MATHEMATICS-X

MODULE-1

INDEX

S.N. TOPIC PAGE NO.

1. Real Number 1- 20

2. Polynomials 21 - 37

3. Pair of Linear Equations in two Variable 38 - 61

4. Similar Triangles 62 - 90
 REAL NUMBERS Page 1

REAL NUMBERS
1.1 BASIC CONCEPTS AND IMPORTANT RESULTS
(a) Natural numbers : Counting numbers are called natural numbers. We start counting from 1, so 1 is the smallest natural
number. A set of natural numbers is denoted by N. Thus,
N = {1, 2, 3, ...up to the numbers as possible as we can count}

(b) Whole numbers : Natural numbers together with zero are called whole numbers. A set of whole numbers is denoted by W.
Thus,
W = {0, 1, 2, 3, .....}
All natural numbers are whole numbers but all whole numbers are not natural numbers. Only the difference between whole
numbers and natural numbers is the number zero (0).

(c) Integers : All positive and negative natural numbers together with zero are called integers. A set of integers denoted by Z or
I. Thus,
Z = {.... – 6, – 5, – 4, –3, – 2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ....}

p
(d) Rational numbers : A number of the form , where p and q are integers and q  0 is called a rational number. For example,
q

2 3
, , 2, 0, etc., are rational number..
7 8
The decimal expansion of a rational number is either terminating or non-terminating repeating one.

p
(e) Irrational numbers : A number which is not a rational number, i.e., which cannot be written in the form , p and q  Z or I
q
and q  0, is known as an irrational number. For example,

1
2 ,– 3 , 7 5, 2 ,1+ 6 , etc., are irrational numbers.

The decimal expansion of an irrational number is non-terminating and non-repeating one.

(f) Real numbers : All rational and irrational numbers together make up a collection, called real numbers.
Note : All natural numbers, integers, rational numbers and irrational numbers are real numbers.

1.2 EUCLID’S DIVISION ALGORITHM OR EUCLID’S DIVISION LEMMA

For any two given positive integers a and b, there exist unique whole numbers q and r such that:
a = b × q + r, where 0 r < b

2 5 2
4
1
Here, a is called the dividend, b the divisor, q the quotient and r is called the remainder. For example, when we divide 5 by 2, we
get 2 as quotient and 1 as remainder
Here 5 = 2 × 2 + 1
 Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
 Page 2 REAL NUMBERS

Properties of Euclid’s Division Lemma :

(i) If an integer c be a divisor of each of the two given integers a and b, then we say that c is a common factor of both a and b.

P P P
(ii) Let P be a prime number and if a,b, are integers such that , then either or is a factor..
ab a b

Note : If a prime number divides a product of integers, then it necessarily divides either of the integers.

Obtaining HCF by Euclid Division Lemma :

Let a and b be two positive integers. If a = b × q + r, 0  r < b

Then HCF (a, b) = HCF (b, r)

where HCF(a, b) = Common division of a and b and

HCF (b, r) = Common division of b and r.

1.3 FUNDAMENTALTHEOREM OFARITHMETIC

Every composite number can be expressed as a product of primes and this factorization is unique, apart from the order in which
the prime factors occur.

Note : Any number of the form a n will end with the digit zero if prime factors of a n would contain
5 and 2 as a prime factor, where n   W..

1.4 THEOREMS ON RATIONALNUMBERS

p
(i) Let x be a rational number whose decimal expansion terminates. Then x can be expressed in the form , where p and q are co-
q
prime, and the prime factorization of q is of the form 2n5m, where n, m are non-negative integer.

p
(ii) Let x = be a rational number, such that the prime factorization of q is of the form 2n5m , where n, m are non-negative integers.
q
Then x has a decimal expansion which terminates.

p
(iii) Let x = be a rational number such that the prime factorization of q is not of the form 2n5m, where n, m are non-negative integers.
q
Then x has a decimal expansion which is non-terminating repeating (recurring).

Note : HCF(p, q, r) × LCM(p, q, r)  (p × q × r), where p, r and q are positive integers.

p × q×[Link](p,q,r)
LCM(p, q, r) =
HCF(p, q).HCF(q,r).HCF(p,r)

p × q×[Link](p, q,r)
HCF(p, q, r) = LCM(p, q).LCM(q,r).LCM(p,r)
 REAL NUMBERS Page 3

Solved Problems
Ex.1 Show that any positive odd integer is of the form 6q + 1, or 6q + 3 or 6q + 5, where q is some integer.
Sol. Let us start with taking a, where a is any positive odd integer. We apply the division algorithm, with a and b = 6. Since 0  r < 6,
the possible remainders are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. That is, a can be 6q or 6q + 1, or 6q + 2, or 6q + 3, or 6q + 4, or 6q + 5, where q is the
quotient. However, since a is odd, we do not consider the cases 6q, 6q + 2 and 6q + 4 (since all the three are divisible by 2).
Therefore, any positive odd integer is of the form 6q + 1, or 6q + 3, or 6q + 5.

Ex.2 If a = 10 and b = 3. Then find q and r such that a = bq + r, o  r < b.

Sol. Clearly 10 = 3 × 3 + 1
 q = 3 and r = 1 are required numbers.

Ex.3 Use Euclid’s division algorithm to find the HCF of 135 and 225.
Sol. We start with the larger integer, that is, 225. Then by Euclid’s division algorithm we get:
225 = 135 × 1 + 90
Now, consider the divisor 135 and the remainder 90 and apply the division algorithm again,
we get :
135 = 90 × 1 + 45
Now, consider the divisor 90 and the remainder 45 and apply the division algorithm again, we get.
90 = 45 × 2 + 0
Notice that the remainder has become zero and we cannot proceed any further. The HCF of 90 and 45 is 45 and we claim that the
HCF of 225 and 135 is also 45.

Ex.4 An army contingent of 616 members is to march behind an army band of 32 members in a parade. The two groups are to march
in the same number of columns. What is the maximum number of columns in which they can march?
Sol. Hint : Find HCF of 616 & 32

Ex.5 Use Euclid's division lemma to show that the square of any positive integer is either of the form 3m or 3m + 1 for some integer m.
Sol. Let a be any odd positive integer. We apply the division lemma with a and b = 3.
Since 0  r < 3, the possible remainders are 0, 1 and 2. That is, a can be 3q, or 3q + 1, or
3q + 2, where q is the quotient.
Now, (3q)2 = 9q2
which can be written in the form 3m, since 9 is divisible by 3.
Again, (3q + 1)2 = 9q2 + 6q + 1 = 3 (3q2 + 2q) + 1
which can be written in the form 3m + 1 since 9q2 + 6q, i.e., 3(3q2 + 2q) is divisible by 3.
Lastly, (3q + 2)2 = 9q2 + 12q + 4 = (9q2 + 12q + 3) + 1 = 3(3q2 + 4q + 1) + 1
which can be written in the form 3m + 1, since 9q2 + 12q + 3, i.e., 3(3q2 + 4q + 1) is divisible by 3.
Therefore, the square of any positive integer is either of the form 3m or 3m + 1 for some integer m.

Ex.6 Express each number as product of its prime factors :

(i) 140 (ii) 156 (iii) 3825 (iv) 5005 (v) 7429
Sol. (i) 140 (ii) 156

140 156
2 70 2 78

2 35 2 39

5 7 3 13

So, 140 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 7 = 22 × 5 × 7 So, 156 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 13 = 22 × 3 × 13

(Rest Try your self)
Ex.7 Find the LCM and HCF of the following pairs of integers and verify that LCM × HCF = product of two numbers.
(i) 26 and 91 (ii) 510 and 92 (iii) 336 and 54
Sol. (i) 26 and 91
 Page 4 REAL NUMBERS

26
2 13
So, 26 = 2 × 13

91
7 13
So, 91 = 7 × 13
Therefore, LCM (26, 91) = 2 × 7 × 13 = 182
HCF (26, 91) = 13
Verification LCM × HCF = 182 × 13 = 2366 and 26 × 91 = 2366
i.e., LCM × HCF = product of two numbers. (Rest Try your self)
Ex.8 Find the LCM and HCF of the following integers by applying the prime factorisation method.
(i) 12, 15 and 21 (ii) 17, 23 and 29 (iii) 8, 9 and 25
Sol. (i) 12, 15 and 21
12
2 6

2 3
So, 12 = 2 × 2 × 3 = 22 × 3

15
3 5
So, 15 = 3 × 5

21
3 7
So, 21 = 3 × 7
Therefore, HCF (12, 15, 21) = 3 ; LCM = (12, 15, 21) = 22 × 3 × 5 × 7 = 420
(Rest Try your self)
Ex.9 Given that HCF (306, 657) = 9, find LCM (306, 657).

306×657 306×657
Sol. LCM (306, 657) = = = 22338.
HCF (306, 657) 9

Ex.10 Prove that square of any odd integer is of the form 8k + 1, k an integer.
Sol. For any odd integer is of the form 2m + 1 and (2m + 1)2 = 4m2 + 4m + 1
= 4 m (m + 1) + 1
Now, m (m + 1) is alwyas even, say 2k, hence 4m(m + 1) = 4 × 2k
 (2m + 1)2 = 8k + 1
Ex.11 Check whether 6n can end with the digit 0 for any natural number n.
Sol. If the number 6n, for any natural number n, ends with digit 0, then it would be divisible by 5. That is, the prime factorisation of 6n
would contain the prime number 5. This is not possible because
6n = (2 × 3)n = 2n × 3n ; so the only primes in the factorisation of 6n are 2 and 3 and the uniqueness of the Fundamental Theorem
of Arithmetic guarantees that there are no other primes in the factorisation of 6n. So, there is no natural number n for which 6n
ends with the digit zero.
Ex.12 Explain why 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 and 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 are composite numbers.
Sol. (i) 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 = (7 × 11 + 1) × 13
= (77 + 1) × 13
= 78 × 13
 REAL NUMBERS Page 5

= (2 × 3 × 13) × 13 [ 78 = 2 × 3 × 13]
= 2 × 3 × 132
Since, 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 can be expressed as a product of primes, therefore, it is a composite number.
(Rest Try your self)

Ex.13 Prove that 5 is irrational.

Sol. Let us assume, to the contrary, that 5 is rational.

So, we can find coprime integers a and b ( 0) such that
a
5 =
b
 5 b=a
Squaring on both sides, we get
5b2 = a2
Therefore, 5 divides a2.
Therefore, 5, divides a
So, we can write a = 5c for some integer c.
Substituting for a, we get
5b2 = 25c2
 b2 = 5c2
This means that 5 divides b2, and so 5 divides b.
Therefore, a and b have at least 5 as a common factor.
But this contradicts the fact that a and b have no common factor other than 1.
This contradiction arose because of our incorrect assumption that 5 is rational.
So, we conclude that 5 is irrational.
Ex.14 There is a circular path around a sports field. Sonia takes 18 minutes to drive one round of the field, while Ravi takes 12 minutes
for the same. Suppose they both start at the same point and at the same time, and go in the same direction. After how many
minutes will they meet again at the starting point?
Sol. [Hint : Take LCM of 18 and 12]

Ex.15 Prove that 3 + 2 5 is irrational.

Sol. Let us assume, to the contrary, that 3 + 2 5 is rational.
a
That is, we can find coprime integers a and b (b  0) such that 3 + 2 5 =
b
a
Therefore, – 3=2 5
b
a–3b
 =2 5
b

a–3b a 3
 = 5  – = 5
2b 2b 2
a 3 a – 3b
Since a and b are integers, we get – is rational, and so  5 is rational.
2b 2 2b
But this contradicts the fact that 5 is irrational. This contradiction has arisen because of our incorrect assumption that 3 + 2 5
is rational.
So, we conclude that 3 + 2 5 is irrational.

Ex.16 Show that 5 – 3 is irrational.

Sol. Suppose 5 – 3 is a rational number (say p)

 Page 6 REAL NUMBERS

Then 5 – 3 =p

5–p= 3
Since p is a rational number and 5 is a rational
 5 – p being the difference of two rational numbers is a rational number because the set of rational numbers are closed w.r.t. the
operation of subtraction.

 3 is a rational number But, it is an irrational number

 Our supposition is wrong. Hence 5 – 3 irrational .

Ex.17 Prove that the following are irrationals :

1
(i) (ii) 7 5 (iii) 6  2
2
Sol. (Try yourself)

Ex.18 Without actually performing the long division, state whether the following rational numbers will have a terminating decimal
expansion or a non-terminating repeating decimal expansion.

13 17 64 15 29
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
3125 8 455 1600 343

23 129 6 35 77
(vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x)
23 52 22 57 75 15 50 210

13 13
Sol. (i) =
31 2 5 5 5

13
Hence, q = 55, which is of the form 2n 5m (n = 0, m = 5). So, the rational number has a terminating decimal expansion.
31 25

17 17
(ii) = 3
8 2

17
Hence, q = 23, which is of the form 2n 5m (n = 3, m = 0). So, the rational number has a terminating decimal expansion.
8

64 64
(iii) =
455 5  7 13

64
Hence, q = 5 × 7 × 13, which is not of the form 2 n 5 m. So, the rational number has a
45 5
non-terminating repeating decimal expansion. (Rest Try your self)
Ex.19 Write down the decimal expansions of those rational numbers in Question 1 above which have terminating decimal expansions.

