BODY FLUIDS AND CIRCULATION
1. Which organ is called ‘graveyard of RBC’s ? (1 Mk)
Spleen
2. What is serum? (1 Mk)
Plasma without clotting factors is called serum
3. Name the enucleated cell of blood. (1 Mk)
Red blood cell
4. What is the life span of human RBC? (1 Mk)
RBC’s have an average life span of 120 days after which they are destroyed in the spleen.
5. Distinguish between open and closed circulatory system. ( 3 Mks )
In open type of circulatory system blood pumped by the heart passes through large vessels into
open spaces or body cavities called sinuses. Eg- Arthropods and Molluscs
In closed type of circulatory system blood pumped by heart is always circulated through a closed
network of blood vessels. Eg- Annelids and Chordates
6. What is lymph? (2 Mk)
Lymph is a colourless fluid containing specialized lymphocytes which are responsible for the immune
responses of the body. Lymph is also an important carrier for nutrients, hormones etc .
7. Name the universal recipient of blood group and why is it called. (2 Mks)
Persons with ‘AB’ group can accept blood from persons with ‘AB’ as well as the other groups of
blood. Therefore, such persons are called ‘Universal recipients’
8. Name the site of RBC formation in human body. (1 Mk)
RBCs are formed in the red bone marrow in the adults.
9. What is pericardium? (1 Mk)
Heart is protected by a double walled membranous bag, called pericardium, enclosing the
pericardial fluid.
10. Name the valve present between the left atria and left ventricle. (2 Mks)
Bicuspid or mitral valve guards the opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
11. Define stroke volume. (1 Mk)
During each cardiac cycle, each ventricle pumps out approximately 70 ml of blood; this is called as
stroke volume.
12. What is cardiac output? (2 Mks)
The stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate (no. of beats per min) gives the cardiac output.
Therefore the cardiac output can be defined as the volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle
per minute and it averages 5000 mL or 5 litres in a healthy individual.
13. Expand abbreviation of ECG. (1 Mk)
Electrocardiograph
14. What is the average heart beat rate in man. ( 1 Mk)
The heart beats 72 times per minute.
15. What is atherosclerosis? (2 Mks)
Coronary artery disease, often referred to as atherosclerosis, it affects the vessels that supply blood
to the heart muscle. It is caused by deposits of calcium, fat, cholesterol and fibrous tissues, which
makes the lumen of arteries narrower.
16. Define cardiac cycle. (2 Mks)
A cardiac cycle consists of one systole and diastole of both atria and ventricles. This sequential event
in the heart which is cyclically repeated is called cardiac cycle.
17. Name the types of blood groups in man? (2 Mks)
A B AB O
18. What is Myogenic heart? Give one example. (2 Mks)
The normal activities of the heart are regulated intrinsically, ie, autoregulated by specialized
muscles (nodal tissue), hence heart is called myogenic. Ex –All vertebrates
19. With a diagrammatic presentation, describe the waves of the electrocardiograph. (5 Mks)
Each peak in the ECG is identified with a letter from P to that corresponds to a specific electrical
activity of the heart. The P-wave represents the electrical excitation (or depolarization) of the atria,
which leads to the contraction of both the atria.
The QRS complex represents the depolarization of the ventricles, which initiates the ventricular
contraction. The contraction starts shortly after Q and marks the beginning of the systole. The T-
wave represents the return of the ventricles from exicited to normal state (repolarisation). The end
of the T-wave marks the end of systole.
20. Name the nerves that regulate the functions of the heart. (5 Mks)
A special neural centre in the medulla oblongata can moderate the cardiac function through
autonomic nervous system (ANS). Neural signals through the sympathetic nerves (part of ANS)
can increase the rate of heart beat, the strength of ventricular contraction and thereby the
cardiac output. On the other hand, parasympathetic neural signals (another component of ANS)
decrease the rate of heart beat, speed of conduction of action potential and thereby the cardiac
output. Adrenal medullary hormones can also increase the cardiac output.
