Class XI Session 2025-26

Subject - Physics
Sample Question Paper - 6

Time Allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions:

1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.

2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E. All the sections

are compulsory.

3. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion Reasoning based of 1 mark each, Section B

contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven questions of three marks each, Section D

contains two case study-based questions of four marks each and Section E contains three long answer questions of

five marks each.

4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in section B, C, D and E. You have to

attempt only one of the choices in such questions.

5. Use of calculators is not allowed.

Section A
1. If force (F), length (L) and time (T) be considered fundamental units, then units of mass will be: [1]

a) [FLT-2] b) [FL-2T-1]

c) [FL-1T2] d) [F2LT-2]

2. Wave has simple harmonic motion whose period is 4 seconds while another wave which also possesses simple [1]
harmonic motion has its period 3 sec. If both are combined, then the resultant wave will have a period equal to

a) 3 sec b) 12 sec

c) 5 sec d) 4 sec
3. The angular acceleration vector is defined as: [1]

a) α = dω

dt
b) α = 2
dω

dt

2 3

c) α = d w

2
d) α =
d ω

3
dt dt

4. In a soap bubble, pressure difference is [1]

2Sla 4S
a) r
b) la
r

8Sla S
c) r
d) le
r

5. Acceleration due to gravity g for a body of mass m on earth's surface is proportional (Radius of earth = R, mass [1]
of earth = M) to:

Page 1 of 16
 a) M
2
b) mM
R

c) 1

3
d) m
R 2

6. The human ear is most sensitive to sound in the frequency range of: [1]

a) 10000 to 20000 Hz b) 1000 to 2000 Hz

c) 200 to 400 Hz d) 20 to 20000 Hz

7. For motion on a straight line path with constant acceleration (magnitude of displacement /distance covered): [1]

a) < 1 b) > 1

c) ≤ 1 d) = 1
8. If the amplitude of sound is doubled and the frequency reduced to one-fourth, the intensity of sound at the same [1]
point will be:

a) decreased by a factor of 4 b) increased by a factor of 2

c) decreased by a factor of 2 d) unchanged

9. The coefficient of viscosity for hot air is [1]

a) same as the coefficient of viscosity for cold b) smaller than the coefficient of viscosity for
air cold air

c) increase or decrease depending on the d) greater than the coefficient of viscosity for
external pressure cold air
10. If radius of the earth is reduced, then: [1]

a) earth rotates slower b) time period of earth decreases

c) duration of day increases d) time duration is reduced

11. If a body moves through a distance greater than 2πR in one full rotation, then [1]

a) v cm ≥ Rω b) vcm > Rω

c) v cm ≤ Rω d) vcm < Rω

12. If T1 is the temperature of the surrounding medium and T2 is the temperature of the body, then according to [1]
Newton’s Law of Cooling, rate of cooling of the body is:
dQ dQ
a) = k( T2
2
+ T1
2
) b) = −k( T2 + T1 )
dt dt

dQ dQ
c) dt
= −k( T2 − T1 ) d) dt
= k( T2
2
− T1
2
)

13. Assertion (A): The rate of change of total momentum of a many-particle system is proportional to the sum of [1]
the internal forces of the system.
Reason (R): Internal forces can change the kinetic energy but not the momentum of the system.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

14. Assertion (A): Snow is better insulator than ice. [1]
Reason (R): Snow contain air packet and air is good insulator of heat.

Page 2 of 16
 a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

15. Assertion: For a mass M kept at the centre of a cube of side a, the flux of gravitational field passing through its [1]
surfaces is 4πGM.
Reason: If the direction of a field due to a point source is radial and its dependence on the distance r from the
source is given as r
1

2
, its flux through a closed surface depends only on the strength of the source enclosed by
the surface and not on the size or shape of the surface.

a) Assertion and reason both are correct b) Assertion and reason both are correct
statements and reason is correct explanation statements but reason is not correct
for assertion. explanation for assertion.

c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is
wrong statement. correct statement.
16. Assertion (A): Whenever a particle moves in a circular path with uniform speed, an acceleration exists which is [1]
directed towards the centre.
Reason (R): The net acceleration of a particle in circular motion is always radially inward.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

Section B

17. Estimate the speed of sound in air at standard temperature and pressure. The mass of 1 mole of air is 29.0 × 10-3 [2]
kg.
18. A body of mass 100 kg falls on the earth from infinity. What will be its velocity on reaching the earth? What will [2]
be its K.E.? Radius of the earth is 6400 km and g = 9.8 ms-2. Air friction is negligible.
OR
What will be the value of g at the bottom of sea 7 km deep? The diameter of the earth is 12800 km and g on the

surface of the earth is 9.8 ms-2.

