Answer Key to Coursebook
Chapter 1: Matter
Questions (Page 19)
1.
Gas
......................
Solid
......................
Liquid
......................
2. Liquid and gas; liquid is visible while gas is not. 3. Gas
4. When an ice cube (solid) is heated, its temperature starts rising. At micro level, the kinetic
energy of its particles starts increasing. By the time the temperature reaches its melting
point, the motion of the particles becomes so large that they break away from the inter-
particle forces holding them at their fixed positions. At this stage, we see that the ice cube
melts into water.
Exercises (Page 22)
SECTION I
A. 1. Matter 2. Solid 3. Inter-particle force
4. Inter-particle space 5. Density
B. 1. T 2. T
3. F; Different solids require different amount of energy to get transformed into their liquid
states.
4. T
5. F ; The total mass of matter before burning a piece of wood is equal to the sum of masses
of the residual ash and all the emanating gases taken from the air.
C. 1. (a) Air 2. (a) It has large inter-particle spaces.
3. (d) Carbon dioxide 4. (d) Density of liquids > Density of gases
5. (c) Heating
© Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For the exclusive use of teachers using Connect with Science Chemistry 8 © 2020
2
D. 1. Liquids 2. gases 3. Kinetic 4. equal to 5. 140
E. 1. (c) Solid changes to liquid 2. (d) Liquid pressure equals atmospheric pressure
3. (a) Liquid converts to solid 4. (e) Gas changes to liquid
5. (b) Vaporization below boiling point
SECTION II
F. 1. The inter-particle spaces are more in liquids and the inter-particle forces are less (as
compared to solids). Hence, the particles in liquids are comparatively more free to move
within the bulk of the matter. As a result, liquids can flow.
2. In gases, the inter-particle forces and the inter-particle spaces are by and large the same.
They differ mainly in their kinetic energies. Therefore, all the gases show almost identical
state behaviour at a given temperature and pressure.
3. When the particles of liquid at the surface gain enough heat energy from the atmosphere,
they ‘break away’ from the inter-particle forces holding them to the bulk matter. Hence,
liquids tend to evaporate when left exposed to air.
4. Different solids have different forces of attraction and hence, require different amounts
of energy to get transformed into their liquid states.
5. At the melting point, the motion of the particles of the solid is sufficiently large. They use
the heat energy being supplied to them to break away from the inter-particle forces holding
them at their fixed positions. At this stage, the solid undergoes a physical transformation
into its liquid state. Hence, we do not see a rise of temperature.
G. 1. The compressing of a gas into its liquid form by increasing pressure is called liquefaction.
2. The fixed temperature at which the pressure of a liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric
pressure, and the liquid vaporizes into its gaseous form is called boiling point.
3. Liquids and gases have the ability to flow. They are together referred to as fluids.
4. The process by which a substance changes from the solid state to the gaseous state directly,
without going through the liquid state, is called sublimation.
5. As the particles of matter move randomly, they keep colliding with each other. The collision
between the particles is known as inter-particle collision.
H. 1. Condensation Liquefaction
The changing of gas to liquid by cooling is The changing of gas to liquid by increasing
called condensation. pressure is called liquefaction.
For example, changing of water vapour to For example, LPG (Liquefied Petroleum
water on losing heat Gas) and CNG (Compressed Natural Gas)
2. Freezing point Melting point
The fixed temperature at which a liquid The fixed temperature at which a solid
changes to its solid form is called freezing changes to its liquid form is called melting
point. point.
For example, freezing point of water is 0oC. For example, melting point of ice is 0oC.
© Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For the exclusive use of teachers using Connect with Science Chemistry 8 © 2020
3
3. Boiling Evaporation
The process by which a substance changes The process by which a substance changes
from the liquid state to the gaseous state at from the liquid state to the gaseous state at
its boiling point is called boiling. any temperature below its boiling point is
called evaporation.
This is a bulk phenomenon. This is a surface phenomenon.
4. Inter-particle space Inter-particle force
The spaces between the particles of matter The forces with which the particles of
is called the inter-particle space. matter attract each other are called inter-
particle forces.
The inter-particle spaces are minimum in The inter-particle forces are maximum in
solids and maximum in gases. solids and minimum in gases.
