LAWS OF MOTION

TEXT BOOK EVALUATION

I. Choose the correct answer
1) Inertia of a body depends on
a) weight of the object b) acceleration due to gravity of the planet
c) mass of the object d) Both a & b
2) Impulse is equals to
a) rate of change of momentum b) rate of force and time
c) change of momentum d) rate of change of mass
3) Newton’s III law is applicable
a) for a body is at rest b) for a body in motion
c) both a & b d) only for bodies with equal masses
4) Plotting a graph for momentum on the X-axis and time on Y-axis. slope of
momentum-time graph gives
a) Impulsive force b) Acceleration c) Force d) Rate of force
5) In which of the following sport the turning of effect of force used
a) swimming b) tennis c) cycling d) hockey
6) The unit of ‘g’ is m s-2. It can be also expressed as
a) cms-1 b) N kg-1 c) N m2 kg-1 d) cm2 s-2
7) One kilogram force equals to
a) 9.8 dyne b) 9.8 × 104 N c) 98 × 104 dyne d) 980 dyne
8) The mass of a body is measured on planet Earth as M kg. When it is taken to a planet of radius
half that of the Earth then its value will be____kg
a) 4 M b) 2M c) M/4 d) M
9) If the Earth shrinks to 50% of its real radius its mass remaining the same, the weight of a body
on the Earth will
a) decrease by 50% b) increase by 50% c) decrease by 25% d) increase by 300%
10) To project the rockets which of the following principle(s) is /(are) required?
a) Newton’s third law of motion b) Newton’s law of gravitation
c) law of conservation of linear momentum d) both a and c
II. Fill in the blanks:
1. To produce a displacement ___________ is required.
2. Passengers lean forward when sudden brake is applied in a moving vehicle. This can be
explained by ___________
3. By convention, the clockwise moments are taken as ___________ and the anticlockwise
moments are taken as__________
4.___________ is used to change the speed of car.
5. A man of mass 100 kg has a weight of ___________ at the surface of the Earth.
ANSWERS:
1. Force [Link] of motion [Link],negative [Link] 5.980N

III. State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the statement if it is false:
1. The linear momentum of a system of particles is always conserved. (True)
2. Apparent weight of a person is always equal to his actual weight.(False)
Correction: Apparent weight of a person is always equal to his normal reaction.
3. Weight of a body is greater at the equator and less at the polar region. (False)
Correction:Weight of a body is greater at the polar region and less at the equator.
4. Turning a nut with a spanner having a short handle is so easy than one with a long handle.
(False)
Correction: Turning a nut with a spanner having a long handle is so easy than one with
a short handle.
 5 . There is no gravity in the orbiting space station around the Earth. So the astronauts feel
weightlessness. (False)
Correction: There is equal gravity in the orbiting space station around the [Link] the
astronauts feel weightlessness.

V. Assertion & Reasoning

Mark the correct choice as
(a) If both the assertion and the reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both the assertion and the reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the
assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but the reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false, but the reason is true.

1. Assertion: The sum of the clockwise moments is equal to the sum of the anticlockwise moments.
Reason: The principle of conservation of momentum is valid if the external force on the system
is zero.
2. Assertion: The value of ‘g’ decreases as height and depth increases from the surface of the Earth.
Reason: ‘g’ depends on the mass of the object and the Earth.
ANSWERS:
1. (b) 2. (c)

VI. Answer briefly.

1. Define inertia. Give its classification.
The inherent property of a body to resist any change in its state of rest or the state of uniform
motion, unless it is influenced upon by an external unbalanced force, is known as ‘inertia’.
Types of inertia
a) Inertia of rest: The resistance of a body to change its state of rest is called inertia of rest.
b) Inertia of motion: The resistance of a body to change its state of motion is called inertia of
motion.
c) Inertia of direction: The resistance of a body to change its direction of motion is called
inertia of direction.