13
Sol. (i)
3125
 REAL NUMBERS Page 7

13 13×25 416
= = = = 0.00416
55 55 ×25 105

17 17
(ii)  3
8 2

17×53 17×53 2125

= = = = 2.125 (Rest Try your self)
23 ×53 103 103

Ex.20 The following real numbers have decimal expansions as given below. In each case, decide whether they are rational, or not. If
p
they are rational, and of the form , what can you say about the prime factors of q?
q
(i) 43.123456789
(ii) 0.120 1200 12000 120000....

(iii) 43.123456789
Sol. (i) 43.123456789

p
Since, the decimal expansion terminates, so the given real number is rational and therefore of the form . 43.123456789
q

43123456789
=
1000000000

43123456789
=
109

43123456789
=
(2×5)9

43123456789
=
29 59

Hence, q = 29 59
The prime factorization of q is of the form 2n 5m, where n = 9, m = 9.
(ii) 0.120 1200 12000 120000....
Since, the decimal expansion is neither terminating nor non-terminating repeating, therefore, the given real number is not
rational. (Rest Try your self)
 Page 8 REAL NUMBERS

EXERCISE - I UNSOLVED PROBLEMS

Q.16 Explain why 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 is a composite number
Q.1 Prove that 2 is not a rational number or there is no
rational whose square is 2. p
Q.17 If is a rational number (q  0), what is the condition on
q
p
Q.2 Prove that 3
3 is irrational. q so that the decimal representation of is terminating?
q

Q.3 Prove that 2 + 3 is irrational. Q.18 Write a rational number between 2 and 3.

Q.19 Complete the missing entries in the following factor tree?

Q.4 Prove that 2 + 3 is irrational.

Q.5 Use Euclid's division lemma to show that the square of any
2
positive integer is either of the form 3m or 3m +1 for some 3
Box 2
interger m. Box 1 7

Q.6 Show that one and only one out of n, n + 2 or n + 4 is Q.20 Find the prime factors of 560.

divisible by 3, where n is any positive integer.

Q.21 Find the missing numbers in the following factorisation :
Q.7 Use Euclid's algorithm to find the HCF of 4052 and 12576.
(box 4)

Q.8 Find the HCF of 1848, 3058 and 1331. 2 (box 3)

2 (box 2)
Q.9 Using Euclid's division, find the HCF of 56, 96 and 404
3 (box 1)

Q.10 Find the L.C.M and H.C.F. of 1296 and 2520 by applying 5 5

the fundamental theorem of arithmetic method i.e. using Q.22 Find the H.C.F. and L.C.M. of 17, 23, 37 by applying prime
the prime factorisation method. factorisation method.

Q.11 Given that H.C.F. (336, 54) = 6. Find L.C.M. (336, 54) Q.23 Given that H.C.F. (14, 35) = 7, find L.C.M.
(14, 35).
Q.12 Given that L.C.M. (150, 100) = 300, find H.C.F. (150, 100).

Q.24 Without performing long division, state whether the number

Q.13 State Euclid's division lemma.

84
Q.14 State fundamental theorem of Arithmetic. will have a terminating or a non-terminating but
455

Q.15 For any two positive integers, state the relation between repeating decimal representation.

the numbers, their H.C.F. and L.C.M. Is this result true for 77
Q.25 Write down the decimal representation of .
three positive integers? 210

Q.26 The following real numbers have decimal expansion as

 REAL NUMBERS Page 9

given below. In each case decide whether it is rational or Q.34 Use Euclid's division lemma to show that the cube of any

not. If rational, what can be said about the prime factors positive integer is of the form 9m, 9m + 1 or 9m + 8.
of denominator.
Q.35 Check whether 7n can end with digit 0, for any natural
(i) 4.59 number n.

(ii) 0.13013001300013000013…… Q.36 If H.C.F. (65, 117) is expressed in the form 65m + 117n, then

find the value of m.

(iii) 0.06012

Q.27 Find two irrational numbers between 0.1 and 0.12.

Find the g.c.d. of the following pairs of polynomials

Q.28 Find a rational number and also an irrational number

between the numbers.

Q.37 4(x – 3) 2 (x – 1) (x + 1) 3 and 6(x – 1) 2

a = 0.101001000100001……, (x + 1)2 (x + 7)

b = 0.1001000100001…… Q.38 (x – 2)2 (x + 3) (x – 4) and (x – 2) (x + 2) (x – 5)

Q.29 Show that any positive odd integer is of the form 4q + 1 Q.39 (2x – 7) (3x + 4) and (2x – 7)2 (x + 3)

or 4q + 3, where q  Z+.
Q.40 (3x – 2)2 (2x + 3)3 (x – 1) and (3x – 2)3 (2x + 3) (x – 1)3

Q.30 Without actually performing the long division, state

Q.41 (x – 1) (x + 1)3 and (x – 1)3 (x + 1)
17
whether the rational number will have terminating
1600 Q.42 (x + 4)2 (x – 3)3 and (x – 1) (x + 4) (x – 3)2

or non-terminating but repeated decimal representation. Q.43 24(x – 3) (x – 2)2 and 15(x – 2) (x – 3)3

Q.31 Examine whether the following numbers are rational or Q.44 16 – 4x2 and x2 + x – 6
irrational :
Q.45 xy – y and x4y – xy

(i) 2  3  (ii)  2  3 
2 2
Q.46 2x2 – 7x + 3 and 3x2 – 7x – 6

Q.47 x3 + 64 and x2 – 16

(iii) 3  3 3  3  2 3
(iv)
3 Q.48 x3 + 2x2 – 3x and 2x3 + 5x2 – 3x

Q.32 Show that p2 – 1 is divisible by 8, where p is an odd Q.49 22x(x + 1)2 and 36x2(2x2 + 3x + 1)

positive interger.
Q.50 3 + 13x – 30x2 and 25x2 – 30x + 9

Q.33 Prove that 5 is an irrational number..

Q.51 (x3 – y3) and (x4 + x2y2 + y4)
 Page 10 REAL NUMBERS

Q.52 2x2 + 7xy + 3y2 and 2x2 + 6xy + x + 3y completely divisible by x2 – 4x – 3.

Q.53 56(x6y2 – x2y6) and 72(x5y3 + 3y5x3 + 2y7x) Q.74 Find the values of a and b so that the polynomial f(x) = 3x3 + ax2 –
13x + b is divisible by x2 – 2x – 3.
Q.54 54(x + 8y ) and 90(x + 7x y + 16xy + 12y )
3 3 3 2 2 3

Q.75 Find the GCD of the polynomials

Q.55 (4x4 + y4) and (2x3 – xy2 – y3)

(i) 12(x3 + x2 + x + 1) and 18(x4 – 1).

Q.56 x3 – y3; x3 y – y4 and y2(x – y)2 (x2 + xy + y2)
(ii) 12(3x4 – 14x3 – 5x2) and 30(3x5 + 4x4 + x3)
Q.57 (2x – 3xy) ; (4x – 6y) and (8x – 27y )
2 2 3 3 3

Q.76 Find the GCD of the polynomials :

Q.58 (4x4 + y4); (2x3 – xy2 – y3) and (2x2 + 2xy + y2)

(i) x3 + 2x2 – 3x and 2x3 + 5x2 – 3x

Q.59 x4 – x3 + x – 1 and x4 + x2 + 1
(ii) 4(x4 – 1) and 6(x3 – x2 – x + 1)
Q.60 (8x6 – 32x5 + 128x3 – 128x2) and (12x6 – 36x5 + 48x3)
Q.77 If x2 – x – 6 is the GCD of the expressions (x + 2) (2x2 + ax + 3)
Q.61 (x – x – x + 1) and (x – 2x + 2x – 1)
3 2 4 3

and (x – 3) (3x 2 + bx + 8).

Q.62 2x2y(x2 – y2) and 35 xy2(x – y) Find the values of a and b.

Q.63 (x2 + 4x – 21) and (x3 + 7x2 – 9x – 63) Q.78 Find the GCD of the polynomials :

Q.64 (6x4 – 13x3 +6x2)and (8x4 – 36x3 +54x2 – 27x) 2(x4 – y4), 3(x2 + 2x2y – xy2 – 2y3).

Q.65 (x3 – x2 – x – 2) and (x3 + 3x2 – 6x – 8) Q.79 If (x 2 – x – 2) is the GCD of the expressions
(x – 2) (2x2 + ax + 1) and (x + 1) (3x2 + bx + 2), find the values of
Q.66 (4x + 16x – 44x – 24x) and (2x – 6x + 2x)
5 4 2 5 3
a and b.

Q.67 (3x3 – 14x2 + 9x + 10) and (15x3 – 34x2 +21x – 10)

Q.80 Find the GCD of the polynomials :

Q.68 4x2(x2 – a2) and 9x2(x3 – a3)

(i) p(x) = 45(2x4 – x3 – x2) and q(x) = 75(8x5 + x2).

Q.69 2(a2 – b2) and 3(a3 – b3)

(ii) p(x)=36(3x4 +5x3 –2x2)andq(x)=54(27x4–x).

Q.70 (x2 + 3x – 4) and (x3 – 2x2 – 2x + 3)

Q.71 12(x4 – 25) and 8(x4 + 4x2 – 5)

(iii) p(x)=42(2x3 –5x2 – 3x)and q(x)= 60(8x4 +x).
Q.72 Find the values of a and b so that the polynomial x3 + ax2 +
bx – 42 is divisible by x2 – x – 6.
Q.81 (x + 1) (x – 4) is the g.c.d. of the polynomials
Q.73 Find the values of a and b so that the polynomial x3 + ax2 + bx – 6 is (x – 4) (2x2 + x – a) and (x + 1) (2x2 + bx – 12). Find a and b.
 REAL NUMBERS Page 11

Q.82 (x – 3) is the g.c.d. of x 3 – 2x 2 + px + 1 and Q.91 If the polynomials x2 – 4mx + 2 and

x2 – 5x + q. Find the 6p + 5q. 3x2 – 2mx – 4 have a common linear factor, find the values of
m.
Q.83 For what value of k, the g.c.d. of x 2 + x –

(2k + 2) and 2x2 + kx – 12 is x + 4 ? Q.92 If (x  ) is the HCF of px2 + qx + c and ax2 + bx + c, prove that

Q.84 If G.C.D. of (x – 5) (x 2 – x – a) and (x – 4) (p  a) = (b – q).

(x2 – 2x – b) is (x – 4) (x – 5), find the values of a, b.

Q.93 Find the HCF (GCD) of the polynomials :

(i) (x – 3) (x + 5)2, (x + 5) (x + 7)2 and (x + 2) (x + 5)3

Q.85 Find the values of k for which the g.c.d. of
x2 – 2x – 24 and x2 – kx – 6 is x – 6. (ii) 2(x – 7) (x + 7) 2 , 4(x – 7) 2 (x + 8) and
8(x2 – 49)
Q.86 Find the H.C.F. of x4 – 1 and x3 + x2 + x + 1.
(iii) x2 – 1, x4 – 1 and (x – 1)2
Q.87 Find the value of a and b so that the polynomials P(x) and
Q(x) have (x + 1) (iv) 4(x + 2), 8(x + 3) and 16(x + 4)

(x – 2) as their HCF :
(v) 3(x + 3), 5(x + 3) (x + 5) and 7(x + 4)

P(x) = (x2 + 3x + 2) (x2 + x + a)

Q.94 Fine what value(s) of k is the HCF of x2 + x – (2k + 2) and 2x2

Q(x) = (x2 – 3x + 2) (x2 – 3x + b) + kx – 12, (x + 4) ?

Q.88 Find the values of a and b such that the polynomials. P(x) Q.95 If the HCF of the polynomials

and Q(x) have (x + 3) f(x) = (x – 1) (x2 + 3x + a) and,

(x – 2) as their HCF :
g(x) = (x + 2) (x2 + 2x + b) is (x – 1) (x + 2)
P(x) = (x2 – 4x – 21) (x2 – 4x + a)
find a and b.

Q(x) = (x2 – 5x + 6) (x2 – 4x + b) Q.96 Find a and b so that the polynomials

Q.89 If (x   ) is the GCD of ax 2 + bx + c and f(x) = (x2 + 3x + 2) (x2 + 2x + a)

bx2 + cx + a, prove that either and g(x) = (x2 + 7x + 12) (x2 + 7x + b) may have (x + 1) (x + 3)
as their HCF.
a = 0 or a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.
Q.97 If (x – 2) is a factor of x 2 + ax + b and
Q.90 If (x   ) is the GCD of ax + bx + c and 2
a + b = 1, find the values of a and b.
cx + bx + a, prove that
2

Q.98 If (x + 3) (x – 2) is the GCD of f(x) = (x + 3) (2 x2 – 3x + a) and,

a + b + c = 0 or a – b + c = 0 g(x) = (x – 2) (3x2 + 10x – b) find the values of a and b.