19. The Vander Wall's equation for a gas is (P +
a
) (V - b) = RT [2]
2
V

Determine the dimensions of a and b. Hence write the SI units of a and b.

20. Each side of a cube is measured to be 7.203 m. What are the total surface area and the volume of the cube to [2]
appropriate significant figures?
21. A string breaks under a load of 4.8 kg. A mass of 0.5 kg is attached to one end of the string 2 m long and is [2]
rotated in a horizontal circle. Calculate the greatest number of revolutions that the mass can make without
breaking the string.
Section C
22. If a drop of liquid breaks into smaller droplets, it results in lowering of temperature of the droplets. Let a drop of [3]
radius R, break into N small droplets each of radius r. Estimate the drop in temperature.
23. What is a black body? How can it be realised in practice? [3]
24. Figure gives the x-t plot of a particle executing one-dimensional simple harmonic motion. Give the signs of [3]
position, velocity and acceleration variables of the particle at t = 0.3 s, 1.2 s, -1.2 s.

Page 3 of 16
25. Define angle of repose. Show that coefficient of limiting friction is equal to the tangent of angle of repose. [3]
26. What is a cyclic process? What is change in internal energy of the system in a cyclic process? In changing the [3]
state of a gas adiabatically from an equilibrium states A to B, an amount of 40.5 J of work is done on the system.
If the gas is taken from states A to B via a process in which net heat absorbed by the system is 12.6 cal. How
much is the net work done by the system in the later case? (1 cal =4.19 J)
27. What is venturi-meter? On which principle does it work? How is the principle of venturi-meter applied in [3]
automobiles?
28. Show that Newton's third law of motion is contained in the second law. [3]
OR
State law of conservation of momentum and prove it using third law of motion.
Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: [4]
Root mean square velocity (RMS value)is the square root of the mean of squares of the velocity of individual
gas molecules and the Average velocity is the arithmetic mean of the velocities of different molecules of a gas at
a given temperature.

(a) Moon has no atmosphere because:

a) it is far away from the surface of the b) its surface temperature is 10oC
earth

c) the r.m.s. velocity of all the gas d) the escape velocity of the moon’s
molecules is more than the escape surface is more than the r.m.s velocity
velocity of the moon’s surface of all molecules
CP
(b) For an ideal gas, CV
is

a) > 1 b) < 1

c) ≤ 1 d) none of these
–
(c) The root means square velocity of hydrogen is √5 times that of nitrogen. If T is the temperature of the gas
then:

a) T(H2) > T(N2) b) T(H2) < T(N2)

c) d)

Page 4 of 16
 T(H2) ≠ T(N2) T(H2) = T(N2)

(d) Suppose the temperature of the gas is tripled and N2 molecules dissociate into an atom. Then what will be

the rms speed of atom:

–
a) v0 b) v0 √2

– –
c) v
0 √3 d) v0 √6

OR
The velocities of the molecules are v, 2v, 3v, 4v & 5v. The RMS speed will be:

a) 11 v b) v

c) v(12)11 d) v(11)12

30. In everyday life, the term work is used to refer to any form of activity that requires the exertion of mental or [4]
muscular efforts. In physics, work is said to be done by a force or against the direction of the force, when the
point of application of the force moves towards or against the direction of the force. If no displacement takes
place, no work is said to be done.

i. A box is pushed through 4.0 m across a floor offering 100 N resistance. How much work is done by the
applied force?
ii. What do you mean by non conservative forces, give an example.
iii. What is the work done to revolve the body with constant speed in a circle?
iv. Force of 4N is applied on a body of mass 20 kg in the direction of motion. What will be the work done in
displacing the body through 3 m ?
Section E
31. One end of a V-tube containing mercury is connected to a suction pump and the other end to atmosphere. The [5]
two arms of the tube are inclined to horizontal at an angle of 45° each. A small pressure difference is created
between two columns when the suction pump is removed. Will the column of mercury in V-tube execute simple
harmonic motion? Neglect capillary and viscous forces. Find the time period of oscillation.
OR
Consider a block of mass 700 g is fastened to a spring having spring constant of 70 N/m. Find out the following
parameters if block is pulled a distance of 14 cm from its mean position on a frictionless surface and released from
rest at t =0.

i. The angular frequency, the frequency and the period of the resulting motion.