2. Classify the types of force based on their application.

Based on the direction in which the forces act, they can be classified into two types as:
(a) Like parallel forces and (b) Unlike parallel forces.
(a) Like parallel forces: Two or more forces of equal or unequal magnitude acting along
the same direction, parallel to each other are called like parallel forces.
(b) Unlike parallel forces: If two or more equal forces or unequal forces act along opposite
directions parallel to each other, then they are called unlike parallel forces.

3. If a 5 N and a 15 N forces are acting opposite to one another. Find the resultant force and the direction
of action of the resultant force
GIVEN:
F1= 5N ,
F2 = -15N (since two forces in opposite direction)
Resultant force (F) = F1 + F2
= 5N + (-15N)
= -10N
The resultant force (F) acts in the direction of greater force(15N)
4. Differentiate mass and weight.

[Link] MASS WEIGHT

1. It is the quantity of matter contained in the It is defined as the gravitational force exerted on
body. Its SI unit is kilogram (kg). it due to the Earth’s gravity alone.
2. Its SI unit is kilogram (kg). SI unit of weight is newton (N).
3. It is a scalar quatity It is a vector quantity
4. Mass of a body remains the same everywhere. Weight of a body varies from one place to
another place on the Earth.

4. Define moment of a couple.

* Rotating effect of a couple is known as moment of a couple.
* Examples: Turning a tap, winding or unwinding a screw, spinning of a top, etc.
* Moment of a couple(M) is measured by the product of any one of the forces(F) and the
perpendicular distance(S) between the line of action of two forces.
M=FXS UNIT- Nm

[Link] the principle of moments.

When a number of like or unlike parallel forces act on a rigid body and the body is in equilibrium,
then the algebraic sum of the moments in the clockwise direction is equal to the algebraic sum of
the moments in the anticlockwise direction. In other words at equilibrium, the algebraic sum of the
moments of all the individual forces about any point is equal to zero.
d1 d2

F1 F2

F1 X d1 = F2 X d2

[Link] Newton’s second law.

Newton’s second law states that“the force acting on a body is directly proportional to the
rate of change of linear momentum of the body and the change in momentum takes place
in the direction of the force”.

7. Why a spanner with a long handle is preferred to tighten screws in heavy vehicles?
The turning effect (torque) of the applied force is more when the perpendicular distance (d) between
the fixed point and the point of application of force (F) is more.
Torque = F x d
Torque is high for longer spanner as the ‘d’ is more. For this reason ,a spanner with long handle
is preferred to tighten screws.
[Link] catching a cricket ball the fielder lowers his hands backwards. Why?
 A fast moving cricket ball has a larger momentum.
 When a cricket player moves his hand back, time taken to stop the ball is increased and hence the
rate of change of momentum is reduced.
 According to newton’s second law, small force acts on the hand of player. So the hands of the
player do not get hurt.
 9. How does an astronaut float in a space shuttle?
Astronauts are not floating but falling freely around the earth due to their huge oribital velocity.
Since space station and astronauts have equal acceleration, they are under free fall condition.
(R = 0 ). Hence, both the astronauts and the space station are in the state of weightlessness.

VIII. Answer in detail.

1. What are the types of inertia? Give an example for each type.
Types of inertia
a) Inertia of rest: The resistance of a body to change its state of rest is called inertia of
rest. Eg:When you vigorously shake the branches of a tree, some of the leaves and fruits
are detached and they fall down, (Inertia of rest).
b) Inertia of motion: The resistance of a body to change its state of motion is called
inertia of motion. Eg- An athlete runs some distance before jumping. Because, this
will help him jump longer and higher. (Inertia of motion)
c) Inertia of direction: The resistance of a body to change its direction of motion is
called inertia of [Link]-When you make a sharp turn while driving a car, you tend to
lean sideways, (Inertia of direction).

2. State Newton’s laws of motion.

Newton’s First Law

This law states that, “Every body continues to be in its state of rest or the state of uniform
motion along a straight line unless it is acted upon by some external force”. It gives the
definition of force as well as inertia.

Newton’s Second Law

This law states that, “The force acting on a body is directly proportional to the rate
of change of linear momentum of the body and the change in momentum takes place
in the direction of the force”.
Newton’s Third Law
This law states that ,”For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction”. They
always act on two different bodies’.