 Page 12 REAL NUMBERS

37. 2(x – 1) (x + 1)2 38. (x – 2)

39. (2x – 7) 40. (3x – 2)2 (2x + 3) (x – 1)

41. (x – 1) (x + 1) 42. (x + 4) (x – 3)2

43. 3(x – 3) (x – 2) 44. (x – 2)

45. (x – 1)y 46. (x – 3) 47. (x + 4)

48. x(x + 3) 49. 2x(x + 1) 50. (5x – 3)

51. x2 + xy + y2 52. x + 3y

53. 8xy2(x2 + y2) 54. 18(x + 2y)

55. 2x2 + 2xy + y2 56. x3 – y3 57. 2x – 3y

58. 2x2 + 2xy + y2 59. x2 – x + 1 60. 4x2(x – 2)

61. (x – 1)2 (x + 1) 62. xy(x – y)

63. (x + 7) (x – 3)2 64. x(2x – 3) 65. (x – 2)

66. 2x(x2 – x – 1) 67. (3x – 5) 68. x2(x – a)

ANSWER KEY 69. (a – b) 70. (x – 1) 71. 4(x2 + 5)

72. a = 6, b =  1373. a =  6, b = 11
7. HCF = 4 8. HCF = 11 9. HCF = 4

10. HCF = 72, LCM = 45360 11. LCM = 3024 74. a =  4, b =  6

12. HCF = 50 15. HCF × LCM = a × b, No 75. (i) 6(x + 1) (x2 + 1) (ii) 6x2(3x + 1)

16. More than 2 factors 76. (i) x(x + 3) (ii) 2(x2 – 1)

17. Factors of q are in the form of 2m or 5n or 2m × 5n
77. a =  7, b = 1078. x2 – y2 79. a = 3, b =  7
18. 1.5 19. 21, 42
80. (i) 15x2(2x + 1) (ii) 18x (3x – 1) (iii) 6x(2x + 1)
4
20. 2 × 5 × 7 21. 25, 75, 150, 300
81. a = 1, b =  5 82. 10 83. k = 5
22. 1,14467 23. 70 24. Non-terminating
84. a = 12, b = 15 85. k = 5 86.(x+1)(x2 +1)
25. 0.3 6

26. (i) Rational (ii) Not Rational (iii) Rational 87. a =  6, b =  4 88. a = 4, b =  21

27. 0.101001000...., 0.1121231234.... 1

91. m = ±
2
28. 0.1002, 0.100212112111....
93. (i) x + 5 (ii) 2(x – 7) (iii) x – 1 (iv) 4 (v) 1
30. Terminating
94. 5 95. a = 2, b =  3
31. (i) Irrational (ii) Irrational

(iii) Rational (iv) Irrational 96. a =  3, b = 6 97. a =  3, b = 6

35. Not 36. m = 2, n = –1 98. a =  2, b = 3.

 REAL NUMBERS Page 13

EXERCISE – II BOARD PROBLEMS

Questions Carrying 1 Mark
Q.14 Prove that 2 is an irrational number..
p [Delhi-2009/AI-2008]
Q.1 If is a rational number (q  0), what is condition of q
q Q.15 Prove that 5 is an irrational number..
p [Delhi-2009/AI-2008]
so that the decimal representation of is terminating?
q Q.16 Prove that 3 + 2 is an irrational number..
[Delhi-2008]
[AI-2009]
Q.2 Write a rational number between 2 and 3 .
Q.17 Prove that 3 + 5 2 is an irrational number..
[AI-2008]
[AI-2009]
Q.3 Complete the missing entries in the following factor tree
Q.18 Show that the square of any positive odd integers is of
: [Foreign-2008]
the form 8m + 1, for some integer m.
2
[Foreign-2009]
3
Q.19 Prove that 7 + 3 2 is not a rational number..
7 [Foreign-2009]

43
Q.4 The decimal expansion of the rational number , will
2 4 ·5 3
terminate after how many places of decimals? ANSWER KEY
[Delhi-2009]
1. q = 2n × 5m, where n and m are whole numbers.
Q.5 Find the [HCF × LCM] for the numbers 100 and 190.
[AI-2009]
2. 2 = 1.41......., 3 = 1.73.....
Q.6 Find the [HCF × LCM] for the numbers 105 and 120.
[AI-2009]
 One rational no. between 2 and 3 is 1.5.
51
Q.7 Write whether the rational number will have a
1500
terminating decimal expansion or a non-terminating 2
repeating decimal expansion.
[Foreign-2009] 42 3
3.
Q.8 The HCF and LCM of two numbers are 9 and 360 21
respectively. If one number is 45, write the other number.
7
[Foreign-2009]
43 43
Questions Carrying 3 Marks 4. After 4 decimal; = = 0.0215
2 4 ·5 3 2 000
Q.9 Show that 5 – 2 3 is an irrational number..
[Delhi-2008] 5. HCF × LCM = 100 × 190 = 19000
Q.10 Show that 2 – 3 is an irrational number..
[Delhi-2008] 6. HCF × LCM = 105 × 120 = 12600

Q.11 Show that 5 + 3 2 is an irrational number..

51 17
[Delhi-2008] 7.  ; 500 = 22 × 53 (2m · 5n). So, it has terminating
15 00 500
Q.12 Prove that 3 is an irrational number..
[Delhi -2009/AI-2008] expansion.
Q.13 Use Euclid's Division Lemma to show that the square
of any positive integer is either of the form 3m or 3m 9  360
8. Other number =  72
+ 1 for some integer m. 45
[Foreign-2008/AI-2008]
 Page 14 REAL NUMBERS

EXERCISE - III NTSE / STSE PROBLEMS

1 1
Q.1 A rational number between and is
4 3 Q.9 The product of two irrationals is
7
(A) (B) 0.29 (A) a rational number (B) an irrational number
24
13 (C) either A or B (D) neither A nor B
(C) (D) all the above
48
Q.10 The value of 1.34  4.12 is
Q.2 An irrational number is 133 371
(A) (B)
(A) a terminating and nonrepeating decimal 99 90
(B) a nonterminating and non repeating decimal 5169 5411
(C) (D)
990 990
(C) a terminating and repeating decimal
(D) a nonterminating and repeating decimal
Q.11 Which of the following statements is false?
(A) Every fraction is a rational number
Q.3 Which of the following statements is true
(B) Every rational number is a fraction
(A) Every point on the number line represents a rational
(C) Every integer is a rational number
number
(D) All the above
(B) Irrational numbers cannot be represented by points
on the number line
Q.12 An irrational number is :
22
(C) is a rational number
7 (A) a terminating and non-repeating decimal
(D) None of these (B) a non-terminating and non-repeating decimal
(C) a terminating and repeating decimal
Q.4 The set of real numbers does not satisfy the property of (D) a non-terminating and repeating decimal
(A) multiplicative inverse (B) additive inverse
(C) multiplicative identity (D) none of these Q.13 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 and 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 ×
2 × 1 + 5 are
Q.5 If m is an integer, then square of any positive integer is of (A) composite numbers
the form : (B) whole number
(A) 2m + 1 (B) 2 m or 3m (C) prime numbers
(C) 3m or 3m + 1 (D) 2m + 1 or 3m + 1 (D) none of these

Q.6 If 'm' is an irrational number then '2m' is Q.14 HCF of two numbers is 113, their LCM is 56952. If one
(A) a rational number number is 904, the other number is :
(B) an irrational number (A) 7719 (B) 7119
(C) a whole number (C) 7791 (D) 7911
(D) a natural number
Q.15 For what least value of n (where n is a natural number),
Q.7 The value of 3 is (24)n is divisible by 8?

(A) 0.414 (B) 2.256 (A) 0 (B) –1

(C) 1 (D) no value of x possible
(C) 1.732 (D) none
Q.8 The sum of a rational and an irrational number.
Q.16  is
(A) an irrational number (B) a rational number
(A) a rational (B) an irrational
(C) an integer (D) a whole number
 REAL NUMBERS Page 15

(C) both (A) and (B) Q.24 Multiplicative inverse of '0' is

(D) sometimes rational, sometimes irrational
1
(A) (B) 0
0
Q.17 Expressing 0.358 as a rational number, we get : (C) does not exist (D) none of these
358 358
(A) (B)
100 999 Q.25 If 5 = 2.236 and 3 = 1.732, then the value of
355
(C) (D) None of these 2 7
990  is
5 3 5 3
(A) 14 (B) 14.39
Q.18 Which of the following numbers has the terminating decimal
(C) 14.392 (D) 16
representation ?

1 1
(A) (B) Q.26 A rational number can be expressed as a terminating decimal
7 3
if the denominator has factors
3 17 (A) 2 or 5 (B) 2, 3 or 5
(C) (D)
5 6 (C) 3 or 5 (D) none of these

Q.27 Express 0.75 as rational number.

Q.19 Missing numbers in thex following factor tree are :

2 y 75 75
(A) (B)
99 90
2 y

(A) x = 34, y = 68 (B) y = 34, x = 68 3

(C) (D) None
4
(C) y = 34, x = 34 (D) y = 68, x = 68
Q.28 Express 0.75 as rational number..
Q.20 A lemma is an axiom used for proving :
75 25
(A) other statement (A) (B)
90 33
(B) no statement
(C) contradictory statement 3
(C) (D) None
(D) none of these 4

1 1 Q.29 Express 0.358 as rational number

Q.21 If a  , b , then the value of a 2 + b2 is
32 2 32 2
358 358
: (A) (B)
1000 999
(A) 34 (B) 35
(C) 36 (D) 37 355
(C) (D) All
990
Q.22 The set of all irrational number is closed for
(A) addition (B) multiplication Q.30 Which of the following statements is true?
(C) division (D) none of these 5 7 9 11
(A)   
a 7 9 11 13
Q.23 The additive inverse of is
b
11 9 7 5
a b (B)   
(A) (B) 13 11 9 7
b a
5 11 7 9
b a (C)   
(C) (D) 7 13 9 11
a b
5 9 11 7
(D)   
7 11 13 9
 Page 16 REAL NUMBERS

Q.39 0.16 as rational number in the simplest form is :

Q.31 ______ is a series of well defined steps, which gives a
procedure for solving a type of problem. 16 16
(A) (B)
1000 99
(A) Theorem (B) Statment
16 8
(C) Algorithm (D) None of these (C) (D)
100 50

Q.32 Euclid's division algorithm can be applied to :

Q.40 0.1010010001 …… is :
(A) only positive integers
(A) a rational number
(B) only negative integers
(B) a repeating decimal number
(C) all integers
(C) an irrational number
(D) none of these (D) both (A) and (C)

Q.33 Expressing 0.625 as a rational number, we get : 5

Q.41 The value of 4 – is
1
1
62 .5 5 1
(A) (B) 3
1000 8 1
2
4
625
(C) (D) None of these
100 40 4
(A) (B)
31 9
Q.34 A rational number in its standard from can be expressed as
a terminating decimal, if the denominator has factors : 1 31
(C) (D)
8 40
(A) 2 or 5 (B) 2, 3 or 5
(C) 3 or 5 (D) None of these Q.42 The sum of the additive inverse and multiplicative inverse
of 2 is

Q.35 0.36 as a fraction in the simplest form is : 3 3

(A) (B)
2 2
36 36
(A) (B)
90 100
1 1
(C) (D)
11 33 2 2
(C) (D)
30 90
3 2
Q.43 If 6 = 2.449 then the value of is close to
2 3
Q.36 0.254 as a fraction in the simplest form is (A) 1.225 (B) 0.816
14 254 (C) 0.613 (D) 2.449
(A) (B)
55 1000
Q.44 The value of 5 5 5 5 is
42 126
(C) (D)
165 495 (A) 0
(B) 5
Q.37 Representation of 3.6 as a fraction in the simplest form is
(C) can't be determined
:
(D) none
11 11
(A) (B) Q.45 The greatest among the following is
13 3
36 3 3 1
(C) (D) I. 3 1.728 II.
10 11 3 1

Q.38 5  6 is :  1
2
17
III.   IV.
(A) a rational number (B) an irrational number 2 8
(C) can't say (D) both (A) and (B) (A) I (B) IV
(C) II (D) III
 REAL NUMBERS Page 17

Q.46 Which of the following is not a rational number?

1
Q.54 is :
(A) 2 (B) 4 2

(C) 9 (D) 16 (A) a rational

Q.47 Set of natural numbers is a subset of (B) an irrational

(A) set of even numbers (C) both (A) and (B)

(B) set of odd numbers (D) none of these
(C) set of composite numbers
(D) set of real numbers Q.55 If q is some integer, then any positive odd integer is of the
form :
Q.48 The quotient of (3  2 3)  (3  2 3) is :
(A) q – 1
(A) a rational
(B) 2q
(B) an irrational
(C) 4q + 1 or 4q – 1
(C) both (A) and (B)
(D) either (A) or (B) (D) 4q + 1 or 4q + 3
Q.56 If p : All integers are rational number and q : Every rational
Q.49 Which of the following is a rational number
is an integer, then which of the following statements is
(A) 5 (B) 6 correct?

