transmission System is designed to transfer bulk electrical energy from generating stations to load centers at high voltages, ensuring reliability and stability. Key components include transmission lines, transformers, circuit breakers, and protection systems, while performance is influenced by factors like voltage drop and line losses. The system is classified into short, medium, and long transmission lines based on length and voltage, with efficiency always being less than 100% due to inherent losses.

Uploaded by

kcarab13
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

1.

Definition

An Electrical Power Transmission System transfers bulk electrical energy from generating
stations to distant load centers at high voltage to reduce losses.

3. Functional Importance

a) Bulk Power Transfer

• Transfers large power over long distances


• Typical voltages: 132 kV, 230 kV, 400 kV

b) Voltage Transformation & Regulation

• Uses step-up transformers for transmission


• Maintains voltage within ±5%

c) Reliability & Stability

• Continuous supply during faults


• Uses relays, circuit breakers, SCADA
• Prevents cascading blackouts

d) Grid Interconnection

• Connects power plants and regions


• Enables power exchange (e.g., EAPP)

4. Main Components of Transmission System

1. Transmission Lines

• Carry bulk electrical energy


• Types: Overhead lines, Underground cables
• Common voltages: 33–400 kV
• Conductors: ACSR, AAAC, Copper
• Design factors: voltage level, spacing, insulation
2. Transmission Towers

• Support conductors and maintain clearances


• Types:
o Lattice steel towers (HV, EHV)
o Concrete/tubular poles (33–66 kV)
• Must withstand wind, temperature, lightning

3. Insulators

• Prevent current leakage to earth


• Materials: Porcelain, Glass, Polymer
• Types:
o Pin type (≤ 33 kV)
o Suspension type (66–400 kV)
o Strain type (dead ends, sharp turns)

4. Conductors

• Carry current
• Types:
o AAC – light, low strength
o ACSR – high strength, widely used
o AAAC – corrosion resistant

5. Transformers

• Step-up: transmission
• Step-down: distribution
• Cooling: oil-cooled, air-cooled
• Special types: autotransformers, CTs, PTs

6. Circuit Breakers & Switchgear

• Protection and control


• Types:
o Oil CB
o SF₆ CB
o Vacuum CB

7. Protection & Control Systems

• Detect faults and isolate faulty sections


• Components: relays, SCADA, communication links
• Reduce outage time and equipment damage
8. Grounding & Lightning Protection

• Protect against lightning and switching surges


• Devices:
o Lightning arresters
o Earthing systems

5. Performance of Transmission Lines

Key factors:

• Voltage drop
• Line losses
• Transmission efficiency

Depends on line constants:

• R – Resistance
• L – Inductance
• C – Capacitance
• G – Conductance (long lines)

6. Classification of Transmission Lines

a) Short Transmission Line

• Length: ≤ 50 km
• Voltage: < 20 kV
• Parameters considered: R, L
• Capacitance: negligible

b) Medium Transmission Line

• Length: 50–150 km
• Voltage: 20–100 kV
• Parameters: R, L, C
• Capacitance treated as lumped

c) Long Transmission Line

• Length: > 150 km


• Voltage: > 100 kV
• Parameters: R, L, C, G (distributed)
• Uses rigorous analysis methods
7. Voltage Regulation

• Due to voltage drop in line resistance and inductance


• Defined as:

Voltage Regulation = (VS−VR) / (VR) × 100

Voltage Drop = VS - VR

Difference between no-load and full-load receiving voltage

8. Transmission Efficiency

• Ratio of receiving power to sending power

Efficiency = (POWER receiving / Power sending ) × 100%

Pr = Sr x PF

Ps = Pr + Ploss

Always less than 100% due to I²R losses

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