5. Diffusion Brownian motion
When two or more liquids (or gases) are The random motion of particles observed
allowed to come into contact with each in liquids and gases is called the Brownian
other, the fast random motion of their motion.
particles help them quickly mix with each
other. This is called diffusion.
The movement of particles is directional, The direction of motion is random.
i.e. from the area of their high concentration
to the area of their low concentration.
I.1. The number of collisions the particles make with the walls of their container and the force
with which they collide decides the value or magnitude of pressure exerted by the matter.
2. The collisions in which there is exchange of energy between the colliding particles, but
no overall loss or gain of energy during the collisions are called elastic collisions.
3. The average kinetic energy of all the particles gives the measure of the temperature of the
matter.
4. In solids, the number of particles found in a unit volume is larger than that in liquids and
gases. Since density is defined as mass per unit volume, the density of solids is more than
that of liquids which in turn, is more than that of gases.
5. Actually, we should be comparing the total masses before and after the change.
Mass of wood + Mass of oxygen consumed from the air =
Mass of the residual ash + Mass of the emanating gases (CO2, CO, NO2, water vapour, etc.)
J. 1. • Matter is composed of a very large number of tiny particles. Particles (atoms or
molecules) of any given type of matter are identical in all respects and exhibit all its
properties.
• Between the particles of matter, there exists vacant spaces called the inter-particle space,
and the particles of matter attract each other through a force called the inter-particle
force.
© Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For the exclusive use of teachers using Connect with Science Chemistry 8 © 2020
4
• Particles of matter are always in random motion and possess kinetic energy.
• As the particles are moving randomly, they keep colliding. The collision between the
particles is known as inter-particle collision.
2. Refer to Activity, page 20
3. Let’s take some ice cubes in a beaker and place a thermometer in it to note its temperature.
Make arrangements to heat the beaker. We can see that as ice gets heated, its temperature
starts increasing. When the temperature reaches 0oC, the thermometer scale stops rising.
If we continue heating further, the temperature doesn’t rise but the ice starts melting
into water. Only after all the ice has melted into water, the thermometer reading starts
increasing again till it reaches 100oC. At this temperature, the thermometer reading again
stops rising and we can see water vaporising into water vapour.
4. Solid Liquid Gas
Inter-particle space Minimum Moderate Maximum
Flow Cannot flow Can flow Can flow
Inter-particle force Maximum Moderate Minimum
Compressibility Minimum/ Slightly Highly
Negligible compressible compressible
5. When a solid is supplied heat, the kinetic energy of its particles starts increasing and hence,
the temperature of the solid starts rising. At a certain temperature, called the melting point,
the heat supplied does not increase the temperature of the solid any more. If heating is
continued further, the motion of the particles becomes sufficiently large to break away
from the inter-particle forces holding them at their fixed positions. At this stage, the solid
undergoes a physical transformation into its liquid state. This phenomenon is called
melting or fusion.
K. 1. Mass of solute (sugar) = 60 g
Mass of solvent (water) = 200 g
Therefore, mass of sugar-water solution = 60 + 200 = 260 g
The above calculation is based on the ’law of conservation of mass’.
heat
2. Calcium carbonate Calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide
100 g xg 44 g
According to the law of conservation of mass,
100 = x + 44 x = 100 – 44 = 56 g
3. Mass of wood burning = 80 g
Mass of oxygen consumed = 30 g
Therefore, total mass of gases and ash formed = 80 + 30 = 110 g
4. Mass of water before dissolution = 80 g
Mass of water after dissolution = 250 g
Therefore, mass of salt dissolved in the water = 250 – 80 = 170 g
© Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For the exclusive use of teachers using Connect with Science Chemistry 8 © 2020
5
5. Mass of wood burnt = 50 g
Mass of gases and ash formed = 70 g
Therefore, the amount of oxygen consumed = 70 – 50 = 20 g
6. Mass of nitrogen in the reaction = 20 g
Mass of hydrogen in the reaction = 60 g
Mass of ammonia gas formed = 20 + 60 = 80 g
7. Mass of the glass of water = 70 g
Mass of glass of water and ice = 280 g
Therefore, the mass of ice added to the glass = 280 – 70 = 210 g
heat
8. Fe + S FeS
112 g x g 176 g
According to the Law of conservation of mass, 112 + x = 176
Therefore, x = 176 – 112 = 64 g
9. Mass of bottle and liquid = 100 g
Mass of the other liquid added = 60 g
Total mass of the bottle = 100 + 60 = 160 g
10. a. Reactants: Iron and oxygen; Product: Iron sulphide
b. Mass of iron sulphide produced = 264 g
Mass of sulphur used = 96 g
Mass of iron required = 264 – 96 = 168 g
PICTURE STUDY (Page 25)
1. a. Figure i: Solid; Figure ii: Liquid
b. Inter-particle spaces and inter-particle forces
c. At melting point: The kinetic energy of the particles of the solid is sufficiently large to
break away from the inter-particle forces holding them, and thus change into liquid.
