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NARAYANA E-TECNO
SCHOOL
CHEMISTRY PROJECT FILE
TOPIC: BATTERIES
Submitted By: Submitted To:
SHIV JASAWAT SONAM PUNIA
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INDEX
CERIFICATE 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4
INTRODUCTION 5-6
THEORY & CONCEPTS 6-7
TYPES OF BATTERIES 7-10
APLICATIONS OF 10-11
BATTERIES
ADVANTAGES & 12
DISADVANTAGES OF
BATTERIES
ENVIRONMENTAL 13
IMAPCT & RECYLING
OF BATTERIES
CONCLUSION 14
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that
Shiv Jasawat
Student of class 12th Has
successfully completed his
chemistry practical.
“Batteries”
During the academic year
2024-2025 under the
supervision and guidance of
Chemistry Teacher
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The project could have never been possible
without the support of various sources. It is
impossible to thank every individual who
has helped me complete this project. Some
people and sources have helped me giving
the ideas a physical form. I am extremely
grateful to my mentor, MRS. SONAM
PUNIA for her invaluable guidance in the
project from the very beginning. Her vital
support helped me to take the project to a
logical and suitable shape. I take this
opportunity to thank the school authorities,
for extending their full support and
cooperation in this project. Lastly, I would
like to thank everyone who has offered a
helping hand when required.
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Introduction:
Definition of a Battery: A battery is a
device that stores chemical energy and
converts it into electrical energy via redox
reactions occurring in electrochemical
cells.
Importance of Electrochemical Cells in
Batteries: Electrochemical cells, including
galvanic (voltaic) cells, are the foundation
of battery technology, converting chemical
energy into electrical energy.
Historical Background: Discuss
Alessandro Volta and the invention of the
Voltaic Pile, which was the first
electrochemical cell.
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Mention how batteries have evolved to
power modern devices like smartphones,
electric vehicles, and other electronics.
Theory/Concepts:
Electrochemical Cells: Electrochemical
cells are devices that use chemical
reactions to generate electrical energy.
There are two types of electrochemical
cells:
Galvanic (Voltaic) Cells: Spontaneous
reactions that generate electricity.
Electrolytic Cells: Non-spontaneous
reactions driven by an external power
source.
Components of an Electrochemical Cell:
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Anode: The electrode where oxidation
occurs (loss of electrons).
Cathode: The electrode where reduction
occurs (gain of electrons).
Electrolyte: A substance that allows ions
to move between the anode and cathode,
completing the circuit.
Salt Bridge: A medium that connects the
two half-cells and maintains charge
balance by allowing ions to flow.
Types of Batteries:
Primary Batteries (Non-Rechargeable): In
the primary batteries, the reaction occurs
only once, and after some use, sometimes
the battery becomes dead and cannot be
reused again.
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Example: Zinc-Carbon Battery Reaction:
Zn+2MnO2 Zn2+ + Mn2O3
Working: The zinc electrode undergoes
oxidation, while manganese dioxide is
reduced at the cathode
Secondary Batteries (Rechargeable): A
secondary cell after use can be recharged
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by passing a current through it in the
opposite direction so that it can be used
again. A good secondary cell can undergo
many discharging and charging cycles.
Example: Lead Acid Battery:
Pb+PbO2+2H2SO4 PbSO4+H2O +
Electrical Energy
Working: The battery can be recharged by
reversing the chemical reactions that occur
during discharge.
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Example: Lithium-Ion Battery:
LiCo2+C LiCoO2+xLi + xe
Working: Lithium ions move between the
anode and cathode during charging and
discharging.
Applications of Batteries:
Powering Electronic Devices:
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Batteries are used in mobile phones,
laptops, cameras, and other portable
electronics.
Electric Vehicles (EVs):
Lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries are
commonly used in electric vehicles for
energy storage.
Energy Storage:
Batteries store energy from renewable
sources like solar and wind power, allowing
for its use when needed.
Medical Devices:
Batteries are used in medical devices like
pacemakers, hearing aids, etc.
Space Missions and Military Equipment:
Specialized batteries are used in space
exploration and military applications.
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Advantages and
Disadvantages of Batteries:
Advantages:
Portable, convenient, and reliable source of
power.
Rechargeable batteries are cost-effective
and environmentally friendly.
Widely used in various applications like EVs
and portable electronics.
Disadvantages:
Non-rechargeable batteries create waste
and environmental issues.
Rechargeable batteries (e.g., lithium-ion)
degrade over time and require disposal.
High energy-density batteries (like lithium-
ion) can be expensive.
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Environmental Impact and
Recycling of Batteries:
Environmental Issues: Improper disposal
of batteries can result in environmental
pollution due to toxic metals (lead,
mercury, etc.).
Battery Recycling:
Recycling of lead-acid batteries is well-
established, while lithium-ion battery
recycling is still developing.
Sustainability Efforts:
Research into eco-friendly batteries, such
as solid-state batteries, aims to reduce
environmental impact.
Efforts to recycle and reuse materials from
spent batteries are increasing to address
environmental concerns.
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Conclusion:
Batteries are indispensable in modern life,
powering everything from small gadgets to
large electric vehicles.
Electrochemical cells, through their ability
to store and release energy via redox
reactions, are the foundation of battery
technology.
Ongoing advancements in battery
technology are leading to more efficient,
sustainable, and environmentally friendly
solutions for the future.