(C) 8 (D) 9 (A) p is false and q is true

(B) p is true and q is false
Q.50 The sum of two rational number is always
(A) an irrational number (C) both p and q are true
(B) a rational number (D) both p and q are false
(C) a fraction
(D) none of these Q.57 For any two rational number x and y, which of the following
properties are correct?
Q.51 The product of a rational and an irrational number is always
: (i) x < y (ii) x = y (iii) x > y
(A) a irrational number (A) only (i) and (ii) are correct
(B) a rational number (B) only (ii) and (iii) are correct
(C) a fraction
(C) only (ii) is correct
(D) none of these
(D) All (i), (ii), (iii) are correct
Q.52 The sum of a rational number and an irrational number is
always : Q.58 If A : Every whole number is a natural number and R : 0 is
not a natural number, then which of the following statement
(A) an irrational number
is true?
(B) a rational number (A) A is false and R is the correct explanation of A
(C) an integer (B) A is true and R is the correct explanation of A
(D) a whole number (C) A is true and R is false
(D) both A and R are true
Q.53 The product of two irrational number is :
(A) a rational number
If x = (3  8) , then the value of  x2  2  is :
1
Q.59
(B) an irrational number  x 
(A) 24 (B) 25
(C) either (A) or (B)
(C) 30 (D) 34
(D) neither (A) nor (B)
 Page 18 REAL NUMBERS

The numbre 6  2 6  2  is

Q.67 The irrational number between 2 and 3 is
Q.60

(A) rational (B) irrational (A) 2 (B) 3

(C) can't say (D) none

(C) 5 (D) 11

Q.61 In a morning walk three persons step off together. Their steps
measures 80 cm, 85 cm and 90 cm respectively. The minimum 3 3
Q.68 The number is
distance each should walk so that they can cover the distance 3 3
in complete step is.
(A) rational (B) irrational
(A) 122 m 40 cm (B) 132 m 60 cm
(C) 125 m 31 cm (D) 120 m 40 cm (C) both (D) can't say

Q.62 The number  2 3 

2
is Q.69 The rational number between
1
and
1
is
2 3
(A) rational number
(B) irrational number 2 1
(A) (B)
5 5
(C) can't say
(D) none 3 4
(C) (D)
5 5

Q.63 The number  x  y  x  y ,

where x, y > 0 is  3 2 3  2
Q.70    is equal to :
(A) rational (B) irational  3  2 3  2
(C) both (D) none
(A) 15 (B) 16
(C) 10 (D) 24
Q.64 Two irrational numbers between
2 and 3 are :
1 1 1 1
Q.71 4
1008 is equal to :
(A) 22, 64 (B) 34, 36 63
1 1 (A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 68, 34 (D) none of these
(C) 4 (D) 6
Q.65 Two tankers contain 850 litres and 680 litres of petrol
7
respectively. The maximum capacity of a container which Q.72 5 is :
can measure the petrol of either tanker in exact number of (A) an irrational
times is :
(B) a rational
(A) 160 litres (B) 168 litres
(C) neither (A) nor (B)
(C) 170 litres (D) 180 litres
(D) all of the above

Q.66 Rational number between 2 and 3 is

Q.73 (6  2) is :
2 3 2 3 (A) a rational (B) an irrational
(A) (B)
2 2
(C) an integer (D) not real
(C) 1.5 (D) 1.8
 REAL NUMBERS Page 19

Q.74 The greatest number of 6 digits exactly divisible by 24, 15 Q.81 If p : Every fraction is a rational number and
and 36 is : q : Every rational number is a fraction, then which of the
(A) 999998 (B) 999999 following is correct?

(C) 999720 (D) 999724 (A) p is true and q is false

(B) p is false and q is true
(C) Both p and q are true
121 (D) Both p and q are false
Q.75 is
23  32  75 Q.82 Which of the following is a rational number(s) ?
(A) a terminating decimal number 2 4
(A) (B)
(B) a non-terminating repeating decimal 9 7
(C) a rational number 3
(C) (D) All the three
 17
(D) both (B) and (C)
3
Q.83 is a ____ .
0
Q.76 The largest number of four digits exactly divisible by 12,
(A) positive rational number
15, 18 and 27 is :
(B) negative rational number
(A) 9720 (B) 9820
(C) either positive or negative rational number
(C) 9920 (D) 9930 (D) neither positive nor negative rational number
Q.84 If x, y, z be rational number such that x > y and z < y then
.......
1 1 1 1 1
Q.77     is
3 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 2 (A) z > x (B) z < x
(C) y < z (D) y > x
(A) 0 (B) 1
Q.85 If A : The quotient of two integers is always a rational number
(C) 2 (D) 5
1
and R : is not rational, then which of the following statement
0
is true
a
(A) A is true and R is the correct explanation of A
Q.78 If a = 2 and b = 3, then  1  1 is equal to :
a b (B) A is false and R is the correct explanation of A
(C) A is true and R is false
4 25
(A) (B) (D) Both A and R are false
9 36
Q.86 For what least value of n, where n is a natural number, 5n is
31 divisible by 3?
(C) 17 (D)
17 (A) 1 (B) 0
Q.79 The domain of the function (C) 2 (D) no value of n is possible
Q.87 Which one is the correct alternative of the decimal
ƒ(x) = x  4  x  5 + |x| + x2
representation of an irrational number ?
(A) R – {4} (B) R – {4, 5}
(A) non - terminating, non-repeating
(C) [5, ) (D) R
(B) terminating
Q.80 The equivalent rational form of 17.6 is (C) termiating, repeating

53 88 (D) non-terminating, repeating

(A) (B)
3 5
Q.88 The value of 1.34  4.12 is
44 133 371
(C) (D) none (A) (B)
25 990 290

5169 5411
(C) (D)
990 990
 Page 20 REAL NUMBERS

Q.89 Which of the following numbers is the fourth power of

a natural number? [NTSE 2013]
(A) 6765207 (B) 6765201
(C) 6765206 (D) 6765209
Q.90 Two candles are of different lengths and thicknesses.
The short and the long ones can burns respectively for
3.5 h and 5 h. After burning for 2 h, the lengths of the
candles become equal in length. What fraction of the
long candle’s height was the short candle initially?
[NTSE 2013]

2 5
(A) (B)
7 7

3 4
(C) (D)
5 5
Q.91 I left home for bringing milk between 7 am and 8 am.
The angle between the hour hand and the minute hand
was 90°. I returned home between 7 am and 8 am. Then,
also the angle between the minute hand and hour hand
ANSWER KEY
was 90°. At what time (nearest to second) did I leave 1. D 2. B 3. D 4. D
and return home? 5. C 6. B 7. C 8. A
[NTSE 2013]
9. C 10. D 11. B 12. B
(A) 7 h 18 min 35 s and 7 h 51 min 24 s (B) 7 h 19
13. A 14. B 15. C 16. 
min 24 s and 7 h 52 min 14 s (C) 7 h 20 min 42 s
and 7 h 53 min 11 s (D) 7 h 21 min 49 s and 7 h 54 17. C 18. C 19. B 20. A
min 33 s 21.  22. D 23. A 24. C
Q.92 The square of an odd integer must be of the form 25. C 26. A 27. C 28. B
[NTSE 2013]
29. C 30. A 31. C 32. C
(A) 6n + 1
33. B 34. A 35. C 36. A
(B) 6n + 3
37. B 38. B 39. B 40. C
(C) 8n + 3
41. C 42. B 43. A 44. B
(D) 4n + 1 but may not be 8n + 1
45. D 46. A 47. D 48. B
Q.93 a  b 2
 b  a
2
is [NTSE 2013] 49. D 50. B 51. A 52. A
53. C 54. B 55. D 56. B
(A) always zero
57. D 58. A 59. D 60. A
(B) never zero
(C) positive if and only, if a > b 61. A 62. B 63. A 64. C

(D) positivel only, if a  b 65. C 66. C 67. C 68. B

Q.94 Which of the following is an irrational number? 69. C 70. C 71. B 72. A
[NTSE 2013] 73. B 74. C 75. D 76. A
(A) 41616 (B) 23.232323 77. D 78. B 79. C 80. A
81. A 82. D 83. D 84. B

1  3   1  3 
3 3
(D)
PLO 85.
23.10100100010000..... B 86. D 87. A 88. B
(C)
3 89. B 90. B 91. D 92. C
93. D 94. D
 POLYNOMIALS Page 21

POLYNOMIALS
BASIC CONCEPTS AND IMPORTANT RESULTS

Polynomials : The expression of the form a0xn + a1xn–1 + ........+ an–1x + an a0  0 is called a polynomial. The expression a0xn + a1xn–1 +

........+ an–1x and an along with their sign are called the terms of the polynomial. The number a0, a1, ....., an are real numbers and are called
the coefficients of the terms of the polynomial.

Degree of polynomial : The highest power of x in p(x) is called the degree of polynomial.

(i) A polynomial of degree 0 is called a constant polynomial.

(ii) A polynomial of degree 1 is called a linear polynomial, for example, ax + b.

(iii) A polynomial of degree 2 is called a quadratic polynomial, for example, ax2 + bx + c, a  0

(iv) A polynomial of degree 3 is called cubic polynomial, for example, ax3 + bx2 + cx + d , a  0

Monomials : Polynomials containing one term are called monomials.

Binomials : Polynomials containing two terms are called binomials

Trinomials : Polynomials containing three terms are called trinomials.

Zero of a polynomial : For any polynomial p(x), if p(k) = 0, k is called zero of polynomial p(x).

Number of zeros/roots of a polynomial p(x) is always equal or less than the highest degree of polynomial p(x).

Geometrical representation of monomials :

(i) Linear polynomial (ax + b) shows straight line.

(ii) Quadratic polynomial (ax2 + bx + c) shows parabola :

(a) open upwards like if a > 0

(b) open downwards like if a < 0.

(iii) Polynomial of degree n crosses the x-axis at most n-points.

Remainder theorem : If p(x) be a polynomial is divided by (x – a), then remainder will be p(a) = r.

Factor theorem : If p(x) is divided by (x – a), then p(a) = 0.

Discriminant of a quadratic polynomial : If p(x) = ax2 + bx + c where a  0 , then D = b2 – 4 ac is called discriminant of p(x).
 Page 22 POLYNOMIALS

(i) If D > 0, the graph of polynomial intersects x - axis at two distinct points. Points of intersection of x - axis are called zeroes of p(x).

(ii) If D = 0, the graph of polynomial touches x -axis at only one point. So there is only one zero of p(x).

(iii) If D < 0, the graph of polynomial neither touches nor intersects the x-axis. This shows p(x) does not have any zero.

Relationship between zeroes and coefficients of a quadratic polynomials :

(i) If (alpha) and (beta) are the zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, a  0, then:

b  coefficient of x 
= –   and
a  coefficient of x2 

c  cons tan t term 

 = a   2 
 coefficient of x 

(ii) If and  are the zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = ax3 + bx3 + cx + d, then :

b  coefficient of x2 
=  a   
coefficient of x3 

c  coefficient of x 
= 
a  coefficient of x3 

d  cons tant term 

=   3 
a  coefficient of x 

Equation of quadratic polynomial : If  and  are the roots of a quadratic polynomial p(x), then p(x) quadratic equation be : x2 – ()x
+ 

Division algorithm: If a polynomial p(x) is divided by another non-zero polynomial q(x), then there exist two polynomials g(x) and r(x) such
that p(x) = q(x) × g(x) + r(x), where r(x) = 0 or degree of r(x) < degree of g(x). This is known as division algorithm
 POLYNOMIALS Page 23

Solved Problems
Ex.1 The graph of y = p(x) are given in fig below, for some polynomials p(x). Find the number of zeros of p(x), in each case.

y y y

x' x x' x x' x

O O O

y' y' y'

(i) (ii) (iii)

y y y

x' x x' x x' x

O O O

y' y' y'

(iv) (v) (vi)

Sol. (i) Graph of y = p(x) does not intersect the x-axis. Hence, polynomial p(x) has no zero.
(ii) Graph of y = p(x) intersects the x-axis at one and only one point.
Hence, polynomial p(x) has one and only one real zero. (Rest Try your self)

Ex.2 Find the zeros of the following quadratic polynomials and verify the relationship between the zeros and the coefficients.
(i) x2 – 2x – 8 (ii) 4s2 – 4s + 1 (iii) 6x2 – 3 – 7x
(iv) 4u2 + 8u (v) t2 – 15 (vi) 3x2 – x – 4
Sol. (i) x2 – 2x – 8 = x2 – 4x + 2x – 8 = x (x – 4) + 2(x – 4) = (x + 2) (x – 4)
Zeroes are – 2 and 4.
–(–2) –(Coefficient of x)
Sum of the zeros = (– 2) + (4) = 2 = =
1 (Coefficient of x2 )
(–8 ) (Constant term)
Product of the zeros = (– 2) (4) = – 8 = =
1 (Coefficient of x2 )
(ii) 2
4s – 4s + 1 = (2s – 1) 2

1 1
The two zeros are ,
2 2
1 1 –(–4) –(Coefficient of x)
Sum of the two zeros =  =1= =
2 2 4 (Coefficient of x2 )

1 1 1 (Constant term)

Product of two zeros =     = = 2 (Rest Try your self)
2 2 4 (Coefficient of x )
 Page 24 POLYNOMIALS

Ex.3 Find a quadratic polynomial each with the given numbers as the sum and product of its zeros respectively.

1 1
(i) , –1 (ii) 2 , (iii) 0 , 5
4 3

1 1
(iv) 1, 1 (v) – , (vi) 4, 1
4 4
Sol. (i) Let the quadratic polynomial be ax2 + bx + c
b 1 c
Then –  and  –1
a 4 a
b –1 c –1
i,e,  and 
a 4 a 1
We select a = LCM (4, 1) = 4
b –1 c
Then  and  –1  b = – 1 and c = – 4.
4 4 4
Substituting a = 4, b = – 1, c = – 4 in ax2 + bx + c, we get the required polynomial
4x2 – x – 4

b c 1
(ii) –  2, 
a a 3
b – 2 c 1
  , 
a 1 a 3
Select a = LCM (1, 3) = 3.
b c 1
Then  – 2 and   b = – 3 2 and c = 1.
3 3 3
Substituting a = 3, b = – 3 2 and c = 1 in ax2 + bx + c, we get the required polynomial

3x2 – 3 2 x + 1 (Rest Try your self)

Ex.4 Divide the polynomial p(x) by the polynomial g(x) and find the quotient and remainder in each of the following :
(i) p(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 5x – 3, g(x) = x2 – 2
(ii) p(x) = x4 – 3x2 + 4x + 5, g(x) = x2 + 1 – x
(iii) p(x) = x4 – 5x + 6, g(x) = 2 – x2.

