1) Gender inequality

 Only 13 % vice chancellor are women - Min of education

 14% of women in Indian parliament - ECI
 Female workforce participation rate 41%( India) while global avg 55% - PLFS
 Low female labour-force participation (although rising) and wage gaps remain high.
 Implementation and reach issues: good policies are there ,but challenges remain in awareness, last-mile
delivery, & monitoring. (Global Gender Gap report-25)
 PM matru vandana yojana - (6000 if 2nd is girl child-gender sensitisation)
 PM Janaushdhi pariyojana- (Women Encouraged to open jan aushdhi kemdras 2.5 lakhs for each kendras)..
 CM Employ gen prog (MH) - 30 perc out of all incoming loan application quota reserved for women.
 PMAY (G&U) - House should be in the name of women -bargaining power increase - decision making role of
women elevate-prime breadwinner status
 Ladki bahin scheme(MH) - 1500 fin incentive to women -Little but constructive and handy amount -spend on
nutrition food security-mental physical health improvement of child (SDG 3 mental well being, SDG 5
Gender equality)
 Beti bachao Beti pdhao - Improved sex ratio in least developed states like bihar and up too and school
enrollment ratio (UDISe+ Report -75 per 2014-15 to 79 Per 2021-22)
 1. Global Gender Gap Report 2025 by WEF: India's rank reduced from 129 in 2024 to 131out of 148 in 2025,
with a parity score of 64.1%.
 2. Lower LFPR for women-41.7% in comparison to men-60.1% (PLFS 2023-24).
 3. Unpaid domestic care work: Women spend 3 times more time than men on unpaid domestic care with
the Economic Survey 2022-23 estimating the same at Rs. 22.7Lakh Cr- 7.5% of India's GDP.
 4. Female literacy in India at 70.3% compared to 84.7% for men (NSO-2021 Data)
 5. Pay disparity- Women in technological roles earn 29% than men - NASSCOM Survey.
 1. PM Jan Dhan Yojana- 56% account holders are women, ths playing an important role in gender equality in
financial access.
 2. LIC Bima Sakhi- Witnessed more than 2lakh women enrolments as insurance agents. Provides income
source for women and also enhance female participation in insurance.
 3. Mahila Samman Savings Scheme and Sukanya Samridhi Yojana- Encouraged habit of saving and financial
independence for women.
 4. Standup India Scheme- Helped in providing affordable credit to budding female entrepreneurs. As a result
women entrepreneur accounts grew from 56,000 approx to 1,90,000 approx in between 2018-2024.
 5. Women Entrepreneurship Platform by NITI Aayog envisions to help women in their entrepreneurial
journey, helping in fulfilling dreams and aspirations and serving as an inspiration to millions of aspiring
women entrepreneurs.
 6. Lakhpati Didi- Initiative under DAY-NRLM, meant to ensure a respectable annual income of Rs. 1lakh for
women through SHGs. Helps in social and financial inclusion of women.
 7. PM MUDRA Yojana- Collateral free loans to women entrepreneurs for opening new enterprises, upgrade
existing ones. 68% of mudra loan accounts belong to women.
 8. PM-UJJWALA- Enabling access to clean cooking fuel, thus promoting female dignity and health.
 9. Mission Shakti- Sambal component- ensuring safety of women and Samarthya component which
promotes women empowerment. PM matru Vandana yojana, Palna, Sankalp, One Stop Centres.
 10. NAVYA Initiative- To empower adolescent girls in non-traditional skills.

2) Informal Sector

 contri 45 per in gdp (fy 22-23 ) ---as per national accounts statistics
 Atal pension Yojana - (Unorganised sector pension coverage - 8 CR by mid 2025) PLFS 2025 Women among
worker population ratio increa to 32.4 in sept 2025......Latest EPFO Report 7 cr joined formal workforce from
informal sectors in last 7 years
  PM Street vendors (pm svanidhi ) 1.15 crore street vendo benefi.+50 lakh new entrants ----socioeconomic
profile of thier families leads to provide social security schemes coverage -PMSBY PMJJBY ABVY APY PMVY
etc
 PM Vayo abhudaya yojana 60 years and above those cant do casual informal work-----SACRED portal (Senior
age care reemployment with dignity )------financial assistance in elderly age ,food ,health and housing
 eSHRAM Portal -300 million workers registered for govt schemes
 Building and construction workers act 1996 ...registration of workers mandatory -registered workers will
come under social safety net ---old age (apy) ,sickness (esi hospital) ,disability (compensation upto 2 lakhs)
 equal renumeration act -1976---work similar nature and profile ---equal pay to women ( informal ho ya phir
formal) --(code on wages 2019)

3) Agriculture

>The agriculture & allied sectors (crops + livestock + fisheries) contributed about 16 % of India’s GDP in FY 2023-24.

