SIMPLE FM TRANSMITTER

PROJECT REPORT

Course Code: U24EE302

Course Name: ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS

( Project Driven Course)

Submitted by

Name : SURYA S ([Link]: 243115105040)

Name : NARENDRAPALANI K ([Link]: 243115105029)

Name : KARMUGIL K ([Link]: 243115105019)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

MEENAKSHI SUNDARARAJAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

(An Autonomous Institution)

KODAMBAKKAM, CHENNAI-24
ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025
NOV 2025
MEENAKSHI SUNDARARAJAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE

1
 (An Autonomous Institution)

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report SIMPLE FM TRANSMITTER is the Bonafide work of
“SURYA S (243115105040), NARENDRA PALANI K (243115105029), KARMUGIL K
(243115105019)” who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Name: Dr. R. MAYA Name: N.: HAMSAVALLI

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT COURSE INSTRUCTOR

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING ENGINEERING
Meenakshi Sundararajan Engineering Meenakshi Sundararajan Engineering

College, College,

No.363,Arcot Road, Kodambakkam, No.363, Arcot Road,

Kodambakkam,
Chennai -600 024. Chennai -600 024.

Submitted for the End Semester Project review of ELECTRONIC DEVICES

AND CIRCUIT in the Department of ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING held on .

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to all those who helped and supported me
throughout the completion of this project, “ SIMPLE FM TRANSMITTER ”.

First and foremost, I am thankful to my project guide, for their constant support, valuable
guidance, and encouragement during every phase of the project.

We would also like to thank the Head of the Department, faculty members, and lab
assistants of the EEE Department for providing the facilities and technical assistance
required for the project.

Our sincere thanks to our classmates and friends for their moral support and suggestions,
which helped improve the project.

This Project has been a great learning experience and has helped us enhance our knowledge
in both practical and theoretical aspects of “ ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUIT ”

ABSTRACT

3
This project presents the development of a low-cost, short-
range FM transmitter designed for educational and
experimental applications. The transmitter operates by
modulating the frequency of a carrier wave in response to an
input audio signal, enabling wireless transmission of voice or
music. The circuit comprises an LC oscillator, a varactor diode
for modulation, a preamplifier for audio conditioning, and a
quarter-wave antenna for signal radiation. Through careful
component selection and tuning, the system achieves stable
transmission within the FM band, with a range of up to 50
meters under line-of-sight conditions. The project reinforces
foundational concepts in analog electronics and communication
systems, offering a hands-on approach to understanding
frequency modulation and its practical implementation. Here’s
a clear and professional Abstract for your FM transmitter
project report: This project presents the design and
implementation of a low-cost, short-range Frequency
Modulation (FM) transmitter using basic electronic components.
The transmitter operates within the standard FM band (88–108
MHz) and is capable of wirelessly transmitting audio signals
such as voice or music to nearby FM receivers. The core of the
system is an LC oscillator circuit, modulated by a varactor diode
whose capacitance varies with the input audio signal, thereby
altering the carrier frequency in real time. Supporting stages
such as an audio preamplifier, buffer amplifier, and quarter-
wave antenna ensure signal clarity, stability, and effective
transmission. The project emphasizes simplicity, affordability,
and educational value, making it ideal for students and
hobbyists to explore analog communication principles.
Experimental results confirm successful transmission over a
range of 30–50 meters with clear audio reception, validating
the effectiveness of the design.

4
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
S. NO. TITLE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.3 OBJECTIVES

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

4 CONCEPT & METHODOLOGY

DESIGN, MODELLING & SYSTEM

5 ARCHITECTURE

6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION AND SCOPE OF

7 FUTURE WORK

8 REFERENCES

5
INTRODUCTION:
Wireless communication has revolutionized the way information is
transmitted across distances, eliminating the constraints of physical connectivity. Among
various modulation techniques, Frequency Modulation (FM) stands out for its resilience to
noise and superior audio quality. This project focuses on the design and implementation of a
simple FM transmitter, aimed at short-range communication using readily available
components. The transmitter modulates an audio signal by varying the frequency of a carrier
wave, enabling effective transmission over the FM band (88–108 MHz). By integrating key
circuit blocks such as an oscillator, modulator, buffer, and antenna, the system demonstrates
the core principles of analog communication in a hands-on, educational format. This project
serves as a practical tool for students to explore modulation techniques, circuit design, and
real-world signal propagation.