3 2 q (x) = (x – 3)
(i) x – 2 x – 3x + 5x – 3
2
Sol.
3
x – 2x
– +
2
– 3x + 7x – 3
2
– 3x +6
+ –
r(x) = (7x – 9)

Hence, Quotient q(x) = x – 3 and Remainder r(x) = 7x – 9 (Rest Try your self)

Ex.5 Check whether the first polynomial is a factor of the second polynomial by dividing the second polynomial by the first polynomial.
(i) t2 – 3, 2t4 + 3t3 – 2t2 – 9t – 12
(ii) x2 + 3x + 1, 3x4 + 5x3 – 7x2 + 2x + 2
(iii) x3 – 3x + 1, x5 – 4x3 + x2 + 3x + 1
Sol. (i)
Hence, t2 – 3 is a factor of 2t4 + 3t3 – 2t2 – 9t – 12 (Rest Try your self)
 POLYNOMIALS Page 25

t2 – 3 2t4 + 3t3– 2t2 – 9t – 12 q (t) = 2t + 3t + 4

2

2t – 6t
4 2

– +
3t + 4t – 9t – 12
2 2

3t2 – 9t
– +
4t – 12
2

4t – 12
2

– +
Remainder = 0

3
Ex.6 Verify that , – 3 and – 1 are the zeros of the cubic polynomial p(x) = 2x3 + 5x2 – 6x – 9 and then verify the relationship between the zeros
2
and its coefficients.
Sol. p(x) = 2x3 + 5x2 – 6x – 9
Comparing the given polynomial with ax3 + bx2 + cx + d ; we get
a = 2, b = 5, c = – 6 and d = – 9
3 2
3 3 3 3
p   =2×   +5×   –6× –9
2 2 2 2

27 45 18
=2× + – –9
8 4 2

54  90  72  72
= =0
8
and p(–3) = 2 (–3)3 + 5(–3)2 – (6 × –3) – 9 = –54 + 45 + 18 – 9 = 0
and p(–1) = 2 (– 1)3 + 5(–1)2 – 6(–1) – 9 = – 2 + 5 + 6 – 9 = 0
3
Therefore, , – 3 and – 1 are the zeros of 2x3 + 5x2 – 6x – 9
2

3
So, = , = – 3 and  = – 1
2
Therefore,
3
 (–3) + ( –1)
2

362 5
= =–
2 2

5 b
=– =–
2 a

3 3
 × ( – 3) + (– 3) × (–1) + (–1) ×
2 2

9 3 9  6  3 6 c
=– +3– = =–  =
2 2 2 2 a
 Page 26 POLYNOMIALS

3 9 d
and  × ( – 3) (–1) = =  .
2 2 a
Ex.7 Apply the division algorithm of find the quotient and remainder of dividing p(x) by g(x) and verify the answer, where p(x) = x3 –
3x2 + 5x – 3; g(x) = x2 – 2
Sol. Dividend = x3 – 3x2 + 5x – 3
Divisor = x2 – 2
2
3 2 x–3
x –2 x – 3x + 5x – 3
3
x – 2x
– +
2
– 3x + 7x – 3
2
– 3x +6
+ –
7x – 9
Stop the division here since degree of (7x – 9) = 1, < degree of (x2 – 2).
Quotient = x – 3, remainder = 7x – 9.
Verification :
Quotient × Divisor + Remainder
(x – 3) (x2 – 2) + 7x – 9 = x3 – 3x2 – 2x + 6 + 7x – 9 = x3 – 3x2 + 5x – 3
Hence, division algorithm is verified.

5 5
Ex.8 Obtain all other zeros of 3x4 + 6x3 – 2x2 – 10x – 5, if two of its zeros are and– .
3 3
5 5
Sol. Two of the zeros of 3x4 + 6x3 – 2x2 – 10 x – 5 are and– .
3 3
 5  5
  x –   x+  is a factor of the polynomial.
3  3
5
i.e., x2 – is a factor..
3
i.e., (3x2 – 5) is a factor of the polynomial. Then we apply the division algorithm as below :
2
3x – 5 3x4 + 6x3– 2x2 – 10x – 5 q (x) =x + 2x + 1
2

4 2
3x – 5x
– +
6x3 + 3x2 – 10x – 5
6x3 – 10x
– +
3x2 – 5
2
3x – 5
– +
×
The other two zeros will be obtained from the quadratic polynomial q(x) = x2 + 2x + 1
Now x2 + 2x + 1 = (x + 1)2.
Its zeros are –1, –1.
Hence, all other zeros are –1, –1.

Ex.9 Give examples of polynomials p(x), g(x), q(x) and r(x), which satisfy the division algorithm and

(i) deg p(x) = deg q(x) (ii) deg q(x) = deg r(x) (iii) deg r(x) = 0.

Sol. (i) p(x) = 2x2 + 2x + 8, g(x) = 2x0 = 2; q(x) = x2 + x + 4 ; r(x) = 0

(ii) p(x) = 2x2 + 2x + 8 ; g(x) = x2 + x + 9 ; q(x) = 2 ; r(x) = – 10

(iii) p(x) = x3 + x + [Link].

; g(x) = x2 + 11,; q(x)
BLOCK-A,
= x ; r(x) = 5.
 POLYNOMIALS Page 27

EXERCISE - I UNSOLVED PROBLEMS

Q.1 Find the zeros of the quadratic polynomial
Y y = ƒ(x)
x2 + 7x + 12, and verify the relation between the zeros and
its coefficients.
0 X
Q.2 Find the zeros of the quadratic polynomial f(x) = abx2 + (b2
+ ac) x + bc and verify the relationship between the zeros
and its coefficients. Q.13 Find the zeroes of the polynomial x2 – 16.

Q.3 If  and  are the zeros of the quadratic polynomial f(x) = Q.14 For the polynomial p(x) = 3x3 – 5. Find p(–1)
ax2 + bx + c then calculate :
 2 β2 Q.15 Find the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial
(i) 2 + 2 (ii) +
β  9s2 – 6s + 1.

Q.4 If  and  are the zeros of the quadratic polynomial p(s) =

Q.16 Write the zeores of the polynomial
α β  1 1 x2 + 2x + 1.
3s2 – 6s + 4, find the value of + +2  +  +3αβ
β α  α β

Q.5 If and are the roots (zeros) of the polynomial f(x) = x2 – Q.17 Write the quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of
3x + k such that – = 1, find the value of k. whose zeroes are 3 and –2.

Q.6 If  are the zeros of the polynomial Q.18 Write the number of zeroes of the polynomial
21 y = ƒ(x), whose graph is given as,
f(x) = 2x2 + 5x + k satisfying the relation 2 + 2 +  = ,
4 Y
then find the value of k for this to be possible.
X
Q.7 Find a quadratic polynomial each with the given numbers O
as the sum and product of its zeros respectively.
1 1
(i) ,–1 (ii) 2,
4 3 Q.19 If (x + a) is a factor of 2x2 + 2ax + 5x + 10, find a

Q.8 Divide the polynomial 2x2 + 3x + 1 by the polynomial x + 2

Q.20 Write the polynomial whose zeroes are
and verify the division algorithm.
2 + 3 and 2 – 3 .
Q.9 Check whether the polynomial t2 – 3 is a factor of the
polynomial 2t4 + 3t3 – 2t2 – 9t – 12, by dividing the second
Q.21 Look at the graphs given below. Each is a graph of y = ƒ(x),
polynomial by the first polynomial.
where ƒ(x) is a polynomial. Which of the following
corresponds to a linear or quadratic polynomial? Further
Q.10 Find all the zeros of 2x4 – 3x3 – 3x2 + 6x – 2, if you know that for each of the graphs, find the number of zeroes of ƒ(x).

two of its zeros are 2 and – 2 . Y

Q.11 On dividing f(x) = x3 – 3x2 + x + 2 by a polynomial g(x), the y = ƒ(x)
quotient and remainder were x – 2 and – 2x + 4, respectively.
Find g(x). (i)

X
0 A
Q.12 The graph of polynomial y = ƒ(x) is shown. How many
zeroes a polynomial can have ?
 Page 28 POLYNOMIALS

Y Q.28 If one zero of the polynomial

(a2 + 9)x2 + 13x + 6a is reciprocal of the other. Find the value
(ii) y = ƒ(x) of a.

X Q.29 If the product of zeores of the polynomial

A B C
ax2 – 6x – 6 is 4, find the value of 'a'.

Y
y = ƒ(x)
C
(iii)
X
0

Y y = ƒ(x)

ANSWER KEY
(iv) X
A 0 B 1. –4, –3 2. –b/a, –c/b

2 3
b – 2ac 3abc – b
Y 3. (i) 2 (ii) 2
y = ƒ(x) a ac

(v) 4. 8 5. 2 6. 2

X
0 1 1
7. (i) K(x2– x–1)(ii) K(x2 – 2 x + )
4 3
Y
A
X 8. q(x) = 2x – 1, r(x) = 3
0

(vi)
1
y = ƒ(x) 9. r(x) = 0, yes 10. 2 ,– 2 , 1, 2
B

Q.22 Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 6x2 – 3 – 7x and 11. g(x) = x2– x + 1 12. 0
verify the relationship between the zeroes and the
coefficients of polynomial.
1 1
13. ±4 14. –8 15. ,
Q.23 Apply the division algorithm to find the quotient and 3 3
remainder on dividing p(x) by q(x), where p(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 5x
– 3 and q(x) = x2 – 2. 16. –1 17. K(x2– 3x – 2)

Q.24 Draw the graph of the polynomial 18. 3 19. 2 20. x2–4x +1
ƒ(x) = x3 – x and hence find its zeroes from the graph.
21. (i) 1 (ii) 3 (iii) No (iv) 2 (v) No (vi) 1
Q.25 Find the remainder when polynomial
3x3 + x2 + 2x + 5 is divided by
(x2 + 2x + 1). –1 3
22. , 23. x – 3, 7x – 9
Q.26 Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 2x2 – 9 – 3x and 3 2
verify the relationship between the zeores and the
coefficients.
–3
24. –1, 0, 1 25. 9x +10 26. ,3
2
Q.27 Find all the zeroes of the polynomial
2x4 + 7x3 – 19x2 – 14x + 30, if two of its zeroes are 2 and 3 –3
27. –5, 28. 3 29.
– 2. 2 2
 POLYNOMIALS Page 29

EXERCISE - II BOARD PROBLEMS

Questions Carrying 1 Mark Q.14 If one zero of the polynomial (a 2 + 9)
Q.1 Write the zeros of the polynomial x2 + 13x + 6a is reciprocal of the other. Find the vlaue of
x2 + 2x + 1. [Delhi-2008] 'a' [AI-2008]
Q.2 Write the zeros of the polynomial, Q.15 If the product of zeros of the polynomial
x2 – x – 6. [Delhi-2008] ax2 – 6x – 6 is 4, find the value of 'a'
Q.3 Write a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose [AI-2008]
zeros are 3 and – 2 respectively.
[Delhi-2008] Q.16 Find all the zeros of the polynomial
x4 + x3 – 34x2 – 4x + 120, if two of it's zeros are 2 and
Q.4 Write the number of zeros of the polynomial y = f(x)
– 2. [Foreign-2008]
whose graph is given in figure.
[AI-2008] Q.17 Find all the zeros of the polynomial
y 2x4 + 7x3 – 19x2 – 14x + 30, if two of it's zeros are 2
and – 2 [Foreign-2008]

Q.18 If the polynomial 6x4 + 8x3 + 17x2 + 21x + 7 is divided by

x' x
O another polynomial 3x2 + 4x + 1, the remainder comes out
to be (ax + b), find a and b.
[Delhi-2009]
y'
Q.19 If the polynomial x 4 + 2x 3 + 8x 2 +
Q.5 If (x + a) is a factor of 2x 2 + 2ax + 12x + 18 is divided by another polynomial
5x + 10, find a [Foreign-2008] x2 + 5, the remainder comes out to be px + q. Find the values
Q.6 For what value of k, (–4) is a zero of the polynomial x2 of p and q. [Delhi-2009]
– x – (2k + 2)?
[Delhi-2009] Q.20 Find all the zeros of the polynomial
Q.7 For what value of p, (–4) is a zero of the polynomial x2 x3 + 3x2 – 2x – 6, if two of it's zeros are – 2 and
– 2x – (7p + 3)? 2. [AI-2009]
[Delhi-2009]
Q.8 If 1 is a zero of the polynomial p(x) = ax2 – 3(a – 1) x – Q.21 Find all the zeros of the polynomial
1, then find the value of a. 2x3 + x2 – 6x – 3, if two of it's zeros are – 3 and 3
[AI-2009] [AI-2009]
Q.9 Write the polynomial, the product and sum of whose zeros
9 3 Q.22 If the polynomial 6x 4 + 8x 3 – 5x 2 +
– and – respectively ax + b is exactly divisible by polynomial
2 2
[Foreign-2009] 2x2 – 5, then find the value of a and b.
Q.10 Write the polynomial, the product and sum of whose zeros [Foreign-2009]

are –
13
5
3
and – respectively..
5
ANSWER KEY
[Foreign-2009] 1. –1, –1 2. 3, – 2 3. x2 – x – 6 4. 3 5. 2
Questions Carrying 2 Marks 6. 9 7. 3 8. a = 1
Q.11 Find the zeros of the quadratic polynomial
9. 2x2 + 3x – 9 10. 5x2 + 3x – 13
6x2 – 3 – 7x and verify the relationship between the zeros
and the co-efficients of the polynomial.  –1 3   –2 
11.  ,  12.  , 2 
[Delhi-2008]  3 2 5 
–3
Q.12 Find the zeros of the quadratic polynomial 13. x2 – 8x + 12 ; (6, 2) 14. 3 15.
2
5x2 – 4 – 8x and verify the relationship between the zeros
and the coefficients of the polynomial. 3
16. 2, – 2, – 6 and 5 17. 2 , – 2 , –5 and
[Delhi-2008] 2

