ENGR.
PRINCESS
RODRIGUEZ
ILLUMINATI
ON
Light is a form of Electromagnetic energy, radiated from a body which is
capable of being perceived by the human eye.
Lighting is the application of light to spaces. Where the light is placed, at what
relative intensities, and in what direction, can have a major impact not only on
vision and visual comfort, but perception. Not just light, but the lighting
equipment itself can also affect impressions of the space and its owner.
Lighting, therefore, can impact satisfaction, visibility, task performance, safety,
security, sales, mood and atmosphere, aesthetic judgment and social
interaction.
We depend on lighting in order to function: from lighting our offices to
illuminating the roads for night time driving to illuminating the displays of the
ILLUMINATION
Poor Lighting can cause:
Eye Strain
Headache
Accidents due to insufficient lighting
Glare
For Good Lighting System:
Adequate illumination of suitable color on the working surface
Good Maintenance
Avoidance of hard shows and Glare
TYPES OF LAMPS
There are many different types of lamps available on the market today. These lamps
differ in their operating principle, materials used, and, importantly – their energy
efficiency. The main types of lamps are:
TYPES OF LAMPS
Incandescent Lamps: Incandescent lamps are the oldest and simplest type of lamps. They
work by passing an electric current through a thin metal filament (usually made of
tungsten) that heats up and glows. Incandescent lamps produce a warm and yellowish light that
is similar to natural sunlight. However, they are also very inefficient and wasteful, as they
convert only about 10% of the electricity into light and the rest into heat. Incandescent lamps
have a short lifespan (about 1,000 hours) and are gradually being phased out by more
energy-efficient alternatives. These lamps are the original electric lightings and the inventor of
this lamp is Thomas Edison.
TYPES OF LAMPS
Tungsten Halogen Lamps: Tungsten halogen lamps are a type of incandescent lamps
that have a small amount of halogen gas (such as iodine or bromine) inside the bulb.
The halogen gas prevents the tungsten filament from evaporating and depositing on the
glass envelope, thus extending its lifespan (about 2,000 to 4,000 hours) and
maintaining its brightness. Tungsten halogen lamps produce a bright and white light that
is suitable for accent lighting and task lighting. However, they are also very hot and
require special fixtures and handling.
TYPES OF LAMPS
Fluorescent Lamps: Fluorescent lamps are a type of gas-discharge lamps that work
by passing an electric current through a tube filled with low-pressure mercury vapor and
inert gas (such as argon or neon). The electric current excites the mercury atoms, which
emit ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The UV radiation then strikes a phosphor coating
on the inside of the tube, which converts it into visible light. Fluorescent lamps produce
a cool and white light that is ideal for general lighting and commercial
applications. They are also more energy-efficient and longer-lasting (about 10,000
to 20,000 hours) than incandescent lamps. However, they contain mercury (a toxic
substance) and require a ballast (a device that regulates the electric current) to start the
lamp.
TYPES OF LAMPS
Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs): Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) are a type of
fluorescent lamps that are designed to fit into standard household light sockets. They
have a spiral or folded shape that reduces their size and increases their surface area.
CFLs are more energy-efficient and longer-lasting (about 8,000 to 15,000 hours) than
incandescent lamps, and they come in different shapes, sizes, colors, and wattages.
However, they also share some of the disadvantages of fluorescent lamps, such as
mercury content, flickering, buzzing, color rendering, and warm-up time. In addition,
CFLs may not be compatible with some dimmers, timers, motion sensors, and
photocells.
TYPES OF LAMPS
Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs): Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) are a type of
fluorescent lamps that are designed to fit into standard household light sockets. They
have a spiral or folded shape that reduces their size and increases their surface area.
CFLs are more energy-efficient and longer-lasting (about 8,000 to 15,000 hours) than
incandescent lamps, and they come in different shapes, sizes, colors, and wattages.
However, they also share some of the disadvantages of fluorescent lamps, such as
mercury content, flickering, buzzing, color rendering, and warm-up time. In addition,
CFLs may not be compatible with some dimmers, timers, motion sensors, and
photocells.
TYPES OF LAMPS
Mercury Vapour Lamps: Mercury vapour lamps are a type of gas-discharge lamps that
work by passing an electric current through a tube filled with high-pressure mercury
vapour. The electric current ionizes the mercury atoms, which emit visible light and
ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Mercury vapour lamps produce a bluish-green light that is
suitable for outdoor lighting and industrial applications. They are also more energy-
efficient and longer-lasting (about 24,000 hours) than incandescent lamps.
TYPES OF
LAMPS
Metal Halide Lamps: Metal halide lamps are a type of gas-discharge lamps that work
by passing an electric current through a tube filled with high-pressure mercury
vapour and metal halides (compounds of metals with bromine or iodine). The electric
current ionizes the mercury and metal atoms, which emit visible light and ultraviolet
(UV) radiation. Metal halide lamps produce a bright and white light that is suitable for
indoor and outdoor lighting and industrial applications. They are also more energy-
efficient and longer-lasting (about 10,000 to 20,000 hours) than incandescent lamps.
TYPES OF
LAMPS
High-Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamps- A high-pressure sodium-vapor lamp is an
electric discharge lamp including ionized sodium. These lamps are mainly used in street
lighting &other lightings.
Low-Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamps - A low-pressure sodium-vapor lamp or LPS lamp
includes an internal discharge tube that is made with borosilicate glass. This glass is
arranged through metal electrodes & filled with argon & neon gas with small metallic
sodium. LPS lamps are extensively used in street lights due to their efficiency & the
capability of their yellow color light to go through fog.