Page 5 of 16
 ii. The amplitude of the oscillation.
iii. The maximum speed of the oscillating block.
iv. The maximum acceleration of the block.
v. The phase constant and hence the displacement function x (t).
2

. [5]
v
32. A gun can fire shells with maximum speed v and the maximum horizontal range that can be achieved is R =
0

0
g

If a target farther away by distance Δx (beyond R) has to be hit with the same gun as shown in the figure here,
show that it could be achieved by raising the gun to a height at least h = Δx [1 + Δx
]
R

[Hint: This problem can be approached in two different ways:

i. Refer to the diagram: target T is at the horizontal distance x = R + Δx and below the point of projection y
= - h.
ii. From point P in the diagram: Projection at speed v at an angle θ below horizontal with height h and
0

horizontal rangeΔx.]
OR
A body is projected at an angle θ with the horizontal.
i. Obtain the condition for the maximum horizontal range.
ii. Prove that the horizontal range of a projectile is same when fired at an angle θ and (90° - θ ) with the horizontal.
iii. Obtain an expression for velocity of projectile at any instant t.
33. Obtain an expression for the linear acceleration of a cylinder rolling down an inclined plane and hence find the [5]
condition for the cylinder to roll down without slipping.
OR
A car weighs 1800 kg. The distance between its front and back axles is 1.8 m. Its centre of gravity is 1.05 m behind
the front axle. Determine the force exerted by the level ground on each front wheel and each back wheel.

Page 6 of 16
 Solution

Section A
1.
(c) [FL-1T2]
Explanation:
[F] = [MLT-2]
∴ [M] = [FL-1T2]

2.
(b) 12 sec
Explanation:
On the superposition of the two waves, beats are produced.
Beat frequency = − = −
1
=
T2 T1
1 1

3
1

4 12
1

3. (a) α = dω

dt

Explanation:
As per the definition of angular acceleration that " it is the time rate of change of angular velocity" , therefore α = dω

dt

4.
4S
la
(b) r

Explanation:
4S
la
r

5. (a) M

2
R

Explanation:
M
Acceleration due to gravity for the body of mass m is 2
R

6.
(d) 20 to 20000 Hz
Explanation:
Humans are most sensitive to (i.e. able to discern at lowest intensity) frequencies between 2,000 and 5,000 Hz. The human ear
can respond to minute pressure variations in the air if they are in the audible frequency range, roughly 20 Hz - 20 kHz. This
incredible sensitivity is enhanced by an effective amplification of the sound signal by the outer and middle ear structures.

7.
(d) = 1
Explanation:
=1

8. (a) decreased by a factor of 4

Explanation:
1
I = ( )ρvω
2
2 2
A

As, A ′
= 2A, ω = (
′ ω

4
) , hence, I ′
= (
I

4
)

9.
(d) greater than the coefficient of viscosity for cold air
Explanation:
Viscosity of a gas increases with the increase in temperature.

Page 7 of 16
10.
(b) time period of earth decreases
Explanation:
l = MR2

5
2

When R decrease (for constant M), the M.I. decreases.

But Iω = constant
∴ ω = increases
2π

Hence period of rotation T decreases.

11.
(b) vcm > Rω
Explanation:
Here v T > 2πR
CM

2πR
⇒ vCM >
T

⇒ vCM > ωR

12.
dQ
(c) dt
= −k(T2 − T1 )

Explanation:
Newton's law of cooling states that the rate of heat loss of a body is directly proportional to the difference in the temperatures
between the body and its surroundings.

13.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation:
The total momentum of a many-particle system can change only when some external force is applied on the system. So rate of
change of momentum is proportional to external forces acting on the system. The total momentum of the whole system remains
constant when no external force is acted of it (according to law of conservation of momentum).

14. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
When the temperature of the atmosphere reaches below 0oC, then the water vapours present in air, instead of condensing,
freeze directly in the form of minute particles of ice. Many particles coalesce and take cotton-like shape which is called snow.
Thus snow contains air packets in which convection currents cannot be formed. Hence snow is a good heat insulator. In ice
there is no air.
15. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Explanation:
You can make an analogy with Gauss’s law in electrostatics.
16.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
A is true but R is false.