>Supports a large share of employment: around 46.1 % of India’s population is employed in agriculture & allied
activities.

>Foodgrain production (Third Advance Estimates) for 2024-25 projected at 3,539.59 lakh metric tonnes, up -6.5%
from previous year.

>Horticulture output has risen significantly.

>Exports in Agriculture & allied exports touched around Rs 4,40,000 crore.

Structural features & recent trends:

>The share of agriculture in India’s GDP has been declining over decades (not because agriculture is shrinking
necessarily, but because other sectors are growing faster.

>The sector is gradually diversifying: While grains remain important, allied segments like livestock and fisheries are
growing at faster pace.

>Opportunity outlook: Acc. to a recent report by McKinsey & Co., India’s agriculture sector could potentially triple in
size by 2047.

There is significant policy & investment push:

1. Modified Interest Subvention Scheme (MISS): Provides concessional short-term loans to farmers. E.g., short-term
crop loans up to ₹3 lakh at 7% interest, additional 3% subvention for prompt repayment.

2. Formation & Promotion of 10,000 FPOs: Central sector scheme launched 2020; budget -₹6,865 crore till 2027-28.
It supports FPOs upto ₹18 lakh per FPO for 3 years.

3. Agriculture Infrastructure Fund : to address infrastructure gaps (post-harvest management, community farming
assets). Allocation: ₹1 lakh crore from FY 2020-21 to FY 2025-26.

4. National Mission on Edible Oils : with outlay ₹10,103 crore. Aims to boost domestic oilseed production, self-
reliance in edible oils.

5. National Mission on Natural Farming : outlay -₹2,481 crore.

6. Digital Agriculture Mission: budget - ₹2,817 crore.

Key digital public infrastructure (DPI) components: AgriStack (digital IDs of -11 crore farmers), Krishi DSS (geospatial
decision support), soil profile mapping (142 m ha).

Agricultural Education & Training in India – Key Highlights

📍 Overview:
✅ Agriculture supports 50% of India’s population and 18% of GDP.

✅ Vision: “One Nation, One Agriculture, One Team” to build a knowledge-driven, tech-enabled sector.

📍 Institutional Setup:

✅ ICAR (1929) – apex body with 113 institutes, 74 agri universities & 731 KVKs.

✅ Agri Universities: 63 State, 3 Central, 4 Deemed & 4 Central with agri faculties.

✅ Private Institutions: ICAR-accredited colleges rose from 5 (2020) to 22 (2025).

📍 Tech & Innovation:

✅ Integration of AI, IoT, drones & precision farming under Digital Agri Mission & NM-ICPS.

✅ Start-up push via RKVY Agri-Entrepreneurship Programme.

📍 Skilling & Training:

✅ KVKs, ATMA, STRY & SMAM trained over 2 crore farmers & youth (2021–25).

✅ FPOs: 10,000+ formed; 25.17 crore Soil Health Cards issued.

📍 Conclusion:

✅ Strengthened education–research–skill linkage is key to Viksit Krishi & Samruddh Kisan, ensuring modern, self-
reliant agriculture.

4) Service Sector

Acc to Niti Aayog report on service sector

•Service sector contribution in GVA - 55%

•Employment share - 30% of population

•Urban share - Around 60% of the urban population

•Rural - Around 18.6% of rural population

• Up has the largest employment share in service sector.

5) Trade

Key trade partners: U.S., UAE, Netherlands, China, Bangladesh, Singapore.

>Outlook (FY 2025–26): Moderate growth- driven by PLI-led manufacturing exports, service-sector resilience, & FTAs
with the UK, EU, & Oman under negotiation.

>Major exports: Engineering goods, petroleum products, gems & jewellery, pharma, electronics.