3. Deduce the equation of a force using Newton’s second law of motion.

Let, ‘m’ be the mass of a moving body, moving along a straight line with an initial speed ‘u’
After a time interval of ‘t’, the velocity of the body changes to ‘v’ due to the impact
of an unbalanced external force F.
Initial momentum of the body Pi = mu
Final momentum of the body Pf = mv
Change in momentum Δp = Pf –Pi = mv – mu
By Newton’s second law of motion,
Force, F ∝ rate of change of momentum
F α mv-mu/t
F α m(v-u) /t
F = km(v-u)
t
Here, k is the proportionality constant. k = 1 in all systems of units. Hence,
F = km(v-u)
t
Since, acceleration = change in velocity/ time, a=(v-u)/t. Hence, we have
F=m×a
Force = mass × acceleration
[Link] and prove the law of conservation of linear momentum.
The law states that,”There is no change in the linear momentum of a system of bodies as long as no
net external force acts on them.”

Proof:
*Let two bodies A and B having masses m1 and m2 move with initial velocity u1 and u2
in a straight line.
*Let the velocity of the first body be higher than that of the second body. i.e., u1> u2.
*During an interval of time t second, they tend to have a collision.
*After the impact, both of them move along the same straight line with a velocity v1
and v2 respectively.
Force on body B due to A,
FB= m2 (v2– u2)/t
Force on body A due to B,
FA = m1 (v1– u1)/t
By Newton’s III law of motion,
Action force = Reaction force
FA = –FB
m1 (v1- u1)/t = – m2 (v2- u2)/t
m1 v + m v = m u + m u
1 2 2 1 1 2 2

The above equation confirms in the absence of an external force, the algebraic sum of
the momentum after collision is numerically equal to the algebraic sum of the
momentum before collision.
Hence the law of conservation linear momentum is proved.
[Link] rocket propulsion.

 Propulsion of rockets is based on the law of conservation of linear momentum as well as

Newton’s III law of motion.
 When the rocket is fired, this fuel is burnt and a hot gas is ejected with a high speed from the
nozzle of the rocket, producing a huge momentum.
 By newton’s third law,reaction force is produced in the combustion chamber, which makes the
rocket project forward.
 While in motion, the mass of the rocket gradually decreases, until the fuel is completely burnt out.
 Since, there is no net external force acting on it, the linear momentum of the system is conserved.
The mass of the rocket de
 The mass of the rocket decreases with altitude, which results in the gradual increase in velocity of
the rocket.
 At one stage, it reaches a velocity, which is sufficient to just escape from the gravitational pull of
the Earth. This velocity is called escape velocity.
6. State the universal law of gravitation and derive its mathematical expression

Newton’s universal law of gravitation

This law states that every particle of matter in this universe attracts every other particle with a
force. This force is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between the centers of these masses. The direction of
the force acts along the line joining the masses.
Force between the masses is always attractive and it does not depend on the medium where they
are placed.

m1
m2
MI F1 F2

Let, m1 and m2 be the masses of two bodies A and B placed r metre apart in space
Force F ∝ m1 × m2
F ∝ 1/ r2
On combining the above two expressions
F∝ m1m2 / r2
F=G m1 m2 / r2

Where G is the universal gravitational constant. Its value in SI unit is 6.674 × 10–11 N m
2
kg-2

7. Give the applications of universal law gravitation.

Application of Newton’s law of gravitation
i) Dimensions of the heavenly bodies can be measured using the gravitation law. Mass of the Earth,
radius of the Earth, acceleration due to gravity, etc. can be calculated with a higher accuracy.
ii) Helps in discovering new stars and planets.
iii) One of the irregularities in the motion of stars is called ‘Wobble’ lead to the disturbance in the
motion of a planet nearby. In this condition the mass of the star can be calculated using the law
of gravitation.
iv ) Helps to explain germination of roots is due to the property of geotropism which is the property of
a root responding to the gravity.
v) Helps to predict the path of the astronomical bodies.