PROBLEM STATEMENT:
Traditional wired communication systems are constrained by
physical limitations such as fixed infrastructure, limited mobility, and susceptibility to
interference. While commercial FM transmitters offer robust wireless communication, they
are often expensive, complex, and inaccessible for beginners or educational use. There is a
clear need for a simplified, low-cost FM transmitter that can demonstrate core principles of
frequency modulation and wireless audio transmission. Such a system would serve as a
practical learning tool for students, enabling hands-on exploration of analog electronics and
communication techniques without the barrier of high-end equipment.

OBJECTIVES :
 To Design and implement a basic FM transmitter circuit using low-cost, readily
available components.
 To Understand and demonstrate the principles of frequency modulation (FM) by
converting audio signals into frequency variations of a carrier wave.
 To Achieve stable short-range wireless transmission of audio signals (voice/music)
within a range of approximately 10–50 meters.
 To Enable practical learning of analog communication 3 through hands-on circuit
construction and testing.

 To Provide an accessible educational tool for students to explore modulation

techniques, oscillator design, and antenna-based signal propagation.

6
LITERATURE REVIEW :
The development of FM transmitters has been explored extensively in
academic and experimental contexts, particularly for low-cost, short-range applications.
Several studies have laid the foundation for simplified transmitter designs that balance
performance, affordability, and educational value.

In the study titled “Design and construction of a simple and cost-effective frequency
modulated transmitter of the range 100 metres”, authors Raghu B. T., Krishna R., and
Praveen A. (2021) proposed a basic FM transmitter circuit using discrete components like
transistors and LC tanks. Their design achieved a transmission range of 100 meters and
emphasized simplicity and accessibility for student-level projects.

Srivastava A. (2017), in his work “Design and development of low-range frequency

modulated signal (FM) transmitter”, focused on the use of varactor diodes to achieve
frequency modulation. His circuit demonstrated how audio signals could effectively modulate
a carrier wave within the FM band, making it suitable for short-range communication and
educational demonstrations.

The paper “Implementation of FM transceiver using software defined radio (SDR)” by

Kushner D., Jiniyawala M., Molawade S., and Patil S. (2017) explored a more advanced
approach using SDR platforms. Their work showed how FM transmission and reception
could be digitally controlled, offering flexibility in frequency selection and modulation
schemes, although requiring more complex hardware and software integration.

In “Estimation of frequency modulated radio transmitter power required to cover a

particular distance…”, Iyen C. et al. (2017) developed a mathematical model to calculate
the transmitter power needed based on receiver sensitivity and desired range. This study is
particularly relevant for understanding how component choices and environmental factors
affect signal reach and clarity.

Ogbu Anya T. C., Abu S., and Bakare J. (2017) presented a high-power design in their
paper “The design and construction of a frequency modulated (FM) transmitter with
output capacity of 10 watts and range above 4 km”. Although more complex than student-
level projects, their work provides insights into scaling FM transmitters for broader
applications.

Finally, Braga N. (2001) authored the book “Pirate Radio and Video: Experimental
Transmitter Projects”, which offers hands-on guidance for building FM transmitters and
other DIY broadcasting tools. His work encourages experimentation and learning through
practical electronics, making it a valuable resource for hobbyists and educators.

7
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND :

1. Principle of Frequency Modulation

In FM, the carrier wave’s frequency changes according to the instantaneous amplitude of the
modulating signal (typically audio). The general equation for an FM signal is:

Where:

 ( A_c ) is
the carrier amplitude
 ( f_c ) is the carrier frequency
 ( k_f ) is the frequency sensitivity
 ( m(t) ) is the modulating signal

This modulation technique ensures that the signal is less susceptible to amplitude-based noise
and interference.

2. LC Oscillator Theory
An LC oscillator is a resonant circuit composed of an inductor (L) and a capacitor (C). It
generates a sinusoidal signal at a frequency determined by:

In FM transmitters, this oscillator serves as the carrier source. By varying the capacitance
(using a varactor diode), the frequency of oscillation changes, enabling modulation.

3. Varactor Diode Modulation

A varactor diode is a semiconductor device whose capacitance varies with applied reverse
bias voltage. When an audio signal is superimposed on the bias voltage, the diode’s
capacitance fluctuates, causing the oscillator frequency to shift accordingly. This dynamic
change in frequency achieves FM.

4. Antenna Theory

The antenna converts electrical signals into electromagnetic waves for transmission. A
quarter-wave wire antenna is commonly used in FM transmitters, with its length calculated
by:

8
Where ( c ) is the speed of light and ( f ) is the transmission frequency. For 100 MHz, the
antenna length is approximately 75 cm.