Schemes & Incentives-

1. RoDTEP

2. PLI (Production-Linked Incentive)

[Link] Credit & Insurance (ECGC)-

Provides insurance cover to exporters & banks; interest equalisation scheme subsidises export credit.

4. NIRYAT Portal (National Import-Export Record for Yearly Analysis of Trade) -Unified trade data monitoring system
-tracks monthly export data

5. Districts as export hubs- Identifies niche export products from each district; provides branding, logistics support.

6) Intl of Rupee

Internationalization of rupees is a process that involves increasing use of the local currency in cross-border
transactions

🌟 Cross-Border Lending in INR: RBI announced that Authorised Dealer (AD) banks are now allowed to lend in Indian
Rupees to non-residents from Bhutan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka.

🌟Special Rupee Vostro Accounts

These are accounts maintained by foreign banks with Indian banks, facilitating direct trade settlements in Indian
Rupees. These measures aim to reduce reliance on the US dollar and protect the economy from sudden currency
fluctuations and exchange rate risks.

🌟Wider Use of Special Rupee Vostro Accounts (SRVA): Foreign banks can now use their SRVA balances to invest in
corporate bonds and commercial papers, improving liquidity and making INR-based trade settlements more
efficient.

🌟Currency swap aggreements

Under this, in case of BOP issue with other countries, India can settle trade and investment transactions in Indian
rupees.

Example, India had a Bilateral Swap Agreement with Japan for 75 billion USD.

🌟Internationalization of Indian Payment Infrastructure: UPI is adopted in Singapore, France, UAE, Sri-Lanka, Bhutan,
Mauritius, Nepal, Qatar, etc. This will help make payments in Indian Rupees in these countries.

🌟RBI's Strategic Action Plan for 2024-25: In its Annual Report for 2023-24, the RBI unveiled a Strategic Action Plan
for 2024-25 aimed at promoting the internationalization of INR, which included permitting Opening of INR Accounts
outside India; Extending INR-denominated loans to persons resident outside India (PROI).

🔸Current Status

>The RBI & MoF are promoting the use of INR in cross-border trade & investment.

>The Rupee Trade Settlement Mechanism (RTSM) is active with over 25 partner

countries including Russia, UAE, Sri Lanka, and Singapore. >Around 100+ Vostro accounts have been opened by
foreign banks in India since 2023. >Share of INR in export settlements rose from

<1% to 3.2%.

🔸Key Frameworks & Policy Measures

[Link] Trade Settlement Mechanism (RTSM) 2022- Allows trade invoicing & settlement in INR via Special Vostro
Accounts; active with 25+ countries.

[Link] inclusion in Asian Clearing Union 2024 -Proposed INR addition in ACU payment system; pilot transactions in
2025.

3. INR–Dirham direct trade (UAE CEPA) 2024- Facilitates direct INR–AED trade & cross-listing of rupee bonds.

4. GIFT City – IFSC initiatives 2023–25 Permits INR accounts for non-residents, rupee derivatives, & offshore bonds.
[Link] Rupee (CBDC) 2022–25- Pilot projects for wholesale & retail e; cross-border trials with UAE.

Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, & Mauritius settle small-value trade in INR.

UAE also started using INR for oil payments and gold trade this yr.

In Russia, also large proportion of India–Russia trade in INR–RUB through Vostro accounts.

7) Clean energy

🌟 50% Energy from non-fossil sources

India achieves 50% of its total energy from non-fossil sources in 2025, ahead of the 2030 target under the Paris
Agreement's Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

Total Installed capacity 484 GW out of which 242 GW comes from non-fossil sources.

🌟 Energy Transition Index 2025

India ranked 71 out of 118 countries. Rank dropped from 2014 position due to challenges in 'transition readiness'. As
per the report, India has improved in parameters such as energy efficiency, investment capacity, equity.

🌟Ethanol blending for cleaner fuel

India achieved its target of 20% ethanol blending in petrol in 2025, ahead of the 2030 target. it will reduce the
country's import dependency on fuel, lower foreign exchange spending, reduce emissions, and support the
agricultural sector.

🌟PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana

Launched in the 2024-25 budget, with allocation of 75,000 crore rupees to provide solar power through rooftop
solar plants for about 1 crore households and to provide them 300 units of free electricity every month.