Section B
17. We know that volume of any gas at STP is 22.4 litre.
Density of air at STP is
mass
ρ0 = ( )
volume at STP for one mole of air
−3
29.0× 10 kg −3
= = 1.29 kgm
−3 3
22.4×10 m

According to Laplace's correction over Newton’s formula,

Page 8 of 16
 −
−−
γP
Speed of sound in the air is given by, v = √ ρ
0

5 −2 1/2

[γ = 1.4 (air) = ratio of two specific heats and P = 1.01 × 105 N/m2 = atmospheric pressure]
1.01× 10 ×1.4 Nm
=[ −3
]
1.29kgm

= 331.3 ms-1
18. A body thrown up with escape velocity v, reaches infinity. Hence a body falling on the earth from infinity should come back with
velocity v, given by
−−−− −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− −
ve = √2gR e = √2 × 9.8 × 6400 × 10
3

= 11.2 × 103 ms1 = 11.2 ms1

2
K.E = 1

2
mve =
2 1

2
× 100 × (11.2 × 10 )
3

= 6.27 × 109 J
OR
Depth of sea, d = 7 km, g = 9.8ms
−2

Radius of the earth, R = D

2
= 12800

2
km = 6400km

Value of g at bottom of sea

gd = g (1 −
d

R
) = 9.8 (1 − 7

6400
) ms-2
9.8×6393 −2 −2
gd = ms = 9.789 ms
6400

19. Since dimensionally similar quantities can be added or subtracted, therefore,

[P] = [ a

2
]
V

or [a] = [PV2] = [ML-1 T-2] [L3]2 = ML5T-2

Also, [b] = [V] = L3
The SI unit of a is kg m5s-2 and that of b is m3.
20. Here it is given that, Side of the cube = 7.203 m
Therefore, Total Surface area = 6 × ( side ) = 6 × (7.203) 2 2

= 311.299254 m2
= 311.3 m2 [where the value has been rounded off to 4 significant figures]
Now, Volume of the cube = (side)3 = (7.203)3
= 373.714754 m3
= 373.7 m3 [Rounded off to 4 significant figures]
21. Here m = 0.5 kg, r = 2 m, g = 9.8 ms-2,
The maximum tension that the string can withstand,
F = 4.8 kg wt = 4.8 × 9.8 N
Let the maximum number of revolutions per second = ν
Now F = mrω = mr(2πv) = 4π mrv 2 2 2 2

or v = 2
=
F

2
= 1.215 4.8×9.8

4×9.87×0.5×2
4π mr
−−−−
or v = √1.215 = 1.102 rps
= 1.102 × 60 = 66.13 rpm
Section C
22. change in temperature,ΔE = σ (final area - initial area) of surface
ΔE = msΔt,

By the law of conservation of mass, final volume = initial volume of one drop of radius R splited in N drops of radius r
4 4
∴
3
πR
3
= N ⋅
3
πr
3
or R 3
= Nr
3

R
r =
1/3
(N )

ΔE = σΔA = σ [area of N drops of radius r – area of big drop]

2 2
msΔt = σ [N .4πr − 4πR ]

2 2
V . ρsΔt = 4πσ [N r − R ]

4 3 2 2
N ⋅ ( πr ) ρsΔt = 4πσ [N r − R ]
3

M = mass of all smaller drops

ρ = density of liquid

Page 9 of 16
 S = specific heat of liquid
Δt = change in temperature (C0 or Kelvin)
4πσ×3 2 2 3 3
Δt = [N r − R ] (∵ R = Nr )
3
N ⋅4π r ρ

2 2 3
3σ Nr R 3 R
Δt = [ − ] (∴ r = )
N ρs 3 3 N
r r

2
3σ N R N 3σN 1 1
Δt = [ − ] = [ − ]
N ρs r 3 ρN s r R
R

Δt =
3σ

ρs
[
1

r
−
1

R
] as R > r
∴ Δt will be positive i.e., ∴ 1

R
<
1

23. Black body: A black body is one which neither reflects nor transmits but absorbs the whole of the heat radiation incident on it.
The absorptive power of a perfect black body is unity.
When a black body is heated to a high temperature, it emits radiations of all possible wavelengths within a certain wavelength
range. The radiations emitted by a block body are called full or black-body radiations. In practice, a surface coated with lamp
black or platinum black absorbs 95 to 97% of the incident radiation.
But on heating, it does not emit full radiation spectrum. So it acts as a black body only for absorption of heat radiation. It is
observed that if a hollow cavity is heated, the radiation coming out from its inner surface through a small opening is a full
radiation spectrum. Such a radiation is called cavity radiation.
Hence the small opening of a heated hollow cavity acts as a perfect black body both for absorption and emission of heat radiation.
Fery's black body. Fery's black body consists of a hollow double-walled metal sphere coated inside with a lamp black and nickel
polished from the outside. Heat radiations entering the sphere through the small opening are completely absorbed due to multiple
reflections. The conical projection opposite the opening prevents direct reflection.