TYPES OF
LAMPS
LED Lamps- LED lamps are electric lights that generate light through LEDs & these
are extensively more energy-efficient as compared to incandescent lamps &
fluorescent lamps. The commercially available & most efficient LED lamps have 200
lumens for each watt.
As compared to incandescent lamps, the lifespan of LED lamps is more. These lamps
work through a LED driver circuit to function from power lines. This LED driver circuit
needs some special characteristics to be compatible with lamp dimmers used on
incandescent lamps.
LAWS OF
ILLUMINATION
The laws of illumination are fundamental principles that govern how light
behaves in different environments. These laws include the inverse square law,
Lambert's cosine law, and the law of reflection, all of which guide the design
and application of lighting in various settings.
The following are the two laws of illumination:
1. Inverse Square Law
2. Lambert's Cosine law
LAWS OF
ILLUMINATION
Limitations of Laws of Illumination :
1. The inverse square law is used to measure the illuminance only on the
horizontal surfaces i.e., the inverse square law is only applicable if the
surface is normal to the light flux.
2. The source is considered as the point source in inverse square law. But, in
practice, the point source does not exist. Hence, a lot of errors are
introduced in the calculation of illuminance using inverse square law.
3. Lambert's cosine law of illuminance is used to measure the illuminance only
on inclined surfaces.
INVERSE SQUARE
LAW
This law states that the Illuminance (E) at any point on a plane perpendicular to
the line joining the point and source is inversely proportional to the square of
the distance between the source and plane.
The further an object or surface is from a light source, the less light will hit that
object or surface.
The level of illumination on a surface drops with the square of the distance
INVERSE SQUARE
LAW
Where:
E = illumination
I = intensity or candela power d
= distance to a point
lm = lumens (unit of luminous
flux) cd = candela (unit of I)
INVERSE SQUARE
LAW
A spotlight with 1000 candelas and a 2meter height above the floor. Calculate
the illumination on the ground.
COSINE
LAW
The law states that Illuminance at a point on a plane is proportional to the
cosine of the angle of light incident (the angle between the direction of the
incident light and the normal to the plane).
The light flux received by the surface area changes with the change in angle
between normal to the surface and the direction of the light flux. The illumination
is maximum when the light flux falling is equal to normal to the surface, if the
surface is inclined to the light flux falling, then the illumination is reduced.
According to this law, if the surface is turned so that the rays hit it at an angle,
the illuminated area will increase in size and the illuminance will drop
accordingly.
COSINE
LAW
The ratio of the original illuminated area to the new area is equal to the cosine
of the angle through which the surface has been moved.
COSINE
LAW
If a spotlight is 3 meters above the floor, aiming at a point 3 meters away from the
foot of the lampand its intensity in this direction is 1000 candelas, calculate the
illuminance.
COSINE
LAW
A lamp with intensity of 50 lumens and a height of 8m, find the illuminance on a
wall located 4 meters away from the foot of the lamp.
COSINE
LAW
A lamp giving out 1200 lm in all directions is suspended 4m above the working
plane. Calculate the illumination at a point on the working plane 6m away from
the foot of the lamp.
ILLUMINATION
In a street lighting, two lamps are having luminous intensity of 300 candela, which
are mounted at a height of 6 and 10 m. The distance between lamp posts is 12 m.
Find the illumination, just below the two lamps.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
ILLUMINATION
Two sources of luminous intensity 200 candela and 250 candela are mounted at 8
and 10 m, respectively. The horizontal distance between the lamp posts is 40 m,
calculate the illumination in the middle of the posts.
SOLUTION:
ILLUMINATION
Luminous Intensity (I) - Luminous intensity is the light flux of a light bulb or a lamp
emitted in a specific direction. Its unit is Candela (cd). The light intensity
distribution of a lamp or luminaire can be determined by the type of reflector and is
normally shown as a light intensity distribution curve.
Illuminance (E) - Illuminance is the concentration of the luminous flux incident on
an element of the surface at a point of surface containing the point, by the area of
that element. The unit of illuminance is Lux.
Illuminance describes the amount of light falling onto or illuminating a given
surface area. You illuminate something by shining or projecting light toward it.
ILLUMINATION
Luminance(L) - Luminance is sort of a combination of luminous intensity and
illuminance. It is how much light is striking (or coming out of) a surface per unit area
(like illuminance) per solid angle (like luminous intensity).
Luminous Efficacy (lm/W) - This is the ratio of luminous flux emitted by a lamp to the
power consumed by the lamp. It is a term used to indicate the efficiency of energy
conversion from electricity to light form.
Flicker - is the repeated and frequent variation in the output of a light source over time.
Glare - defined as the too much brightness from a direct light source that makes it hard to
see what one wishes to see.
ILLUMINATION
The colour temperature of a light source is the temperature of an ideal black-body
radiator that radiates light of comparable hue to that of the light source. Colour
temperature is conventionally stated in the unit of absolute temperature, the kelvin (K).
When the temperature of incandescent source is increased, more light is produced. The
colour of the material changes from red at low temperature to yellow and finally to nearly
white as the temperature is increased.
The correlated colour temperatures (CCT) of the light sources are expressed by the
temperature of the black-body radiator whose colour is closest to that of the light
source.
ILLUMINATION
Light from warm-white light sources appear yellow-white and will have CCT between
about 2700 K and 3500 K.
Cool-white light is seen as blue-white with CCTs ranging from 4500 K to 7500 K
Light sources with CCTs in the middle range (3500–4500 K) are described neutral-
white.
Presently, the lighting industry formally refers to warm-white (3000 K), white (3500
K), cool-white (4000–4500 K) and daylight (6500 K), based on the ANSI standard
(ANSI, 2001).