🌟The PM E-DRIVE (Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement) Scheme is a government initiative
to boost India's electric vehicle (EV) ecosystem. It builds on FAME 1(2015), FAME 2(2019).

Covers e2W, e3W, e-buses, e-ambulances, e-trucks, charging infrastructure, upgradation of testing agencies

Achievements

1. 50 percent of installed capacity comes from non-fossil fuel. This milestone is achieved 5 years earlier than the
target

2. 20 per cent blending of ethanol with petrol is successfully completed, that too 5 years earlier than the target.

Schemes

- pm surya ghar muft bijli yojana- aims for installing solar systems in 1 crore houses by fy 2026-2027

- national green hydrogen mission- through this scheme india aims to become the global hub for the manufacturing
of green hydrogen

- pm kusum

- international solar alliance- launched by india and France in 2015 in cop 21. This alliance focuses on garnering the
international community for faster adoption of solar energy in the energy mix. It has made solar energy cheaper and
more accessible.

Issues

- energy mix is fossil fuel dominant- nearly 70 percent of electricity still comes from fossil fuels, that is, coal. And only
28 percent of electricity comes from the non- fossil fuel based energy

-green paradox- generation of clean energy is still heavily dependent on fossil fuel.
-cuf- capacity utilisation factor of the Re is low as compared to the fossil fuel. This means that available energy from
clean energy is lower. This makes them less efficient.

-lack of raw materials

India imports raw materials for wind turbines and solar panels from china.

- intermittent in nature

Supply of RE is intermittent as they are not available through the day. For example , solar energy supply peaks during
the day, while the demand inc during the evening.

8) Race of stablecoin, digital currency and cryptocurrency

Current Status & Key Developments

Stablecoins (digital tokens pegged to assets like the US dollar) have grown rapidly, reaching over USD 300 billion in
global market value by late 2025.

Leaders: Tether (USDT) & USD Coin (USDC) dominate issuance; financial institutions r exploring bank-backed
stablecoins, especially in Europe.

Key Regulation: The EU’s Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) law is now live, defining rules for ‘e-money tokens’.

The U.S. passed a federal stablecoin bill in 2025 establishing national standards.

Reports & Oversight: FATF issued updated guidance for stablecoins; IMF and Financial

Stability Board monitor systemic & cross-border risks.

Watchpoints: Global coordination on reserve transparency, bank integration, & cross-border rules will shape the
next phase of stablecoin adoption.

9) Employment - current status and crunch

rate of unemployment- 3.2% (Economic survey 2024-2025)

Employability issue- skill gap exists. About 51.5 per cent of graduates are employable(Economic survey 2023-2024)

Gendered perspective-female labour force participation stood at 41% according to the Economic Survey 2024-2025.

Vocational training- only 65.3 per cent of the population has any sort of vocational or technical training(economic
survey 2024-2025)

technological unemployment- According to the ILO, 75 million jobs are at risk due to AI automation globally.

India needs ro create 78.5 lakh jobs annually till 2030 to accommodate the surplus labour.(economic survey 2023-
2024)

about 90 per cent of the workforce is employed in the informal sector that is characterised with low-wage, as well as
lack of social security- India employment Report

Employment -current status and crunch: creation job Government of India launched PM Viksit Bharat Rojgar Yojana,
Pm Vishwakarma Yojna—To provide skill training cover 18 trade sectors, PMSETU—skilling and employability
transformation through upgradation ITI MGNREGA

*Acc to 2011 census , India's working age population is 63.4%.

*India's Employment rate has declined from 6% in 2017 to 3.2% by 2024.

*India's social security coverage has improved from 19% in 2011 to 64.3 % in March 2025.