Q.13 Find the quadratic polynomial sum of whose zeros is 8 18. a = 1, b = 2 19. p = 2, q = 3
and their product is 12. Hence, find the zeros of the 1
polynomial. [AI-2008] 20. – 2 , 2 and – 3 21. – 3 , 3 and –
2

22. a = – 20, b = – 25
 Page 30 POLYNOMIALS

EXERCISE - III NTSE / STSE PROBLEMS

Q.1 The HCF of 45(2x4 – x3 – x2) and 75 Q.8 For the polynomials p(x) and p(x)
(8x5 + x2) is (A) LCM and HCF are equal

(A) 15x (2x + 1) 2

(B) 15x (2x + 1) (B) LCM and HCF are not equal

(C) 15x (2x + 1)2 (D) 15x2 (2x + 1)2 (C) Cannot be determined
(D) None of these

Q.2 The HCF of 56 (x6y2 – x2y6)

and 72 (x5y3 + 3x3y5 + 2xy7) is : Q.9 The LCM of (6x2 – x – 12) and (3x2 + x – 4) is
(A) 3x + 4
(A) 8x2y (x2 + y2) (B) 8x2y2 (x2 + y2)
(B) (3x + 4)2 (2x – 3) (x – 1)
(C) 8xy2 (x2 + y2) (D) 8xy2 (x + y2)
(C) (3x + 4) (2x – 3)
(D) (3x + 4) (2x – 3) (x – 1)
Q.3 HCF of (6x4 – 13x3 + 6x2)
and (8x4 – 36x3 + 54x2 – 27x) is
Q.10 The LCM of 20 x2y (x2 – y2) and 35 xy2
(A) x(2x + 3) (B) x2 (2x – 3)
(x – y) is
(C) x(3 – 2x) (D) x(2x – 3)
(A) 140 x2y2 (x – y)
(B) 140 xy (x2 – y2)
4 3 2 2
Q.4 (x + ax – 7x – 8x + b) is completely divisible by (x + 5x +
(C) 140 x2y2 (x2 – y2)
6), then the values of a & b are _____ .
(D) None
(A) a = 2, b = 8 (B) a = 2, b = 12
(C) a = –2, b = 6 (D) none
Q.11 Which of the following is a polynomial ?

Q.5 If (x – k) is the HCF of (3x2 + 14x + 16) and (6x3 + 11x – 4x – 1

(A) x2 – 6 x + 2 (B) x 
4), then the value of k is x

(A) –2 (B) 2
5
(C) (D) none of these
2 1 x2  3x  1
(C) (D) 
3 2

Q.12 Which of the following is not a polynomial

Q.6 If (x + 5) is the HCF of (x2 + 2x + 3b) and
(6x3 + ax2 + 3x – 10), then a – 2b = ____ . 3 3 1
(A) 3x2  2 3x  3 (B) x  5x2  x  1
2 2
(A) 31 (B) 21
(C) 41 (D) 61 1
(C) x + (D) 5x2 – 3x + 2
x

Q.7 If (x + 1) (x + 3) is the HCF of (x2 + 3x + 2) (x2 + 2x + a)

and (x2 + 7x + 12) (x2 + 7x + b), then the value of 6a + 3b = Q.13 The zero of the polynomial 3x + 2 is :
_____ .
2 2
(A)  (B)
(A) 0 (B) 36 3 3
(C) 18 (D) –36
3 3
(C) (D) 
2 2
 POLYNOMIALS Page 31

Q.14 If p(y) = 3y4 – 5y3 + y2 + 8, then p(–1) will be : Q.22 If P(x) = (x + 2) (x2 – 4x – 21),
(A) 2 (B) 15 Q(x) = (x – 7) (2x 2 + x – 6) and their HCF is
(C) 17 (D) –17 x2 – 5x – 14 then LCM of P(x) & Q(x) is ______.
(A) (x2 – 5x – 14) (2x2 + 6x – 9)
Q.15 The remainder when (B) (x2 + 5x + 6) (2x2 – 14x + 21)
p(x) = 12x 3 – 13x 2 – 5x + 7, is divided by
(C) (2x2 + x – 6) (x2 – 4x – 21)
(3x + 2) is :
(D) (x2 – 5x – 14) (2x2 + x – 6)
(A) –1 (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) –2
Q.23 There are four polynomials P(x), Q(x), R(x) and S(x). If the
HCF of each pair is
Q.16 If p(x) = 2x2 – 3x + 5, then p(–1) is equal to :
(x + 3) and the LCM of all the four polynomials is (x – 1) (x
(A) 7 (B) 8
– 2) (x – 3) then the product of four polynomials is
(C) 9 (D) 10
(A) (x + 3)4 (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3)

Q.17 Zeroes of p(x) = x2 – 2x – 3 are : (B) (x + 3) (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3)

(A) 3 and 1 (B) 3 and –1 (C) (x + 3) (x – 1)4 (x – 2)4 (x – 3)4

(C) –3 and –1 (D) 1 and –3 (D) (x + 3)4 (x – 1)4 (x – 2)4 (x – 3)4

1 Q.24 Which of the following expressions is a polynomial?

Q.18 Degree of polynomial y3 – 2y2 – 3 y+ is :
2
x 2  5x  6
1 (A) 3x2 – 2 5 x +7 (B)
(A) (B) 2 x3
2
x 2  2x  1
3 (C) (D) None of these
(C) 3 (D) 2x  5
2

Q.19 Polynomial 2x4 + 3x3 – 5x2 + 9x + 1 is a : Q.25 Which of the following expressions is a rational expression
?
(A) linear polynomial
(B) quadratic polynomial x2  3
(A) x 3  3 x 2  5 x  11 (B)
(C) cubic polynomial 2 x 1
(D) biquadratic polynomial
5x 2  6x  7 2x 2  4 x  5
(C) (D)
Q.20 The polynomials (ax3 + 3x2 – 3) and x3 x 2
(2x3 – 5x + a) when divided by (x – 4) leave the same remainder.
The value of a is :
Q.26 A rational expression whose numerator is a quadratic
(A) 1 (B) –1
polynomial with zeroes, 1 and 2 and whose denominator is
(C) 2 (D) –2
a monomial with zeroes 3 is ______

Q.21 The HCF and LCM of the polynomials P(x) and Q(x) are
x2  x  2 x2  x  2
( 2 x + 3 ) a n d (2 x + 3) ( x + 5 ) (A) (B)
x3 x3
( x – 4 ) ( x – 2) (x + 1). If P(x) = (2x + 3)
(x2 + x – 20), then Q(x) = x2  x  2 x2  x  2
(C) (D)
(A) (2x + 3) (x – 4) (x + 1) x3 x3
(B) (2x + 3) (x2 – x – 2)
(C) (2x + 3) (x + 5) (x – 2) 2 x 3  54
Q.27 Express in lowest terms.
x  3x 2  9x
3
(D) none
 Page 32 POLYNOMIALS

(A) x2 – 2x + 15 (B) x2 – 2x – 15
2x  6 2( x  3)
(A) (B) (C) x2 + 2x – 15 (D) x2 + 2x + 15
x x2

2(3  x )
(C) (D) None
x 5
Q.35 If one zero of the quadratic polynomial 2x2 – 8x – m is , then
2
the other zero is :
x 4  13 x 2  36 2 2
Q.28 Express in lowest terms.
x 3  x 2  6x (A) (B) 
3 3
( x  3)( x  2) ( x  3)( x  2) 3 15
(A) (B) (C) (D)
x x 2 2

( x  3)( x  2) ( x  3 )( x  2)
(C) (D)
x x Q.36 If  and  are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial ƒ(x) =

1 1
x2 – x – 4, then the value of  – is :
 
( x  y  z  3 xyz )
3 3 3
Q.29 Express in lowest terms.
( x 2  y 2  z 2  xy  yz  zx )
15 15
(A) x + y – z (B) x + y + z (A) (B)
4 4
(C) x – y + z (D) x – y – z
(C) 4 (D) 15

Q.30 If x4 – 2x3 + 3x2 – mx + 5 is exactly divisible by (x – 3), then

m = ____ Q.37 a2 + b – ab – a is equal to :
(A) –4 (B) –40 (A) (a – 1)(b – 1) (B) (a – 2)(b – 2)
40 (C) ab(a – b) (D) (a – 1)(a – b)
(C) (D) None
3
Q.38 a(a – 1) – b(b – 1) is equal to
Q.31 For what value of k is the polynomial (A) (a – b)(a + b – 1)
2x4 + 3x3 + 2kx2 + 3x + 6 exactly divisible by (B) (a – b)(a – b + 1)
(x + 2) ? (C) (a – b)(a + 1)
(A) 1 (B) –1 (D) none of these
(C) 2 (D) –2
Q.39 If , ,  are the zeroes of polynomial
Q.32 If  and  are the zeroes of x2 + 5x + 10, then the value of 2x 3 + x 2 – 13x + 6, then the value of
() is : ( +  + ) is :
(A) 5 (B) –5 (A) –1 (B) 1
(C) 8 (D) –8 (C) –5 (D) 30

Q.33 If  and  are the zeroes of 2x2 + 5x – 10, then the value of Q.40 If ,  ,  are the zeroes of the polynomial
is : 2x3 + x2 – 13x + 6, then the value of is :
5 (A) 3 (B) –3
(A)  (B) 5
2
1 13
2 (C)  (D)
(C) –5 (D) 2 2
5
Q.34 The sum and product of the zeroes of a quadratic Q.41 The value of 6a + 11b, if x3 – 6x2 + ax + b is exactly divisible
polynomial are 2 and –15 respectively. The quadratic by (x2 – 3x + 2) is
polynomial is : (A) 0 (B) 132
 POLYNOMIALS Page 33

(C) 66 (D) –66

3x  2 x5
Q.50 Simplify  .
Q.42 Find the quadratic polynomial which is exactly divided by x 2  16 ( x  4 )2
(2x – 3) and (x + 1). 4 x 2  5 x  28 4 x 2  5 x  28
(A) (B)
2
(A) 2x – x + 3 2
(B) 2x + x – 3 x 3  4 x 2  16 x  64 x 3  4 x 2  16 x  64
2
(C) 2x – x – 3 (D) None 4 x 2  5 x  28 4 x 2  5 x  28
(C) (D)
x 3  4 x 2  16 x  64 x 3  4 x 2  16 x  64

Q.43 If ƒ(x) = x2 + 5x + p and g(x) = x2 + 3x + q have a common

factor, then Q.51 If , ,  be the zeroes of the polynomial p(x) such that ( +
2
(p – q) = ____  + ) = 3,  +  +  = –10 and  = –24, then p(x) is :
(A) 2 (5p – 3q) (B) 2 (3p – 5q) (A) x3 + 3x2 – 10x + 24
(B) x3 + 3x2 – 10x – 24
(C) 3p – 5q (D) 5p – 3q
(C) x3 – 3x2 – 10x + 24
(D) none of these
Q.44 If 'a' and 'b' are unequal and x2 + ax + b and x2 + bx + a have
common factor, then a + b = ______. Q.52 The value of k such that the quadratic polynomial x2 – (k +
(A) –1 (B) 0 6)x + 2(2k + 1) has sum of the zeroes as half of their product,
(C) 1 (D) 2 is :
(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) –5 (D) 5
Q.45 If a + b + e = 0 and b + d = 0 then
ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e is exactly divisible by __ . Q.53 If , ,  are the zeroes of the polynomial
(A) x + 1 (B) x – 1 p(x) = 4x2 – 5x – 1, then the value of
(C) both (D) none 2 + 2 is

1 1
(A)  (B)
Q.46 xn + yn is divisible by (x + y) when 'n' is _____ 4 4
(A) an even number
5 5
(B) an odd number (C) (D) 
16 16
(C) a prime number
(D) a natural number Q.54 If  and  are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial ƒ(t) =
t2 – 4t + 3, then the value of 43 + 34 is :
Q.47 xn – yn is divisible by (x – y) when "n" in _____ . (A) 104 (B) 108
(A) an even number (C) 112 (D) –112

(B) an odd number Q.55 If zeroes of quadratic polynomial

(C) a prime number
5 3
(D) a natural number 2x2 – 8x – m are and respectively, then the value of m
2 2
is
Q.48 If ax2 + 2a2x + b3 is divisible by (x + a) then ___
15 15
(A) a = b (A)  (B)
2 2
(B) a2 + ab + b2 = 0 (C) 2 (D) 15
(C) either a = b or a2 + ab + b2 = 0 Q.56 If  and  are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial ƒ(x) =
(D) neither a = b nor a2 + ab + b2 = 0 x2 – p(x + 1) – c, then
Q.49 If (x – 1) & (x + 3) are the factors of ( + 1) ( + 1) is equal to:
x3 + 3x2 – x – 3 then the other factors is . (A) 1 + c (B) 1 – c
(A) x + 1 (B) x – 1 (C) c – 1 (D) 2 + c
(C) x – 3 (D) x + 2
 Page 34 POLYNOMIALS

