8.1.
4 Methods and discoveries of Rutherford and Contribution of
Scientists. Ancient views of Atomic structure
Maharishi Kanade: One of the
greatest philosopher and was
Democritus: Greek
the first to suggest that matter is
philosopher said that
composed of very small everythingis made up
indestructible particles called of solid minute particles
paramanus (param + anu) called Atomos. In
Param means 'ultimate' and Greek, 'atomos' means
anu means 'particle 'indivisible
The theories proposed by Kanade, Democritus were based on abstract thinking and not
experimentation.
Dalton's Atomic Theory: Based upon the inferences drawn
from his experimental obseryations he stated that
1. All matter is made up of small
indivisible particles called atoms.
2. Atoms cannot be created,
destroyed or sub-divided.
3. Atoms of one element are different
from atoms of other element.
4. In a chemical reaction, atoms
are combined,
separated or rearranged.
5. Atoms of an element combine in
simple whole number ratio to form
molecules.
Sub-atomic particles of an atom
Discovery of electrons Sir William Crookes performed an experiment to investigate
the electric discharge through gases. His experiment proved that some rays were
produced from the cathode(negative electrode) and had moved from cathode to
anode (positive electrode) causing the gas at low to pressure glow.
He named these rays as 'Cathode rays'
JJ Thomson'scontribution JJ Thomson showed that cathode rays consists of
negatively charged particles called electrons present in an atom of an element.
Discovery of proton: Atoms are electrically neutral. Hence after the discovery of
the negatively charged constituent
(electron) of an atom, attempts were made to
discover the positively charged counterpart of electrons.
the existence of positively charged
Eugen Goldstein proved
particles known as protorns.
Discovery of Neutrons (ames THOMSON'SATO &Pudding Model
Chadwick) 1932 Atom Watermelon
Positive Charge
In 1932, James Chadwlck discovered that
most
Electron
nuclei also contaln another neutral
particle
called neutron, which is
than proton but has no
slightly more massive
charge.
50
Discovery of Nucleus: Lord Ernest Rutherford performed a scattering
experiment to describe the structure of an atom.
Rutherford
Beam of Alpha Atom of metal foil
concluded
Majority of alpha-tays
that almost
the whole very Few
Alpho few
Nucleus
mass of an Particles
atom must
An Atom
be present of Gold
in the
nucleus.
Observation Rurtherfords experiment of Goldmetalfoil
1. Most of the a-particles passed through the gold foil without getting deflected.
2. Very few particles were deflected from their path
3. A very smal fraction of a-particles were deflected by very large angles.
Conclusions: 1) Most of the space inside the atom is empty
2) Indicating that the positive charge of the atom occupies very little space.
3) Indicating that all the positive charge and mass of the gold atom were concentrated in a
very small volume within the atom.
N shell
Postulates of Bohr's atomic Theory M Shell
Electrons revolve around the nucleus in definite
Shell
1.
circular called orbits or shells in an atom.
path K Shell
Positively
2. Each orbit is associated with definite energy. So charged
Nucleus
these orbits are also Energy levels.
K,, , K
Orbits are numbered as 1,2,3,4 etr
or
3. L
nucleus.
etc starting from the M
N
Types of Particles
Represeiii0s Description
Name symbol(s
(High-energy) helium nuclei consisting of two protons
Alpha particle He or 2a and lwo neutrons
(High-energy) electrons
Beta particle -e or -p
Particles with the same mass as an electron but with
Positron e orp 1 unit of positive charge
Nuclei of hydrogen atoms
Proton
iH or p
to
Particles with a mass approximately equal
that of a proton but with no charge
Neutron n
electromagnetic radiation
Gamma ray
ww>Y | Very high-energy
What is an ATOM?
An atom is the smallest particle of matter.
with its own name, atomic mass and size.
here are many different types of atoms, each
These different atoms are called chemical elements.
The chemical elements are organized on the periodic table.
of carbon, hydrogen, and
LIving things, for example, are mostly made from the elements
Oxygen.
Shell3 contains max 18 Electrons
Nucleus contains Protons
(p)and Neutrons (n)
Shell 1: contains max 2 Electrons Valence Electrons
Outermost shell is called Valence shell
Shell 2: contains max 8 Electrons
Structure of an Atom
1. An atom contains protons, neutrons, and etsty
2. Neutrons have no charge. Protons are positive; tge. ieytns W
negatively charged
3. Number of protons Number of
atom is neutral)
electrons (charges baiav.t 22ch sihei, so
4. The electrons revolve around the nucleus in
fixed orbits at great speed
Electrons are arranged in shells, and an atom can
have many shells.
Each shell has a limit of how
many electrons it can hold
The general formula to find maximum
[Link] electrons in each shell
5 Outermost shell is is 2n2
called Valence shell
Electrons in the Valence shell are called Valence
The electrons in the outermost shell Electrons
experience very small nuclear force
a
because the distance between them and the
nucleus increases. These
electrons are called valence electrons
6. As the atom of any normal element is
electrically neutral, therefore it can be
said that the total number of protons
equals the total number of electrons
Atomic Number (or Proton Number) & Atomic Mass
Atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an element
1.
The atomic number uniquely
identifies a chemical element
2.
Atomic mass is the total
number of protons and neutronsin the nucleus of an
3.
element
Atomic mass (A)
15.99
Element Symbol
H Atomic number (Z)
8
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Z is always lesser than the Atomic Mass
Atomic number
lower number is always the Atomic number Z
Hence,the