Despite these major improvements India's major population - around 90% population 400 million is employed in
informal sector such as gig workers, domestic helpers, construction workers facing these challenges
-Industries favoring contract workers ( hired at low wages - no formal employee obligation)

-Lack of social security benefits -

- Job security

-No skill up-gradation

-Gap in financial inclusion

10) Electrical vehicle

vision of increasing the share of electric vehicle to 30 per cent by 20230 of the total vehicle sold- NITI Aayog

Indian electric mobility index: There has been a rise in the adoption of EVs. In 2024, the share of ev stood at 7.7 per
cent of the new vehicles sold, driven by electric two wheelers.

issues of ev

- lack of enabling infrastructure- charging infrastructure

-lack of raw materials and supply chain disrutptions

- issue of affordability

-e-waste- india is the 3rd largest e-waste producer in the world

-safety risk - fire and burning of the vehicle

steps taken by government

-PM E-DRIVE SCHEME- outlay of 10,900 crore. extended till 2028. focuses on financial incentives, modernisation of
testing agencies, as well as charging infrastructure

-e-truck incentive scheme- launched in 2025. financial incentive for adoption of e-truck, upto 9.6 lakhs.

-e-bus sewa scheme- india intends to deploy about 50,000 trucks by 2030. this is launched in 9 states under national
electric bus program(NEBP)2022.

-recently, under the FTA with UK, india reduced the duties on import of electric vehicles to 10% from nearly 100 per
cent.

Electrical vehicle: to boost the sustainable development and achieving the status of Viksit Bharat 2047, Government
of India launched PM E-Drive scheme. its aim to boost green mobility and strengthen electric vehicle manufacturing
ecosystem in India. PM E-DRIVE stands for Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement. budget this
scheme is 10,900 cr.

11) Household finances - savings, expenditure, debt, pattern etc

Household finances- savings, expenditure, debt, pattern etc

Housing is one of the topics which under Priority sector lending. To purchase house in sector where population is
above 50 lakhs, individual can avail 50 lakh loan, if population is 10 to 50 lakhs, then up to 45 lakh loan limit and
population below 10 lakhs up to 35 lakhs limit.

Schemes

Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojna----provide every household access to a basic saving account, debit card

Kisan Credit card---short term credit to farmers for crop cultivation and household consumption needs

Mahila Samman Savings Certificate---promote women-led household financial independence

Digital financial literacy campaigns---aim to build awareness savings, investments, budgeting, and debt management.
12) Current education trend, challenges, initiatives, pattern

Online learning platforms—Unacademy, DIKSHA, SWAYAM

Hybrid model trend

Challenges---Digital divide, skill mismatch,

Initiatives—NEP 2020, PM Kaushal Vikas Yojna,

12.1 Current Education Trends

🔸Implementation of NEP 2020 – new 5+3+3+4 structure, focus on multidisciplinary and holistic learning.

🔸Digital & blended learning through SWAYAM, DIKSHA, PM eVIDYA.

🔸Skill-based & vocational education from Class 6 onward.

🔸Competency-based assessment – PARAKH as national assessment body.

🔸Inclusive education – focus on gender equity and special needs.

🔸AI, coding, and STEM integrated into curriculum.

🔸Internationalization – foreign universities allowed to open campuses in India.

12.2 Major Challenges

-Equity issues for marginalized groups.

-Skill mismatch between education and employability.

-Digital divide between rural & urban learners.

-Teacher shortage and lack of continuous training.

-Funding gap – public spending below 6% GDP target.

-Quality & learning outcomes still low in many regions.

12.3 Initiatives

-NIPUN Bharat for

Foundational literacy and numeracy

-PM SHRI Schools

-Skill India/PMKVY

-Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan- Unified school education (pre-primary to senior secondary)

-PM SHRI Schools

-DIKSHA / PM eVIDYA / SWAYAM for digital & online learning.

13) MSME

Constituting 30% of GDP & 45% of exports , but still these sectors have not been formalized posing challenges

- Digital divide

- lack of access to credit

- skill gap

- Tougher regulations
Steps being taken to address these challenges via diffirent schemes

Financial inclusion - through PM jan dhan Yojana - ensuring accounts for all

credit support - Mudra Yojana, CGTMSE scheme, Pm Svanidhi

bridging the skill gap - Pm kaushal vijkas yojana , Navya scehem , Pm vishwakarma

14) Employment Generation Schemes/initiatives

Need for Employment generation schemes :

1. India is experiencing jobless growth due to skill and job mismatch

2. To reap benefits of demographic dividend n become developed by 2047

To achieve this Govt is coming up with upskilling and job creation initiatives:

1. Promoting manufacturing sector: since India is a labour intensive country

a) Product focus scheme- incentivising footwear and leather industries to create 2.2 million jobs ( as per Budget
2025-26)

b) Make in India, make for the world initiative- upskilling of youth in manufacturing

c) National manufacturing mission - increase gdp contribution to 25% from current 17% by focusing on Clean
Technology manufacturing ( EV batteries, grid scale batteries etc)

To become Atmanirbhar in advanced technologies.