Q.57 If the polynomial (2x3 + ax2 + 3x – 5) and

x2  1 1 x2
(x3 + x2 – 2x + a) leave the same remainder when divided by (x (C) (D)
x x
– 2), then the value of a is :
4x x 1
(A) 2 (B) –2 Q.64 What should be added to to get ?
x2  1 x 1
(C) 3 (D) –3
x 1 x 1
(A) (B)
x2  1 x 1
Q.58 The polynomial
ƒ(x) = x4 – 2x3 + 3x2 – ax + b when divided by (x – 1) and (x x2  1 x2  1
+ 1) leaves the remainder 5 and 19 respectively. The value (C) (D)
x 1 x 1
of a and b is :
(A) 5 and 8 (B) 3 and 7  2 x 2  2x  7 
Q.65 What should be subtracted from  2  to get
(C) 2 and 5 (D) 4 and 9  x x6 

 x 1 ?
Q.59 If ,  are the zeroes of the polynomial  
 x 2
ƒ(x) = x2 – p(x + 1) – c such that
(a + 1)(b + c) = 0, then c is equal to : x2 x2
(A) (B)
(A) 1 (B) 0 x3 x3
(C) –1 (D) 2
x2 x2
(C) (D)
x3 x3
Q.60 One of the factors of
(a2 – b2) (c2 – d2) – 4 abcd is :
x
(A) ac – bd + bc + ad Q.66 The additive inverse of 3x – 4 + is
2x  1
(B) ac – bd + bc – ad
6x 2  10 x  4 x
(C) cannot be determined (A) (B) –3x + 4 – (C)
2x  1 2x  1
(D) none of these
x x
–3x + 4 + (D) –3x + 4 –
x  1 2x  1 1  2x
Q.61 The sum of   and its reciprocal is
 x  1
x2  1 x2  1
(A) (B) 5
x2  1 x2  1 Q.67 The reciprocal of –3 + is
x2

2( x 2  1) 1 x2 x2
(C) (D) none (A)   (B) –3 +
x2  1 3 5 5

x2 5
(C) (D) 3 –
1  2x 1  2x PQ 11  3 x x2
Q.62 If P = and Q = then = ( A )
1  2x 1  2x PQ

4x 1  4x 2 1 1 2x
(B) Q.68 Simplify :  
1  4x 2 4x 1 x  x2 1 x  x2 1 x2  x4

4x  (1  4x 2 ) 1
(C)  (D) (A) 0 (B)
1  4x 2 4x 1 x2  x4
1 2x  3
1 (C) (D)
Q.63 Express x – as a rational expression. 1 x2  x4 1 x2  x4
x
x 1 1
x 1 1 x Q.69 If A = then 2A – = ______
(A) (B) x 1 2A
x x
 POLYNOMIALS Page 35

(A) 2x5 – x4 – 15x3 + 25x2 – 23x – 4

3x 2  10 x  3 3 x 2  10 x  1
(A) (B) (B) 2x5 – x4 – 15x3 – 25x2 – 23x – 4
2( x 2  1) x2  1
(C) 2x5 – x4 – 15x3 + 25x2 – 23x + 4
3x 2  10 x  3 3x 2  10 x  3 (D) 2x5 – x4 – 15x3 + 23x – 4
(C) (D)
2( x 2  1) 2( x 2  1)

Q.76 If we divide 36x2 – 12x + 1 – 49y2 by

(a2  b2 )3  (b2  c 2 )3  (c 2  a2 )3
Q.70 Simplify :
(a  b)3  (b  c )3  (c  a)3 6x + 7y – 1, then the quotient is _____
(A) 3(a + b) (b + c) (c + a) (A) 6x + 1 + 7y (B) –6x – 1 – 7y
(B) 2(a + b) (b + c) (c + a) (C) 6x + 2 + 7y (D) 6x – 1 – 7y
(C) (a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
(D) 1 Q.77 Find the remainder when x4 + 15x3 + 6x2 – 12x + 3 is divided by
x + 2?
(A) 52 (B) 53
Q.71 If (x + 1) is a factor of ƒ(x) = a0xn + a1xn–1 + a2xn–2 + …… an
(C) –52 (D) –53
= 0, then
(A) a0 + a1 + a2 + …… + an = 0
Q.78 If g(x) = x 6 + 3x 4 – 24x 2 + 3, find g(1),
(B) a0 + a2 + a4 + …… = 0 g(2) and g(3).
(C) a1 + a3 + a5 + …… = 0 (A) g(1) = –17, g(2) = 19, g(3) = 759
(D) a0 + a2 + a4 + …… = a1 + a2 + a5 + …… (B) g(1) = –17, g(2) = –19, g(3) = 759
(C) g(1) = –17, g(2) = –19, g(3) = –759
(D) g(1) = 17, g(2) = 19, g(3) = 758
x3  y3 ( x  y )2  3 xy
Q.72 If P = , Q = and
( x  y )2  3 xy x3  y3
Q.79 If 4x4 – (a – 1)x3 + ax2 – 6x – 1 is divisible by 2x – 1, find
xy the value of a.
R= then the value of (P ÷ Q) × R is
x2  y2 (A) 28 (B) 29
(C) 27 (D) 26
(A) x + y (B) xy
(C) x – y (D) none
Q.80 Find the values of "a" and "b" so that
(x + 2) and (x – 1) may be factors of
x3 + 10x2 + ax + b.
( x  y )2  z 2  ( x  z )2  y 2 ( x  y )2  z 2 
Q.73 Simplify :    (A) a = 7, b = 17 (B) a = 7, b = –15
( x  y  z )2  x 2  xy  zx x 2  xy  zx 
(C) a = 7, b = –18 (D) a = 7, b = –17
1
(A) x + y + z (B) x  y  z
Q.81 The factors of 3 x2 + 11x + 6 3 are :
(C) 1 (D) None
(A) x  3 3  3 x  2

Q.74 How much is a2 + 2ab + b2 more than (B) x  3 3  3 x  2

a2 – 2ab + b2 ?
(C) x  3 3  3 x  2
(A) 4 ab (B) –4 ab
(C) 6 ab (D) –3 ab (D) x  3 3  3 x  2
3 2
Q.75 The product of x + 2x – 3x + 4 and
Q.82 One of the factors of x2 + xy6 is :
2x2 – 5x + 1 is
(A) x2 + y2 (B) x
 Page 36 POLYNOMIALS

(C) x(x2 + y2) (D) neither A nor B (A) 2 (B) –2

(C) 1 (D) –1
Q.83 On factorising x3 + x2 + x + 1 we get :
(A) (x + 1) (x2 – 1) Q.90 If the sum of the zeroes of the polynomial
(B) (x – 1) (x2 + 1) ƒ(x) = 2x3 – 3kx2 + 4x – 5 is 6, then the value of k is :
(C) (x – 1) (x2 – 1) (A) 2 (B) 4
(D) (x + 1) (x2 + 1) (C) –2 (D) –4

Q.84 On factorising x2 + (a + b + c)x + ab + bc we get: Q.91 x3 + 2x2 + ax + b is exactly is divisible by

(A) (x + a) (x + b + c) (x2 – 1). Find the values of 'a' and 'b'.
(B) (x + a) (x + b + c) (A) a = –1, b = –2 (B) a = 1, b = 2
(C) (x + b) (x + a + c) (C) a = –1, b = 2 (D) a = 1, b = –2
(D) (x + b) (x + b + c)

Q.92 The expression 2x3 + ax2 + bx – 2 leaves a remainder 7 and 0

Q.85 On factorising x3 – 3x2 + 3x + 7 we get : when divided by (2x – 3) and (x + 2) respectively. Calculate the
values of a and b.
(A) (x + 1) (x2 – 4x + 7)
(A) a = 3, b = 3 (B) a = –3, b = 3
(B) (x – 1) (x2 + 4x + 7)
(C) a = –3, b = –3 (D) a = 3, b = –3
(C) (x – 1) (x2 + 4x + 7)
(D) (x – 1) (x2 + 4x + 7)
Q.93 Findƒ(4),ƒ(–5),ƒ(3.2) ifƒ(x) =6.2x2 – 4x3 +4.28.
(A) ƒ(4) = –152.52, ƒ(–5) = 659.28,
Q.86 0.87  0.87  0.87  0.13  0.13  0.13
0.87  0.87  0.87  0.13  0.13  0.13 ƒ(3.2)= –63.304
is equal to : (B) ƒ(4) = –152.52, ƒ(–5) = 659.27,
(A) 0 (B) 1 ƒ(3.2)= –63.304

(C) –1 (D) 0.1 (C) ƒ(4) = –152.53, ƒ(–5) = 659.28,

ƒ(3.2) = 63.304
(D) ƒ(4) = –152.52, ƒ(–5) = –659.28,
Q.87 On factorising
ƒ(3.2) = 63.304
(x – y)3 + (y – z)3 + (z – x)3 :
(A) (x – y) (y – z) (z – x)
Q.94 Find the value of "k" if the expression
(B) (x – y) (y – z) (z – x)
p(x) = kx3 + 4x2 + 3x – 4 and
(C) 3(x – y) (y – z) (z – x)
q(x) = x3 – 4x + k leave the same remainder when divided by
(D) none of these
(x – 3).
(A) k = –2 (B) k = 2
Q.88 303 + 203 – 503 is equal to :
(C) k = –1 (D) k = 3
(A) 0 (B) –9000
Q.95 For the expression
(C) –90000 (D) 1
ƒ(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + c,
if ƒ(1) = ƒ(2) = 0 and ƒ(4) = ƒ(0). Find the values of a, b & c.
Q.89 If one zero of the polynomial
(A) a = –9, b = 20 and c = –12
ƒ(x) = (k2 + 4)x2 + 13x + 4k is reciprocal of the other, then
 POLYNOMIALS Page 37

(B) a = –8, b = 20 and c = –12

(C) a = 9, b = –20 and c = –12
(D) a = –8, b = –20 and c = 12

Q.96 Find "a" and "b" in order that

x3 – 6x2 + ax + b may be exactly divisible by x2 – 3x + 2. ANSWER KEY
(A) a = 11, b = –5 (B) a = 11, b = –6 1. B 2. C 3. D 4. B
(C) a = –11, b = –5 (D) a = 11, b = 6
5. A 6. C 7. A 8. A

9. D 10. C 11. D 12. C

Q.97 The product of two consecutive numbers is 56. Find them.
13. A 14. C 15. B 16. D
(A) 56, –7 (B) 8, –7
(C) –8, –7 (D) –8, 7 17. B 18. C 19. D 20. A

21. B 22. C 23. A 24. B

Q.98 Find the quadratic polynomial in x, which when divided by 25. A 26. C 27. A 28. C
(x – 1), (x – 2) and
(x – 3) leaves remainders of 11, 22 and 37 respectively. 29. B 30. D 31. B 32. B

(A) 2x2 + 5x + 4 (B) 2x2 – 5x + 4 33. C 34. B 35. C 36. A

2 2
(C) 3x – 5x + 4 (D) 2x – 5x – 3
37. D 38. A 39. A 40. B

41. A 42. C 43. B 44. A

Q.99 If the product of zeroes of the polynomial
45. C 46. B 47. D 48. C
ƒ(x) = ax3 + 6x2 + 11x – 6 is 4, then a is equal to :
3 3 49. A 50. B 51. C 52. D
(A) (B) 
2 2
53. D 54. B 55. A 56. B
2 2
(C) (D)  57. D 58. A 59. A 60. A
3 3
61. C 62. A 63. C 64. B
Q.100 If zeroes of the polynomial 65. D 66. B 67. C 68. A
ƒ(x) = x3 – 3px2 + qx – r are in A.P., then :
69. D 70. C 71. D 72. B
(A) 2p3 = pq – r (B) 2p3 = pq + r
73. C 74. A 75. C 76. D
(C) p3 = pq – r (D) none of these
Q.101 If the zeroes of the polynomial 77. D 78. A 79. B 80. C
f(x) = k2x2 – 17x + k + 2, are reciprocal of each other,
81. D 82. C 83. D 84. C
then the value of k is
[NTSE 2012] 85. A 86. B 87. C 88. C
(A) 2 (B) –1
89. A 90. B 91. A 92. D
(C) –2 (D) 1
93. A 94. C 95. A 96. B

97. C 98. A 99. A 100. A

101. A
 Page 38 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

BASIC CONCEPTS AND IMPORTANT RESULTS
Linear equation : An equation of the form ax + by + c = 0 where a, b, c all are real coefficients and a  0,
b  0 numbers is known as a linear equation in two variables x and y. Its graph is always a straight line.
Solution : A pair of values of x and y which satisfy the equation ax + by + c = 0 (a  0, b  0, and a, b, c are real numbers) is called a solution
of the equation.
System of simultaneous linear equations : A pair of linear equations in two variablesa 1 x + b 1 y = c 1 ,
a2x + b2y = c2 is said to form a system of simultaneous linear equations
where a1, b1, c1 a2, b2, c2 are all real number and a12 + b12  a22 + b22  0.
A pair of values of x and y which satisfy each of the equations is called a solution or root of the system. If the system has at least one
solution, it is called consistent and if the system has no solution, it is called inconsistent.
Conditions for consistency and inconsistency of a solution : Let the system of equations in two variables is : a1x + b1y + c1 = 0, a2x + b2y
+ c2 = 0

Graphical Algebraic
Conditions representation representation Conclusion

Two intersecting The system has Consistent

lines meet at a unique solution
a1 b1 unique point
If 
a2 b2

Two parallel lines The system Inconsistent

a b c has no solution
If 1  1  1
a2 b2 c 2

a1 b1 c1 Two coincident The system has Consistent

If   lines infinitely many
a2 b2 c 2
solutions

Methods of solving simultaneous linear equations in two variables :

(i) Algebraic Method (ii) Graphical Method
(i) Algebraic Method
(a) Method of substitution : Let the system of equations is :
a1x + b1y = c1 .............(i)
a2x + b2y = c2 .............(ii)
c1  a1x
From (i), y = b1
b2
Substituting the value of y in (ii), we get: a2x + b (c1 – a1x) = c2
1
 b1a2x + b2c1 – b2a1x = b1c2  (b1a2 – b2a1)x = b1c2 – b2c1
b1c 2  b2c1
 x=
b1a2  b2a1
Similarly, substituting the value of x in (iii), we can get the value of y.
(b) Method of elimination : Let the system of equation is :
a1x + b1y = c1 ......(i) a2x + b2y = c2 ......(ii)
Multiply the equations by a suitable non-zero number so as to make the coefficients of one variable equal.
Multiplying (i) by b2 and (ii) by b3, we get:
a1b2x + b1b2y = c1b2 .............(iii)
PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES Page 39

a2b1x + b1b2y = c2b1 .............(iv)

c1b2  c 2b1
On subtracting, we get x(a1b2 – a2b1) = c1b2 – c2b1  x = a b  a b ............(v)
1 2 2 1

Substituting the value of x in equation (i) or (ii), we can get the value of y.

