8085 Microprocessor

8085 Architecture

8085 consists of various units as shown in Fig. 1 and each unit performs its own functions.

Accumulator
Accumulator is nothing but a register which can hold 8-bit data. The data to be
processed by arithmetic and logic unit is stored in accumulator. It also stores the
result of the operation carried out by the Arithmetic and Logic unit. The
accumulator can be used to send or receive data from the Internal Data bus.
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Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Arithmetic operations like +, -, *, / and to perform logical operations like AND,
OR, NOT etc. These operations are performed by the Arithmetic and Logic Unit
(ALU). ALU performs these operations on 8-bit data. ALU gets its Input from
accumulator and temporary register. After processing the necessary operations, the
result is stored back in accumulator.
General Purpose Registers
 Apart from accumulator 8085 consists of six special types of registers called
General Purpose Registers. These general-purpose registers are used to hold data
like any other registers. The general-purpose registers in 8085 processors are B, C,
D, E, H and L. Each register can hold 8-bit data. Apart from the above function these
registers can also be used to work in pairs to hold 16-bit data. They can work in
pairs such as B-C, D-E and H-L to store 16-bit data. The H-L pair works as a memory
pointer. A memory pointer holds the address of a particular memory location. They
can store 16-bit address as they work in pair.

Program Counter and Stack Pointer

Program counter is a special purpose register.

As soon as the ALU finished executing the instruction, the processor looks for
the next instruction to be executed. So, there is a necessity for holding the address
of the next instruction to be executed in order to save time. This is taken care by the
program counter. A program counter stores the address of the next instruction to
be executed. In other words, the program counter keeps track of the memory
address of the instructions that are being executed by the microprocessor and the
memory address of the next instruction that is going to be executed.
Microprocessor increments the program counter whenever an instruction is
being executed, so that the program counter points to the memory address of the
next instruction that is going to be executed. Program counter is a 16-bit register.
Temporary Register
As the name suggests this register acts as a temporary memory during the
arithmetic and logical operations. Unlike other registers, this temporary register
can only be accessed by the microprocessor and it is completely inaccessible to
programmers. Temporary register is an 8-bit register.
Flags
Flags are nothing but a group of individual Flip-flops. The flags are mainly
associated with arithmetic and logic operations. The flags will show either a logical
(0 or 1) (i.e.) a set or reset depending on the data conditions in accumulator or
various other registers.
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
S Z AC P CY
Flag Register
Intel processors have a set of 5 flags.
1. Carry flag
2. Parity flag
3. Auxiliary carry flag 2
4. Zero flag
5. Sign flag
Instruction Register and Decoder
Instruction register is 8-bit register just like any other register of
microprocessor. When an instruction is fetched from memory, it is directed to
Instruction register. So, the instruction registers are specifically to store the
instructions that are fetched from memory. There is an Instruction decoder which
decodes the information present in the Instruction register for further processing.
Timing and Control Unit
It synchronizes the registers and flow of data through various registers and
other units. The oscillator generates two-phase clock signals which aids in
synchronizing all the registers of 8085 microprocessors.
Signals that are associated with Timing and control unit are:

Control Signals: RD, WR, ALE

Interrupt control
As the name suggests this control interrupts a process. Consider that a
microprocessor is executing the main program. Now whenever the interrupt signal
is enabled or requested the microprocessor shifts the control from main program to
process the incoming request and after the completion of request, the control goes
back to the main program. For example, an Input/output device may send an
interrupt signal to notify that the data is ready for input. The microprocessor
temporarily stops the execution of main program and transfers control to I/O
device. After collecting the input data, the control is transferred back to main
program. Interrupt signals present in 8085 are:
 INTR
 RST 7.5
 RST 6.5
 RST 5.5
 TRAP
Serial Input/output control
The input and output of serial data can be carried out using 2 instructions in
8085.
 SID-Serial Input Data
 SOD-Serial Output Data
Address bus and Data bus
We know that 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor. So, the data bus present in the
microprocessor is also 8-bits wide. So, 8-bits of data can be transmitted from
or to the microprocessor. But 8085 processor requires 16-bit address bus as the
memory addresses are 16-bit wide. The 8 most significant bits of the address are
transmitted with the help of address bus and the 8 least significant bits are
transmitted with the help of multiplexed address/data bus.

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MICROCONTROLLER

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CPU (Central Processing Unit): CPU act as a mind of any processing machine.
It synchronizes and manages all processes that are carried out in microcontroller. User
has no power to control the functioning of CPU. It interprets the program stored in ROM
and carries out from storage and then performs it projected duty. CPU manage the
different types of registers available microcontroller.
Interrupts: Interrupts is a sub-routine call that given by the microcontroller when some
other program with high priority is request for acquiring the system buses the n interrupts
occur in current running program.

Types of buses Microcontroller:

the two types of bus used microcontroller:

o Address Bus: microcontrollers is consisting of address bus. It is generally be

used for transferring the data from Central Processing Unit to Memory.
o Data bus: microcontroller is consisting of data bus. It is generally be used for
transferring the data from one peripherals position to other peripherals.

Oscillator: As the microcontroller is digital circuit therefore it needs timer for their
operation. To perform timer operation inside microcontroller it required externally
connected or on-chip oscillator. Microcontroller is used inside an embedded
system for managing the function of devices. For the operation of this timers and
counters the oscillator is used inside microcontroller.

Memory: It needs memory such as RAM and ROM, number of I/O devices,
timers, interrupt controllers, DMA controller and other supporting devices. It
also consist of A to D converters, interrupts circuit , serial I/O etc.

Comparison between Microprocessor and Microcontroller:

The following table highlights all the important differences between

microprocessors and microcontrollers −

Parameter Microprocessor Microcontroller

Microprocessors can be Microcontrollers can be

Definition understood as the heart of a understood as the heart of an
computer system. embedded system.

A microprocessor is a processor A microcontroller is a controlling

where the memory and I/O device wherein the memory and
What is it?
component are connected I/O output component are present
externally. internally.

Microcontrollers are present on

Circuit The circuit5is complex due to
chip memory. The circuit is less
complexity external connection.
complex.

Memory and The memory and I/O

The memory and I/O components
I/O components are to be
are available.
components connected externally.

Compact Microprocessors can’t be used Microcontrollers can be used with

system
compatibilit in compact system. a compact system.
y

Microprocessors are not

Efficiency Microcontrollers are efficient.
efficient.

Zero status Microprocessors have a zero Microcontroller doesn’t have a

flag status flag. zero status flag.

Number of Microprocessors have less Microcontrollers have more

registers number of registers. number of registers.

Microcontrollers are generally

Microprocessors are generally
Applications used in washing machines, and air
used in personal computers.
conditioners.