2. Upskilling initiatives:

a) PM internship scheme - for educated unemployed youth to gain experience in top companies

b) PM Vishwakarma scheme- skill development n financial inclusion of artisans n traditional craftsmen

3. Financial support n incentives:

a) PM Svanidhi- credit support to street vendors

b) MSME- credit guarantee amount increased (in Budget 2025-26 )

c) PM employment generation scheme- credit support for setting up micro enterprises in rural n urban areas in non
farm sectors

PLFS Quarterly survey July- Sept 2025 shows drop in unemployment rate from 5.4 - 5.2% which highlights the
significance of employment generation initiatives

1. MGNREGA, MoRD (2005)- Guarantees 100 days of wage employment per year to rural households; promotes rural
assets creation.

2. PMEGP, MoMSME -Promotes self-employment through financial assistance for micro-enterprises; implemented
via KVIC, DICs etc.

3. PMKVY, MoSDE-

Provides short-term skill training and certification to youth for employability.

Mission Shakti / NRLM, MoRD-

Promotes SHGs for women empowerment & income generation.

4. Aatmanirbhar Bharat Rozgar Yojana, MoLE- Incentivizes employers to create new jobs by contributing to EPF for
new employees.
[Link]-Up India, MoCI (2016)- Encourages entrepreneurship, innovation, and job creation through tax incentives,
funding, ease of doing business.

[Link]-Up India ,MoF(2016)- Promotes entrepreneurship among SC/ST & women through bank loans (₹10 lakh–₹1
crore).

7. Make in India, DPIIT (2014)- Encourages domestic manufacturing& FDI to boost employment in industrial sectors.

8. Digital India, MeitY- Promotes IT-enabled jobs, digital services, & entrepreneurship in rural areas

1. PM Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana- To generate 3.5 cr jobs in next 2 years. Special focus on job creation in
manufacturing sector.

2. PM Employment Generation Programme- Promotes self-employment, entrepreneurship through financial support

for creation of new enterprises, helping in creation of new jobs.

3. MGNREGA- Acted as a lifeline for unorganised workers during COVID-19 pandemic, providing employment and
livelihood. Statutory guarantee of employment for unskilled workers.

4. DAY NRLM & NULM- Sustainable livelihoods and social inclusion Eg- Lakhpati Didi.

5. PM INternship Scheme- Enhancing employability of India's youth, bridging skill gap.

15) Skill development Schemes/initiatives

Skill Development Schemes/initiatives:

State of skill gap and mismatch:

As per Skills for the Future report by Institute for Competitiveness:

Only 8.25% graduates work in matching roles, while 50% graduates are employed in lower skill levels. Only 4.5% of
the workforce has formal vocational training.

Possible impact of upskilling:

Higher education boosts long term GDP. A 1% rise in gross enrollment ratio at tertiary level raises GDP by 0.511%.

SCHEMES/INITIATIVES:

1. SKILL INDIA MISSION- Umbrella initiative comprising of :

PM KAUSHAL VIKAS YOJANA: short term skill training, recognition of prior learning (RPL)

JAN SHIKSHAN SANSTHAN- Vocational skills to illiterates, drop outs etc with special focus on women, SC/ST, OBC and
minorities.

NATIONAL APPRENTICESHIP PROMOTION SCHEME- Basic and on-the job training in industries with stipend support.

2. MERITE SCHEME- For improving quality, equity and governance in technical education institutions in India to
promote R&d Ecosystem, employability skills of students.

3. NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY, 2020- Provides the blueprint and roadmap to improve educational infrastructure
in the country with the aim to align with modern industrial requirements.

4. NAVYA - Scheme to develop skills in non-traditional sectors like digital marketing, cybersecuruty etc for adolescent
girls.

5. PM VISHWAKARMA- Upskilling of traditional artisans and craftspeople through skill training, modern tools and
financial support.