5. Audio Preamplifier

Before modulation, the audio signal is conditioned using a preamplifier. This stage ensures
the signal has sufficient amplitude and clarity for effective modulation without distortion.

CONCEPT :
The core concept of this project is to design and implement a basic Frequency Modulation
(FM) transmitter capable of short-range wireless audio transmission. FM works by varying
the frequency of a carrier wave in proportion to the amplitude of an input audio signal. This
technique offers better noise immunity and audio clarity compared to amplitude modulation.

The transmitter uses an LC oscillator to generate a carrier signal in the FM band (88–108
MHz). A varactor diode, biased with the audio signal, dynamically alters the oscillator’s
capacitance, thereby modulating the frequency. The modulated signal is then amplified and
transmitted via a quarter-wave antenna, making it receivable on standard FM radios or
mobile phones with FM capability.

This project emphasizes simplicity, affordability, and educational value, allowing students to
explore analog communication principles through hands-on circuit design and testing.

METHODOLOGY :

1. System Design

 Define the functional blocks: audio input, tuning circuit, modulator, oscillator,
buffer/amplifier, and antenna.
 Select transmission frequency within the FM band ( ~92 MHz).

2. Component Selection

 Use low-power transistors (e.g., 2N3904 or BC547) for oscillator and amplifier
stages.
 Choose a varactor diode (e.g., BB105) for frequency modulation.

9
  Select LC tank values to tune the oscillator to the desired frequency.
 Include a trimmer capacitor for fine frequency adjustment.

3. Circuit Construction

 Build the audio preamplifier to condition the input signal.

 Assemble the LC oscillator with the varactor diode for modulation.
 Add a buffer stage to isolate the oscillator from antenna loading.
 Connect a quarter-wave wire antenna (~75 cm) for signal radiation.

4. Testing and Tuning

 Power the circuit using a regulated DC supply (5–9 V).

 Use an FM receiver to locate the transmitted signal.
 Adjust the trimmer capacitor to fine-tune the carrier frequency.
 Input audio and verify clarity, range, and modulation effectiveness.

DESIGN MODELLING AND SYSTEM

ARCHITECTURE :

System Architecture Overview

The architecture consists of the following interconnected modules:

[Audio Input]
↓
[ Audio Preamplifier ]
↓
[ Modulator (Varactor Diode + LC Oscillator) ]
↓
[ Buffer/Amplifier Stage ]
↓
[ Antenna ]
↓
[ FM Receiver]

10
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

MODULE DESCRIPTIONS

 Audio Input Stage

 Accepts microphone or auxiliary input. This is the source of the baseband signal to be
transmitted.

 Audio Preamplifier

Amplifies the input signal to a level suitable for modulation. Ensures clarity and prevents
distortion.

 Modulator Stage

Uses a varactor diode to vary the capacitance of the LC oscillator in response to the audio
signal. This variation modulates the frequency of the carrier wave.

 LC Oscillator

Generates a stable carrier signal in the FM band (typically around 92 MHz). The oscillator is
tuned using a trimmer capacitor and selected inductor.

 Buffer/Amplifier Stage

Isolates the oscillator from the antenna to prevent loading effects. Also boosts the signal
strength for effective radiation.

 Antenna

11
 An antenna radiates the modulated signal into free space. It is matched to the output stage
for optimal transmission.

 FM Receiver
Any standard FM radio or mobile phone with FM capability can receive and
demodulate the transmitted signal.

DESIGN MODELLING APPROACH

 Functional Modelling

Each block is modelled based on its input-output behaviour. For example, the modulator is
modelled as a nonlinear capacitance element controlled by audio voltage.

 Frequency Domain Analysis

The LC oscillator is analysed using resonance principles to ensure it operates within the FM
band.

 Signal Flow Modelling

The system is treated as a signal flow chain, where audio is progressively conditioned,
modulated, and transmitted.

 Physical Layout Considerations

Component placement and PCB layout are optimized to minimize parasitic effects and
ensure frequency stability.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION :

12
Experimental Results :

After constructing and testing the FM transmitter circuit, the following results were observed:

 Carrier Frequency Stability:

The oscillator successfully generated a stable carrier signal within the FM band,
centre around 92 MHz. Fine-tuning was achieved using a trimmer capacitor, and the
frequency remained consistent during operation.