21. Describe angina pectoris. (2 Mks)
It is a symptom of acute chest pain, when no enough of oxygen is reaching the heart muscle. Angina
can occur in men and women of any age but it is more common among the middle aged and elderly.
It occurs due to conditions that affect the blood flow.
22. Describe the phenomenon of blood coagulation. (5 Mks)
23. Explain the structure of Human Heart. (5 Mks)
Heart is a pumping organ made up of cardiac muscle, originated from embryonic
mesoderm. Situated in the thoracic cavity, in between two lungs, slightly tilted towards
left with the size of the clenched fist.
Heart is covered by a double walled bag, pericardium.
Our heat is four chambered, two relatively smaller upper chamber called atria and two
lower larger chamber called ventricles.
Two atria are separated by thin muscular wall called inter-atrial septum and a thick
walled inter-ventricular septum separates two ventricles.
Atrium and ventricle of same side is separated by a thick fibrous tissue called the atrio-
ventricular septum.
Right atrio-ventricular opening is guarded by tricuspid valve and Left atrio -ventricular
opening is guarded by bicuspid or mitral valve.
24. Explain double circulation in Man (5 Mks)
Pulmonary circulation: Right ventricle (deoxygenated blood) → pulmonary artery →
lungs (oxygenation) → pulmonary vein (oxygenated blood) → left atrium.
Systemic circulation: left ventricle (oxygenated blood) → systemic aorta → body
(deoxygenated) →vena cava (deoxygenated blood) → right atrium.
Portal system: the deoxygenated blood collected from one organ by means of a
vein (portal vein) entered into another organ before it is delivered to the systemic
circulation.
Hepatic portal system: the hepatic portal vein carries deoxygenated blood from the
intestine to the liver before it is delivered to the systemic circulation by means of hepatic
vein.
Coronary circulation: A special blood vessel (coronary vessel) is present in our body
exclusively for the circulation of blood to and from the cardiac musculature.
25. Draw a neat labeled diagram of vertical section of Human heart. (5 Mks)
26. Give an account of origin and conduction of heart beat in humans. (5 Mks)
The entire heart is made of cardiac muscles.
The wall of the ventricle is much thicker than the atria.
A patch of nodal tissue is present in the right upper corner of the right atrium called
the Sino-atrial node (S A Node).
Another nodal tissue present in the posterior to the inter-ventricular septum called A V
Node (Atrio-ventricular node).
A bundle of nodal fibers’ , atrio-ventricular bundle ( AV bundle) continued as A V
bundle through the inter-ventricular septum and divided into right and left A V bundle,
also called bundle of His.
The bundle of His gives rise to profuse branches to the wall of the ventricles
called perkinji fibers’.
S A node generates the force of contraction for auto rhythmicity of heart, hence
called pace maker of the heart.
Our heart normally beats 70-75 times in minutes (average of 72 beats per minutes).
27. Draw a neat labeled diagram of Double Circulation in Man. (5 Mks)
28) Describe Erythroblastosis foetalis. (5 Mks)
Erythroblastosis foetalis is a heamolytic anemia in the Rh positive new born whose mother is Rh-ve and
father is Rh +ve.
Rh factor plays a significant role in pregnancy. Though there are no natural anti-Rh antibodies in an
individual, an Rh-ve individual can develop these antibodies when exposed to Rh antigen.
When an Rh+ve man marries an Rh-ve woman, the baby may be either Rh+ve or Rh-ve based on whether
the man is homozygous or heterozygous.
Since the antibody produced initially is very little or enough antibodies are not formed by the time
the first child is delivered.
At the time of second pregnancy, more antibodies would have accumulated. This will leads to severe
anemia due to haemolysis of RBC of foetus. The disease might cause death within few days of [Link]
could be prevented by treating such an Rh-ve pregnant women with an intravenous injection of anti-
D (RhoGAM) .
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