6. RURAL SELF EMPLOYMENT TRAINING INSTITUTES- un by banks to skill poor rural youth BPL.

16) Social Security Schemes/initiatives

pm jan aarogya yojana- aims to provide health insurance upto 5 lakh rupees per household for the poor household.
It's the largest health insurance scheme. Recently, extended to the elderly individuals.

Atal pension yojana- aims to provide old age pension to those in the unorganised sector. It's a voluntary participative
pension scheme. Launched in 2015. The pension amount varies from 1000 rupees to 5000 rupees.

Jeevan jyoti bima yojana- aims to provide life insurance, especially for those belonging to poor household. It
provides insurance for all types of death. The premium is is rs 436.

Suraksha Bima yojana- provides accidental insurance. It's a annual insurance scheme. Covers both permanent as well
as accidental disability. Doesn't cover suicide. Premium is rs 20.

NFSA- it aims to provide free ration (presently) to nearly 81 crore individuals belonging to poor households, in both
urban and rural areas. This makes right to food a legal right.

Social Security Schemes/ Initiatives:

As per ILO's ILOSTAT, India's social security coverage has improved from 19% in 2015 to 64.3% in 2025, which means
over 94 crore people are presently covered under atleast one social security scheme.

However, India faces challenges like meagre quantity of social security support (Low pensions), lesser expenditure on
social protection than global average- India spends 5% of GDP in comparison to global average of 13% (World Social
Protection report-2024-26)

SCHEMES/INITIATIVES:

1. NPS/UPS- Contribution based pension system for government employees, corporate employees and all eligible
Indian citizens.

2. EMPLOYEE STATE INSURANCE ACT- ESIC scheme provides social security benefits like medical benefits, wage loss
benefits, disability benefits to workers of non-seasonal factories.

3. EPF SCHEME- Contribution based scheme providing retirement benefits to employees. EPS provides pension
benefits to different categories of people like widows, orphans, siabled children etc.

4. PM JIVAN JYOTI BIMA YOJANA, PM SURAKSHA BIMA YOJANA- Life insurance and accident insurance schemes.

5. ATAL PENSION YOJANA- Primarily focused on providing pension benefits to unorganised workers.

6. PM SHRAMYOGI MAAN DHAN & KISAN MAAN DHAN- Pension benefits to unorganised workers and farmers, along
with pension benefits to spouse after beneficiary demise.

17) Healthcare Schemes/initiatives

A) Ayushman bharat digital mission - for healthcare records

B) eSanjeevani - online health consultancy

C) PM Jan arogya yojana - 5 lkh insurance cover

2. Standard of living

A) DDY-NRLM - to form SHGs

B) PM Awas yojana - to sanction houses for poor

C) PM Svanidhi scheme - to avail credit facility by street vendors

3. Demographic dividend

A) Viksit Bharat rozgar Yojana - to provide incentives to new employees and employers

B) NAVYA - For adolescent girls to give them vocational training

18) To improve standard of living Schemes/initiatives

[Link] for all

PM awas Yojana - introduced in 2014, PMAY2.0 again launched in 2024 , 2.5 lc financial incentive,4 verticals under
PMAY 2.0 - BLC, ISS , AHP, ARH .1 cr new target beneficiary

[Link]

Ayushman Bharat - Launched in 2018, health infra and health care facilties to rural and vulnerable population.

Jan Aarogya Yojana - Health insurance upt0 5 lc to cover secondary and tertiary care hospital expenses, life
threatening diseases covered under this,

[Link] Drinking water

Jal Jeevan mission (Har ghar Jal) - to provide tap drinking water connection in every rural and urban
[Link] in 2019. In 11 states and UTs 100% rural tap water connection have been provided.

4 .Clean Cooking Fuel

Ujjwala Yojana - launched in 2016 , subsidized gas connection 9 cylinder per yr , Rs 300 subsidy per 14.2 kg cylinder,
10 cr women beneficiary , 36 states and Ut

[Link]

Under Swacchh Bharat Mission - ODF free villages - To make India open defecation free launched in 2014 , ODF plus
village module being developed - liquid + solid waste management

19) To en-cash demographic dividend Schemes/initiatives

20) Environmental Protection

21) Social Inclusion

22) Financial Inclusion

23) Digital Payment