Mixed Methods Description of the Design Data Collection Method Data Analysis Interpretation
Design (Creswell)
Convergent Quantitative and qualitative Quantitative (e.g., Separate quantitative and Interpretation focuses on
Parallel Mixed data are collected surveys, experiments) and qualitative analyses, convergence, divergence, or
Methods Design simultaneously, given equal qualitative (e.g., followed by merging complementarity of findings
priority, and merged to provide interviews, observations) results through from both data sets.
a comprehensive understanding collected at the same comparison or joint
of the problem. time. display.
Explanatory Quantitative data collection and Phase 1: Quantitative Quantitative analysis Interpretation emphasizes
Sequential Design analysis occur first, followed by data; Phase 2: Qualitative precedes qualitative how qualitative findings
qualitative data to explain or follow-up based on initial thematic analysis aimed help explain or
expand quantitative results. results. at explaining statistical contextualize quantitative
findings. results.
Exploratory Qualitative data are collected Phase 1: Qualitative Qualitative analysis Interpretation highlights
Sequential Design first to explore a phenomenon, exploration; Phase 2: informs quantitative how quantitative findings
followed by quantitative data to Quantitative instrument instrument design; validate, refine, or
test or generalize findings. development and data quantitative analysis tests generalize qualitative
collection. or extends qualitative insights.
results.
Embedded Mixed One data type (qualitative or Primary method Primary data analysis is Interpretation integrates
Methods Design quantitative) is embedded dominates; secondary supplemented by secondary findings to
within a primary design to method is nested before, secondary analysis to enhance understanding of
address a secondary research during, or after the provide contextual or the primary results.
question. primary phase. supportive insights.
Transformative Mixed methods are guided by a Data collection may be Data analysis is conducted Interpretation focuses on
Mixed Methods theoretical or advocacy concurrent or sequential, through the lens of the empowerment, social
Design framework (e.g., feminist, depending on the guiding theoretical or change, and addressing
critical theory, social justice). ideological perspective.
transformative issues of inequality or
framework. marginalization.
Multiphase Mixed Multiple quantitative and Several linked quantitative Analysis occurs within Interpretation integrates
Methods Design qualitative phases are and qualitative data each phase and across results across all phases to
conducted over time to address collections across phases, building develop comprehensive,
complex research objectives or different phases. cumulatively on earlier long-term conclusions.
program evaluations. findings.