To use it as a source of heat radiation, the enclosure is heated in a suitable bath to maintain its temperature constant. The
radiations coming out from the small hole are black body radiations. The wavelength range of emitted radiation is independent of
the material of the body and depends only on the temperature of the black body.
24. For simple harmonic motion (SHM) of a particle, acceleration (a) is given by the relation:
a = −ω x…..(i)
2

where ω angular frequency and x = displacement

dx
and velocity of the particle, v = .....(ii) dt

where dx

dt
= slope of x-t plot
Now at t = 0.3 s
In this time interval, x is negative. Thus, the slope of the x-t plot will also be negative. From equation (ii) again, velocity is the
slope of x-t plot. Therefore, both position and velocity are negative. However, using equation (i), acceleration of the particle will
be positive.
Now at t = 1.2 s
In this time interval, x is positive. Thus, the slope of the x-t plot i.e. the velocity of the particle will also be positive from equation
(ii).
Therefore, both position and velocity are positive. However, using equation (i), acceleration of the particle comes to be negative.
And at t = -1.2 s
In this time interval, x is negative and t is also negative. Hence, the slope of the x-t plot i.e. the velocity of the particle will be
positive here from equation (ii). From equation (i), it can be inferred that the acceleration of the particle will be positive, as x is
negative.
25. Angle of repose (θ): The minimum angle of the plane at which the body kept on it starts to slide due to its own weight is called
angle of repose

Page 10 of 16
 Consider a body of mass m placed over a surface of inclination angle equal to the angle of repose ϕ. Various forces acting have
been shown in Figure. For equilibrium condition, we have
N = mg cosϕ ..................(1)
and friction force f = mg sinϕ..................(2)
In limiting case, when the body just starts sliding down, f = fl. Then dividing (2) by (1), we get
fl
= tan ϕ
N

or μ l = tan ϕ
f
where μ l =
N
l
is the coefficient of limiting friction.
26. After completion of the cycle, A cyclic process restores the system back to its initial state after completion of the cycle.

As internal energy is a state function, so its value at initial point is same as that at final point (initial state is same as that of final
state).

For adiabatic process A → B,

ΔQ = 0 , Using first law of thermodynamics

ΔQ = ΔW + ΔU

ΔU = −ΔW = −(−40.5) = 40.5J

For another process, A → B

ΔQ = +12.6cal

= 12.6 × 4.19J = 52.8J

Using the first law of thermodynamics,

ΔQ = ΔW + ΔU

⇒ ΔW = ΔQ − ΔU

⇒ ΔW = 52.8 − 40.5 = 12.3J

27. Venturi-meter is a device used to measure the flow speed of a liquid. It is basically based on Bernoulli's principle and works on the
principle that when a liquid flows in the tube from wide neck to a narrow constriction, the speed of flow increases and the
pressure falls.
Bernoulli's principle states that with the increase in the velocity of the fluid its pressure decreases (or) there is a decrease in the
fluid pressure energy. This decrease in the fluid pressure in the areas where the flow velocity is increased is called the Bernoulli
effect.
It is utilised in the carburettor of automobiles. The carburettor has a venturi channel (fine nozzle) through which air flows with a
large speed. The pressure is then lowered at the narrow neck as a result, the valve of petrol chambers opens and the petrol is
sucked up in the chamber to provide the correct mixture of air and petrol necessary for combustion.
dpB
28. Let Fba be the force (action) exerted by A on B and dt
be the resulting change of the momentum of B.
dp
Let FAB be the force (reaction) exerted by B on A and dt
A
be the resulting change of momentum of A.
dp
According to Newton’s second law, F = dt
dpB dpA
Then, F BA
=
dt
and F AB
=
dt
dp dp
∴ FBA + FAB =
B

dt
+
dt
A
=
d

dt
(pB + pA ) ...(i)