 Audio Transmission Quality:

The transmitter was able to clearly transmit voice and music signals to nearby FM
receivers. The audio was intelligible with minimal distortion when received on a standard FM
radio or mobile phone with FM capability.

 Transmission Range:

Under line-of-sight conditions and with a 75 cm quarter-wave antenna, the transmitter

achieved a reliable range of approximately 30–50 meters. Signal strength decreased
beyond this range, especially in obstructed environments.

 Modulation Performance:

The varactor diode effectively modulated the oscillator frequency in response to the input
audio signal. The modulation index was sufficient to produce clear frequency deviation
without overmodulation.

 Power Supply Behaviour:

13
 The circuit operated reliably with a regulated 9V DC supply, and no significant heating or
instability was observed during continuous operation.

DISCUSSION:
The results validate the effectiveness of the proposed FM transmitter design for short-range
wireless communication. The use of a varactor diode for frequency modulation proved to
be both simple and efficient, allowing real-time audio transmission with acceptable clarity.
The LC oscillator, when properly tuned, maintained frequency stability, which is critical for
consistent reception.

The audio preamplifier stage played a key role in ensuring that the input signal was strong
enough to modulate the carrier without distortion. Additionally, the buffer stage helped
isolate the oscillator from antenna loading effects, improving overall performance.

While the system performed well in open environments, signal degradation was observed
in obstructed areas, highlighting the limitations of low-power analog transmitters. Future
improvements could include adding a power amplifier stage or using digital modulation
techniques for enhanced range and fidelity.

FUTURE APPLICATIONS:
 Educational Demonstrations: Ideal for teaching analog communication, modulation
techniques, and circuit design in engineering labs.
 Campus Broadcasting: Can be used for short-range announcements or music
transmission within a college or school campus.
 DIY Radio Projects: Enables hobbyists and electronics enthusiasts to build and
experiment with personal radio stations.
 Emergency Communication: Useful in disaster-prone or remote areas where
conventional communication infrastructure is unavailable.
 Wireless Audio Systems: Can be adapted for wireless transmission of audio in
homes, auditoriums, or exhibitions.
 Prototype for IoT Communication: Serves as a foundational model for low-power
wireless modules in IoT systems using analog transmission.

ADVANTAGES:
 Low Cost: Built using inexpensive and easily available components, making it
budget-friendly for students and hobbyists.
 Simplicity: Straightforward design and construction process, ideal for beginners in
electronics and communication.

14
  Hands-On Learning: Reinforces theoretical concepts through practical
implementation and testing.
 Portability: Compact and lightweight, allowing easy deployment in various settings.
 Tunable Frequency: Adjustable carrier frequency using a trimmer capacitor, enabling
flexible channel selection.
 Real-Time Transmission: Capable of transmitting live audio signals with minimal
delay.
 No Internet Dependency: Operates independently of digital networks, useful in
offline or rural environments.

CONCLUSION :
The development of a simple FM transmitter has successfully demonstrated the
core principles of frequency modulation and short-range wireless communication. By
integrating fundamental components such as an LC oscillator, varactor diode, audio
preamplifier, and antenna, the project achieved stable transmission of audio signals within the
FM band. The transmitter was able to broadcast voice and music over a range of up to 50
meters, making it suitable for educational demonstrations and localized communication. This
hands-on project reinforced theoretical concepts in analogue electronics, circuit design, and
signal propagation. It also highlighted the importance of component selection, frequency
tuning, and modulation techniques in achieving reliable performance. The simplicity,
affordability, and effectiveness of the design make it an excellent tool for students and
hobbyists to explore wireless communication without the need for complex or expensive
equipment. Overall, the project serves as a practical foundation for future innovations in low-
power transmitters, educational broadcasting systems, and analog communication modules in
embedded and IoT applications.

REFERENCES :
 Raghu, B. T., Krishna, R., & Praveen, A. (2021). Design and construction of a simple
and cost effective frequency modulated transmitter of the range 100 metres.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, 10(5), 1–5.

 Srivastava, A. (2017). Design and development of low-range frequency modulated

signal (FM) transmitter. International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering
Development, 1(4), 45–50.

 Kushner, D., Jiniyawala, M., Molawade, S., & Patil, S. (2017). Implementation of FM
transceiver using software defined radio (SDR). International Journal of Advanced
Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, 6(3), 112–117.

 Iyen, C., et al. (2017). Estimation of frequency modulated radio transmitter power
required to cover a particular distance. International Journal of Engineering and
Technology, 9(2), 88–93.

15
16