Communication System
MODULE -3
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Communication:
Transfer of information from one point to other (or) Exchange of Information betweentwo points.
Electronic Communication:
Sending data orInformation using electronic devices. Thisallows rapid transfer of goods, money and
ideas
Need for Communication:
➢ Speedy transmission: Requires only few seconds to communicate through electronic media due
thetechnology available for quick transmission
➢ Wide Coverage: The whole world has become a global village and communication around the
globerequires just a second
➢ Low Cost: Cost of an SMS is cheaper than sending a letter by post
➢ Exchange of feedback: Instant exchange of feedback
➢ 24/7 accessibility: Can be accessed anytime
Message signal:
The signal that consists information is called modulating signal. The modulating signal is usually of
low-frequency signal. (20 Hz – 20 KHz)
Carrier signal:
The signal which carries the information is called carrier signal. Carrier signal is a high frequency signal
which does not contains any information. The purpose of this signal is just to carry the message signal. The
range is in terms of Mega Hertz.
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Communication System
Components of a General Communication System:
List of Components of Communication System are:
➢ Information source and transducer
➢ Transmitter
➢ Channel or medium
➢ Noise
➢ Receiver
➢ Output transducer and final destination
➢
(I) Information Source and Transducer:
Message or information originates in the information source may be in the form of sound (human speech),
picture (image source), words (text). However, out of these messages, only the desired message is selected
and communicated.
(II) Transmitter:
The base band signal (electrical form), output from the input transducer is applied to the input of the transmitter. The
transmitter section processes the signal prior to transmission. The nature of processing depends on the type of communication
system.
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Communication System
(III) Channel or medium:
The term channel means the medium through which the message travels from the transmitter to the receiver. The
transmitted signal should have adequate power to withstand the channel noise. The channel characteristics also impose
constraints on the bandwidth.
(IV) Noise
Noise is defined as unwanted electrical signal which do not have any useful information. Noise is a highly
undesirable part of a communication system, and has to be minimized. When noise is mixed with the transmitted
signal, it rides over it and deteriorates its waveform.
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)
SNR is defined as the ratio of signal power (S) to the noise power (N),
(V) Receiver:
The main function of the receiver is to reproduce the original message signal. This reproduction of the original
signal is accomplished by a process known as the demodulation or detection. Demodulation is the reverse process of modulation
carried out in transmitter.
(VI) Destination:
Destination is the final stage which is used to convert an electrical message signal into its original form.
For example in radio broadcasting, the destination is a loudspeaker which works as a transducer that converts the
electrical signal to original sound signal.
Types of Communication Systems:
A. Based on Nature of baseband or information signal
i) Analog communication systems: Exchange of information between two points through analog
signals.
Ex: Audio, video and pictures between two points using the analog signals.
ii) Digital communication systems: Exchange of information between two points through digital
signals.
Ex: Audio, HDTV
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Communication System
B. Based on Nature of the transmitted signal
i) Baseband communication system: Baseband signals are transmitted without translating (or
amplified) to higher frequencies.
Ex: Land line, fax, etc
ii) Carrier communication system: The baseband signal (low frequency) is mixed with high frequency
carrier signal.
Ex: Radio, voice messages and calls.
Multiplexing Technique:
Multiplexing is a process which allows more than one signal to be transmitted through a single channel.
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Communication System
In multiplexing, each baseband signals are modulated with different carrier frequencies. At the transmitter
they can be mixes and transmitted. At the receiver end, all different transmitted signals can be easily separated
by the known carrier frequencies.
Due to multiplexing it is possible to increase the number of communication channels so that more
information can be transmitted where it makes the communication system economical. The typical
applications of multiplexing are telephone, satellite communication etc.
ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEM:
Analog communication is the process of conveying (sending, receiving, and processing) of information
including image, voice, and video by using continuous signals or analog signals.
TYPES OF MODULATION:
Modulation is the process in which any one of the parameters (amplitude, frequency or phase) of the
high frequency carrier signal is varied according to the instantaneous values of the low frequency message
signal,keeping other parameters constant.
Analog modulation: is typically used for AM, FM radio, and short-wave broadcasting.
Digital modulation: involves transmission of binary signals (0 and 1).
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Communication System
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Amplitude modulation is the process in which the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied according to the
instantaneous values of the message signal, where as the frequency and phase are kept constant.
Advantages Disadvantages
Amplitude Modulation is easier to When it comes to power usage it is not efficient.
implement.
Demodulation can be done using few It requires a very high bandwidth that is equivalent to
components and a circuit. that of the highest audio frequency.
The receiver used for AM is very cheap. Noise interference is highly noticeable.
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Communication System
Frequency Modulation(FM):
Fr eq u e nc y Mo du la t io n is defined as a process in which the frequency of the carrier is varied in
accordance with the instantaneous values of the message signal, where as the amplitude and phase are kept
constant.
Advantages:
➢ It gives noiseless reception. Noise is a form of amplitude variation and a FM receiver will reject such noise signals.
➢ The operating range is quite large.
➢ The efficiency of transmission is very high
Disadvantages:
➢ A much wider channel is required by FM.
➢ FM transmitting and receiving equipments tends to be more complex
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Communication System
Phase Modulation(PM) :
Phase Modulation is defined as a process in which the phase of the carrier is varied in accordance with
theinstantaneous values of the message signal, where as the amplitude and frequency are kept constant.
Advantages:
➢ simple to construct the block diagram and easy to implement too.
➢ signal modulation where it allows for high-speed communication
➢ This kind of modulation is almost resilient to noise.
Disadvantages: Compared to AM and FM modulation techniques, FM requires more hardware equipment to
construct because of its conversion approaches.
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Communication System
Digital Modulation Schemes:
In digital communications, the modulating signal consists of binary data. When it is required to
transmit digital signals, the amplitude, frequency or phase of the sinusoidal carrier is varied in
accordance with theincoming digital data.
Digital modulation schemes are classified as
i) Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
ii) Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
iii) Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying)
ASK represents digital data as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave. ASK signal
can generated when the incoming binary data and the sinusoidal carrier are applied a product
modulator as inputs.
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Communication System
FSK (Frequency Shift Keying)
In this technique digital signal is transmitted by switching between low frequency and high
frequency in order to represent 0’s and 1’s. The simplest FSK is Binary FSK (BFSK). It uses a
pair of discrete frequencies to transmit binary (0s and 1s) information.
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Communication System
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
The simplest form of PSK is binary phase shift keying (BPSK). In this case, the carrier phase
is shifted between two different phases (typically 0° and 180°) depending on whether 0-bit or 1-
bit is being transmitted.
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Communication System
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