Page 11 of 16
 In the absence of any external force, the rate of change of momentum of the whole system zero.
i.e. (p + p ) = 0
d

dt
B A

So, FBA + FAB = 0 or FBA = - FAB

or Action = - reaction
and it is a Newton’s third law of motion.
Hence, proved.
OR
Law of conservation of momentum : It states that if a group of objects are interacting with each other, then their total momentum
remains conserved before and after the interaction, provided no external force acts on them. Mathematically, F ⃗ ext = 0 , then
→ → → →
p ⃗ = p1 + p2 + p3 + … = ∑ pi = a constant
It is known as the law of conservation of linear momentum. It is one of the most versatile law in nature, which never fails.
−
→ −
→
Consider two bodies A and B, with initial momenta p and p respectively. A B

−
→ −
→
Let the two bodies collide, get apart and have final momentum p and p respectively. By the second law of motion -
′

A
′
B

−
→ −
→ −−→
Change in momentum of body A, p ′
A
− pA = FAB Δt ..........................................(i)
−−→
where F AB is the force acting on A due to action of B for a time Δt.
−
→ −−→
Similarly, change in momentum of body B, p ′
B
− p⃗
B
= FBA Δt ............................................(ii)
Here time Δt, the time for which two bodies A and B are in contact and interact, is same for both the forces.
−−→ −−→
Moreover, from third law of motion F AB = − FBA

Hence, adding (i) and (ii), we obtain

−−→ −−→
−
→ ⃗ −
→
′ ′
(p − pA ) + (p − pB )= FAB Δt + FBA Δt
A B

⃗ ⃗
= − F BA Δt + F BA Δt = 0
−
→ −
→
−
→ −
→
′ ′
⇒ p + p = pA + pB
A B

which shows that the total final momentum of the isolated system is exactly same as its initial momentum. Thus, it is proved that
total momentum of an isolated system remains conserved.
Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Root mean square velocity (RMS value)is the square root of the mean of squares of the velocity of individual gas molecules and
the Average velocity is the arithmetic mean of the velocities of different molecules of a gas at a given temperature.

(i) (c) the r.m.s. velocity of all the gas molecules is more than the escape velocity of the moon’s surface
Explanation:
The r.m.s. velocity of all the gas molecules is more than the escape velocity of the moon’s surface.
(ii) (a) > 1
Explanation:
>1
(iii) (b) T(H2) < T(N2)
Explanation:
T(H2) < T(N2)
–
(iv) (d) v √6
0

Explanation:

Page 12 of 16
 –
v0 √6

OR

(d) v(11)12
Explanation:
v(11)12
30. i. Force required in the direction of motion = -resistance force = 100 N
Work done = Force and distance = 100 × 4 = 400 Joule
ii. Those forces in which the work done depends on the nature of path followed are non conservative forces, example frictional
forces.
iii. Work done will be zero, because in this case the centripetal force acting on the body will be at right angle to the direction of
motion, so work done will be zero.
iv. W = FS
F=4N
S=3m
W = 12 Nm = 12 J
Section E
31. L et the liquid column in both arms of the V-tube were at h heights initially. Now due to pressure difference the liquid columns
0

in A arm is pressed by x and in arm B is liftted by x (so difference in vertical height between two levels = 2x ) Consider an
element of liquid of height dx inside the tube.

Then its dm = volume × density = A .dxρ (where, A =area of cross-section of tube, ρ = density of the liquid inside the tube)
Potential energy of the right arm with dm elementary mass column = (dm) gh
Potential energy of dm elementary mass in left arm column = Aρgxdx (putting the value of dm = A. dx. ρ and h = x)
2
h1
h1 x
∴ Total potential energy in left column = ∫ 0
Aρgxdx = Aρg [
2
]
0
2
h
1
= Aρg
2
h1 l
From above given figure sin 45 ∘
=
l
∴ h1 = h2 = l sin 45
∘
=
√2
2
2 2 l
∴ h = h =
1 2 2
2

∴ Potential energy in the left column = Aρg l

4
2

Similarly potential energy in right column= Aρg l

4
2 2 2
Aρgl
∴ Total potential energy = Aρg l

4
+ Aρg
l

4
=
2

Due to pressure difference, left element moves towards right side by 'y' units and the same element rises in the right arm by 'y'
units.
Then the liquid column length in the left arm becomes by decreasing = ( l - y )
And the liquid column length in the right arm becomes by increasing = ( l + y )
Now decreased potential energy of liquid column in the left arm = Aρg(l − y) sin 2 2 ∘
45