At boiling point: The kinetic energy of the particles of the liquid is sufficiently large
to break away from the inter-particle forces holding them, and thus change into gas.
2. a. X: Solid; Y: Gas; Z: Liquid b. Gas
c. Liquids and gases are considered fluids because of their ability to flow.
3. a. Brownian motion b. Robert Brown c. Gas
d. High temperature further increases the random motion of particles.
4. a. This is a physical change as it involves only change of state of matter. No new substances
are produced in this change.
b. Mass of water in the second tumbler = Mass of water + Mass of ice melted in water
= 40 g + 50 g = 90 g
c. Law of conservation of mass: It states that matter is neither created nor destroyed in
any physical or chemical change.
© Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For the exclusive use of teachers using Connect with Science Chemistry 8 © 2020
6
d. Yes, the law supports chemical change. For example, if 112 g iron is heated with 64 g
sulphur, 176 g iron sulphide is produced.
5. a. Chemical change b. BaCl2 + Na2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2NaCl
c. Yes; According to the Law of conservation of mass matter is neither created nor
destroyed in any physical or chemical change.
d. This activity proves the validity of the law of conservation of mass.
My Learning Corner (Page 26)
A. Think about
1. Non elastic means could not attain the original shape after the removal of pressure. The
matter would get heated up and the body would get deformed.
Also, as the inter-particle collisions are elastic collisions, there is no overall loss or gain
of energy in the system. This ensures the stability of the state of matter. Otherwise, non-
elastic collisions will make the matter unstable.
2. The solids and liquids are expected to behave differently because the inter-particle forces,
the inter-particle spaces, and the kinetic energies of the particles in different solids and in
different liquids are different.
Whereas in gases, however, the inter-particle forces and the inter-particle spaces are by
and large the same. They differ mainly in their kinetic energies. Therefore, all the gases
show almost identical state behaviour at a given temperature and pressure.
3. At 4oC the water shows abnormal behaviour and freezes to ice with increased volume.
As a result, the density decreases and water in form of ice floats on the surface of water.
Beneath ‘solid’ water (ice) is the ‘liquid’ water.
4. Yes. One of the lesser-known qualities of water is that it doesn’t exist as a liquid in the
presence of a vacuum. In a vacuum, ice ‘sublimates’ directly from solid to vapour at room
temperature without melting.
B. Try Out
2. On adding ice cube to the water, the level of water in the cylinder rises. This is because ice
makes space for itself (equal to its volume) by displacing water of equal volume. As per
Archimedes Principle, the volume of water (liquid) displaced is equivalent to the buoyant
force. Ice having lesser density than water floats in water. Further, according to the law of
buoyancy, if the density of solid is less than the density of liquid, only that much portion
of the body will immerse inside the liquid by which the weight of the liquid displaced
balances the total weight.
(PS: When the ice melts, the level of water does not show any further change.)
3. When the order is reversed, it will be observed that few stones will be left outside, as the
jar gets full.
When stones are filled first the sand occupies the space between the stones. But in reverse
filling, the sand is at the base and stones are above the sand. The spaces between the stones
is left unoccupied.
The extra space that was occupied by the sand (in the first case) not being available in the
second case, an equal volume of stones is left outside the jar.
© Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For the exclusive use of teachers using Connect with Science Chemistry 8 © 2020