Similarly increased potential energy of liquid column in the right arm = Aρg(l + y) 2
sin
2 ∘
45
2
1
∴ Total potential energy due to two liquid columns in the left and right arm respectively = Aρg ( )
2
[(l − y )
2
+ (l + y ) ]
√2

Final potential energy due to difference in liquid columns in the two arms,
Aρg
2 2 2 2
= [l + y − 2ly + l + y + 2ly]
2
Aρg
∴ Final potential energy = 2
(2l
2
+ 2y )
2

Now change in potential energy = Final potential energy due to liquid columns in the two arms– Initial potential energy due to
liquid columns in the two arms
2
Aρg Aρgl
2 2
= (2l + 2y ) −
2 2
Aρg
2 2 2
= [2l + 2y − l ]
2
Aρg
∴ Change in potential energy = 2
(l
2
+ 2y )
2

Page 13 of 16
 If change in velocity (v) of total liquid column be v then change in kinetic energy,
1 2
ΔK E = mv
2

Again m = volume × density = (A.2l ) ρ

1 2 2
∴ ΔK E = (A2lρ)v = Aρlv
2
Aρg
∴ Change in Total energy = change in potential energy + change in kinetic energy = 2
2
(l
2
+ 2y ) + Aρlv
2

Again, from the law of conservation of energy, total change in energy ΔP E + ΔK E = 0

Aρg
2 2 2
∴ [l + 2y ] + Aρlv = 0
2
Aρ
2 2 2
∴ [g (l + 2y ) + 2lv ] = 0
2
Aρ
∵ ≠ 0
2

2 2 2
∴ g (l + 2y ) + 2lv = 0

dy dv
Differentiating on both sides of the above equation with respect to time,t we get g [0 + 2 × 2y dt
] + 2l.2v ⋅
dt
= 0

2 2
dy d y dv d y
∴ 4gy + 4vl = 0 [∵ a = = ]
2 2
dt dt dt dt
2 2
d y d y
⇒ 4gy ⋅ v + 4vl
2
= 0 ⇒ 4v [gy + l ⋅
2
] = 0 ​
dt dt
2
d y g
⇒
2
+
l
y = 0 ∵ 4v ≠ 0 ....(i)
dt

It is the equation of a simple harmonic motion and can be compared with the standard equation of a simple harmonic motion i.e.
2
d y

2
+ ω y = 0
2
.....(ii) [ω is the angular acceleration or angular frequency of the particle executing simple harmonic motion]
dt
g
Comparing the above two equations (i) and (ii) we get, ∴ ω 2
=
l
​
−
− −
−
g
∴
2π

T
= √
l
⇒ T = 2π√
l

g
[{tex}\because \omega = \frac {2π }{T}{/tex}, T being time period of the simple harmonic motion]
OR
i. The angular frequency is given by
−−−−−
−−
70N/m
ω = √
k

m
= √
0.700kg
= 10 rad/s

Frequency, f =
ω

2π
=
10

2π
≃ 1.59Hz

The time period, T = 1

f
=
1

1.59
= 0.63 = 630 ms
ii. The maximum amplitude of the oscillation = maximum displacement
∴ xm =14 cm =0.14 m

iii. The maximum speed of the oscillation vm is given by

vm = ω xm =10 × 0.14 =1.4 m/s
iv. The magnitude of maximum acceleration of the block is given by
am = ω 2xm =100 × 0.14 =14 m/s2
At time t = 0, the block is located at position, x = xm
v. Then, from general equation of oscillation, x(t) = xmcos (ωt + ϕ )
⇒ xm = xm cos(0 × ω + ϕ)

∴ cos ϕ = 1 ⇒ ϕ = 0

The required displacement function of the given oscillation with all the above values becomes,
x(t) = xm cos(ωt + ϕ)

⇒ x(t) = 0.14 × cos(10t + 0)

⇒ x(t) = 0.14 cos 10t

2
V0
32. Maximum range of projectile, R = g
.........(i)
We know, maximum range is achieved at θ = 45°​​​​​​​
Let the gun is raised to a height h from the horizontal level of target T, so that the projectile can hit the target T.
Total range of projectile must be Rtotal = R + Δx
Horizontal component of velocity at A = v cos(θ) 0

As A and P are on the same level, the magnitude of velocity will be the same at A and P.
​But the direction of velocity will be below horizontal,
So horizontal velocity at P, v = −v cos(θ) x 0

and vertical velocity at P, v = v sin(θ) y 0

Page 14 of 16
Now h = ut + 1

2
at
2

h = − v0 sin θ(t) +
1

2
gt
2
…....(ii)
Consider horizontal motion from A to T , distance (R + Δx) = v cos θ. t 0

R+Δx
t =
v0 cos θ

Substitute t in (ii) we get

2
R+Δx 1 (R+Δx)
h = − v0 sin θ [ ] + g
ν0 cos θ 2 2 2
v cos θ
0

2
g (R+Δx)
1 ∘
h = − tan θ (R + Δx) + ( ) (∵ θ = 45 ⇒ tan(45) = 1)
2 2
v 1/2
0

1 g 1
2 2
h = −(R + Δx) + (R + Δx + 2RΔx) [∵ = ]
R 2 R
v
0
2 2

h = −R − Δx + R + Δx

R
+ 2Δx = Δx +
Δx

Δx
h = Δx [1 + ]
R

Hence Proved.
OR

Let a projectile is fired with velocity u at an theta as shown in figure.

2

i. R = u sin 2θ

For maximum horizontal range

sin 2θ = 1
or 2θ = 90o
= 450
0
90
θ = 2

The range of projectile is given as

ii. Range of projectile when fired at angle
2

R= u sin 2θ

horizontal range for angle of projection θ is

2

R1 = u sin 2θ

g
...(i)
horizontal range for angle of projection 90 - θ is
2 2 2
u sin 2(90−θ) u sin(180−2θ)
R2 = g
= g
= u sin 2θ

R2 = u sin 2θ

g
...(ii)
from equation (i) and (ii) we get
R1 = R2
iii. Let the velocity of projectile be V at time t its horizontal component is given as
Vx = ux + axt ...(i)
ax = 0, ux = u
therefore Vx = u
and vertical component is
Vy = uy + ayt
Vy = u sin θ - gt ...(ii)
−−−−−−
net velocity of the projectile at the instant t= √v 2
x + vy
2

−−−−−−−−−−−−−− −
= √u2 + (u sin θ − gt)2
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
= √u 2
+ u
2
sin
2
θ + (gt)
2
− 2u sin θgt

Page 15 of 16
33. Let M → mass of the solid cylinder R → Radius of the cylinder, θ → Angle of inclination of the plane, ω -
Angular acceleration of the cylinder.
Various forces acting on the cylinder are:
R - mg cosω F = Frictional force acting upwards
r

ω = Net force in the downward directions = f = ma = mg sinω - F

The torque required for the rolling motion of the cylinder is due to frictional forces, which acts tangential to the surface.
τ = r × F Also τ = I α =
Ia Ia Ia
[∴ a = rα], = rF ∴ F =
r r 2
r

ma − mg sin θ −
Ia

2
→ a (m +
I

2
) - mg sinθ
r r

mg sin θ
→ a−
I
m+
r2
2 mg sin θ
For a solid cylinder, M.I. about the axis I = Mr
∴ a= =
2
g sin θ
2 mr2 1 3
m+ ×
2 2
r

Frictional force = F =
Ia

2
=
I

2
.2

3
g sin θ =
1

3
ng sin θ
r r
1
mg sin θ

Coefficient of friction = F

R
=
3

mg cos θ
⇒ μ=
1

3
tan θ

OR
Weight of car = 1800 Kg
Distance of COG from front axle = 1.05 m
Distance of COG from back axle = 1.8 - 1.05 = 0.75 m
Vertical forces are balanced ,
So,At translational equilibrium:
R1 + R2 = mg
R1 + R2 = 1800 × 9.8 = 17640

R1 and R2 are the forces exerted by the level ground on the front and back wheels respectively.
Angular momentum about centre of gravity is zero.
So,
R1(1.05) = R2(1.8 - 1.05)
R1 × 1.05 = R2 × 0.75
R1 0.75 5
= =
R2 1.05 7

R1 7
=
R2 5

R1 = 1.4 R2 …..(ii)
Solving equations (i) and (ii), we get:
1.4 R2 + R2 = 17640
17640
R2 = = 7350N
2.4

∴ R1 = 17640 - 7350 = 10290 N

R1 7350
Therefore, the force exerted on each front wheel = 2
=
2
= 3675N , and
R2
The force exerted on each back wheel = 2
=
10290

2
= 5145N

Page 16 of 16