(c) Method of cross-multiplication : Let the system of equations is :

a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 .............(i) a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 .............(ii)
x y 1
x y 1
b1 c1 a1 b1  
b1c 2  b2c1 c1a2  c 2a1 a1b2  a2b1
b2 c2 a2 b2
From the above expression, we can get values of x and y.
(ii) Graphical Method
Let the system of equation is 1x  a1x + b1x = c1 .............(i)
2x  a2x + b2x = c2 .............(ii)
a1 b1
(i) and (ii) are two intersecting straight lines, if a  b .
2 2

With the help of a graph paper, we draw both the lines on the graph.

c1  a1x x x1 x2 c 2  a2 x x x3 x4
y= b1 , Table 1 y1 y2 y= b2 Table 2 y3 y4
y y

l a1x + b1y = c1

(x1, y1)

(x4, y4)
(x5, y5)
X' X
(x3, y3)
(x2, y2) l a2x + b2y = c2

Y'

Point of intersection of 1 and 2 is P whose position is (x5, y5).

 x = x5, y = y5 is the solution of given simultaneous equations.
Points to Remember :
(i) Equation of x -axis is y = 0 and equation of y-axis is x = 0 .
(ii) x = k is a straight line parallel to y-axis and y = k is a straight line parallel to x-axis.
(ii) y = kx is a straight line passing through (0, 0).
 Page 40 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

Solved Problems
Ex.1 Aftab tells his daughter, "Seven years ago, I was seven times as old as you were then. Also, three years from now, I shall be three
times as old as you will be". (Isn't this interesting?) Represent this situation algebraically and graphically.
Sol. Let the present age of Aftab's daughter = x years.
and the present age of Aftab = y years (y > x)
According to the given conditions
Seven years ago, (y – 7) = 7 × (x – 7)
i.e., y – 7 = 7x – 49
i.e., 7x – y – 42 = 0 ...(i)
Three years later, (y + 3) = 3 × (x + 3)
i.e., y + 3 = 3x + 9
i.e., 3x – y + 6 = 0 ...(ii)
Thus, the algebraic relations are 7x – y – 42 = 0, 3x – y + 6 = 0.
Now, we represent the problem graphically as below :
7x – y – 42 = 0 ...(i)

Age of Aftab's daughter 11 12

=x
Age of Aftab = y = 7x – 35 42
42
3x – y + 6 = 0 ...(ii)
Age of Aftab's daughter 11 12
=x
Age of Aftab = y = 3x + 39 42
6

Y
45
44
43
42
(x=12, y=42)
41
40
Age of Aftab = y 

(x=11, y=39)
42 = 0

39
0

38
6=

37
7x + y
y+

36
3x –

35 (x=11, y=35)
34
33
32
31
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 X

Age of Daughter = x 

From the graph, we find that x = 12

and y = 42
Thus, the present age of Aftab's daugther = 12 years
and the present age of Aftab = 42 years
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES Page 41

Ex.2 Form the pair of linear equations in the following problems, and find their solutions graphically.
(i) 10 students of class X took part in a Mathematics quiz. If the number of girls is 4 more than the number of boys, find the
number of boys and girls who took part in the quiz.
(ii) 5 pencils and 7 pens together cost Rs. 50, whereas 7 pencils and 5 pens together cost Rs. 46. Find the cost of one pencil and
that of one pen.
Sol. (i) Let the number of boys be x and the number of girls be y.
According to the given conditions
x + y = 10 and y = x + 4
We get the required pair of linear equations as
x + y – 10 = 0, x – y + 4 = 0
Graphical Solution
x + y – 10 = 0 ...(i)

Y
(2,8) (4,8)
A (3,7)
=0
+4
x+
y
x–
y–
(2,6)
1
0=

(5,5)
0

X'
0 X

x 2 5
y = 10 – x 8 5
x– y+ 4 =0 ...(ii)

x 2 4
y= x + 4 6 8
From the graph, we have : x = 3, y = 7 common solution of the two linear equations.
Hence, the number of boys = 3 and the number of girls = 7. (Rest Try Yourself)

a1 b1 c
Ex.3 On comparing the ratios , and 1 , find out whether the lines representing the following pairs of linear equations
a2 b2 c2
intersect at a point, are parallel or coincident.
(i) 5x – 4y + 8 = 0; 7x + 6y – 9 = 0
(ii) 9x + 3y + 12 = 0; 18x + 6y + 24 = 0
(iii) 6x – 3y + 10 = 0; 2x – y + 9 = 0
Sol. (i) 5x – 4y + 8 = 0 ...(i)
7x + 6y – 9 = 0 ...(ii)
a1 5 b1 –4 2
= , = =–
a2 7 b2 6 3

a1 b1
 
a2 b2
 Lines represented by (i) and (ii)
intersect at a point. (Rest Try Yourself)
 Page 42 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

a1 b1 c
Ex.4 On comparing the ratios , and 1 , find out whether the following pairs of linear equations are consistent, or
a2 b2 c2
inconsistent.
(i) 3x + 2y = 5; 2x – 3y = 7 (ii) 2x – 3y = 8; 4x – 6y = 9
3 5
(iii) x + y = 7; 9x – 10y = 14 (iv) 5x – 3y = 11; – 10x + 6y = – 22
2 3
4
(v) x + 2y = 8; 2x + 3y = 12
3
Sol. (i) 3x + 2y – 5 = 0 ...(i)
2x – 3y – 7 = 0 ...(ii)
a1 3 b1 2 2 a1 b1
= ; = =–  a b
a2 2 b2 –3 3 2 2

 The equations have a unique solution.

Hence, consistent. (Rest Try Yourself)

Ex.5 Find atleast three solutions for each of the following linear equations in two variables:
(i) x + y + 4 = 0 (ii) 5x + 3y = 4
Sol. (i) x + y + 4 = 0
If x = 0, then 0 + y + 4 = 0 y = – 4 So, (0, –4) is a solution.
If x = 1, then 1 + y + 4 = 0  y = – 5 So, (1, –5) is a solution.
If x = –1, then –1 + y + 4 = 0  y = – 3 So, (–1, –3) is a solution.
x 0 1 1
We can display the above solutions is the form of a table given below : y  4  5  3
(ii) 5x + 3y = 4
If x = 2, then 5(2) + 3y = 4  3y = 4 – 10  3y = – 6  y = – 2So, (2, –2) is a solution.
If x = – 1, then 5(–1) + 3y = 4  y = 4 + 5  3y = 9  y = 3 So, ( –1, 3) is a solution.
If x = 5, then 5(5) + 3y = 4  3y = 4 – 25 = –21  y = – 7 So, (5, –7) is a solution.
x 1 2 5
We can display the above solutions in the form of a table given below : y 3 2 7

1 12 1 7 4
Ex.6 Solve :   and   2 where 2x + 3y  0 and 3x – 2y  0
2( 2x  3 y ) 7( 3 x  2 y ) 2 2x  3 y 3 x  2y

1 1
Sol. Let = u and = v, Then, the given system of equations becomes
2x  3 y 3 x  2y

1 12 1
u v  7u + 24v = 7 ...(i)
2 7 2
And 7u + 4v = 2 ...(ii)
1
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get : 20 v = 5  v =
4
1 1
Putting, v = in (i), we get : 7u + 6 = 7  u =
4 7
1 1 1
Now, u =  =  2x + 3y = 7 ...(iii)
7 2x  3 y 7
1 1 1
And, v=  = 3x - 2y = 4 ...(iv)
4 3 x  2y 4
Multiplying (iii) by 2 and (iv) by 3, we get : 4x + 6y = 14 ...(v),
9x – 6y = 12 ...(vi)
Adding (v) and (vi), we get : 13x = 26  x = 2
Puting x = 2 in (v), we get : 8 + 6y = 14  y = 1 Hence, x = 2, y = 1 is the solution of the given system.
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES Page 43

Ex.7 Solve : 101x + 99y = 499 and 99x + 101 y = 501,

Sol. The given system of equations is 101x + 99y = 499 ...(i),
99x + 101 y = 501 ...(ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get : 200x + 200 y = 1000
1000
 x+y= or x + y = 5 ...(iii)
200
Now, subtracting (ii) from (i), we get : 2x – 2y = –2
 x–y=– 1 ...(iv)
Adding (iii) and (iv), we get : 2x = 4  x = 2
Substituting x = 2 in (iii), we get : 2 + y = 5  y = 3
Hence, x = 2, y = 3 is the solution.

Ex.8 Solve : a(x + y) + b(x–y) = a2 – ab + b2 and a(x + y) – b(x–y) = a2 + ab + b2

Sol. The given equations may be written as : a(x + y) + b(x–y) – (a2 – ab + b2) = 0 ...(i)
2 2
a(x + y) – b(x–y) – (a + ab + b ) = 0 ...(ii)
Using cross-multiplication method, we get:
xy xy 1
= =
b 2
(a  ab  b ) 2 (a2  ab  b2 ) a a b

–b –-(a2+ab+b2) –-(a2+ab+b2) a a –b
xy 1 xy
  2 2 2
 b( a  ab  b )  b( a  ab  b )
= 2

[ a( b )  ab ]
and  a(a2  ab  b2 )  a(a2  ab  b2 )
 

1
=
[ a( b )  ab ]

xy xy 1  2a2b  2b3  2b( a2  b2 ) a2  b2

or 2 3
 2
  x+y= = 
 2a b  2b 2a b  2ab  2ab  2ab a

2a2b a2  b2
And, x–y= =–a Thus, x+y= and x–y=–a
 2ab a

a2  b2 b2 b2
Adding (iii) and (iv), we get : 2x = –a= or x =
a a 2a

a2  b2 ( b2  2a2 ) ( b2  2a2 )
Subtracting (iv) from (iii), we get : 2y = a = or y =
a a 2a

b2 b2  2a2
Hence, x = ,y =
2a 2a

Ex.9 For what value of k will the equations (k – 3) x + 3y = k, kx + ky = 12 represent coincident lines?
Sol. The given system of equations (k – 3)x + 3y – k = 0 and kx + ky – 12 = 0
It is of the form : a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
Where, a1 = k – 3, b1 = 3, c1 = –k and a2 = k, b2 = k, c2 = – 12
The given equatins will represent conincident lines, if they have infiniely many solutions.
a1 b1 c1 k 3 3 k k 3 3
The condition for which is a = b = c ie. = =  =
2 2 2 k k  12 k k
3 k
and =
k  12
 k2 – 3 k = 3k and k2 = 36  k2 – 6k = 0 and k2 = 36
 k(k – 6) = 0 and 36 k=  (k = 0 or k = 6) and (k = ±6) k = 6
Hence, the given equations represent coincident lines, when k = 6.
 Page 44 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

Ex.10 Which of the following pairs of linear equations are consistent/inconsistent? If consistent, obtain the solution graphically :
(i) x + y = 5, 2x + 2y = 10 (ii) x – y = 8, 3x – 3y = 16
(iii) 2x + y – 6 = 0, 4x – 2y – 4 = 0 (iv) 2x – 2y – 2 = 0, 4x – 4y – 5 = 0
Sol. (i) x+y=5 ...(i) Y
2x + 2y = 10 ...(ii) (1,4)

a1 1 b1 1 c1 –5 1
= , = , = =
a2 2 b2 2 c2 –10 2

a1 b1 c1 (3,2)
i.e., = =
a2 b2 c2

Hence, the pair of linear equations is consistent.

(i) and (ii) are same equations and hence the graph X'
0 X
is coincident straight line.
Y'

x 1 3
(Rest Try Yourself)
y= 5–x 4 2

Ex.11 Given the linear equation 2x + 3y – 8 = 0, write another linear equation in two variables such that the geometrical representation
of the pair so formed is :
(i) Intersecting lines (ii) Parallel lines (iii) Coincident lines
Sol. (i) 2x + 3y – 8 = 0 (Given equation)
3x + 2y + 4 = 0 (New equation)
a1 b1
Here, a  b
2 2

Hence, the graph of the two equations will be two intersecting lines. (Rest Try Yourself)

Ex.12 Draw the graphs of the equations x – y + 1 = 0 and 3x + 2y – 12 = 0. Determine the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle formed
by these lines and the x-axis, and shade the triangular region.
Sol. x– y+ 1 =0 ...(i)

x 1 3
y= x + 1 2 4
3x + 2y – 12 = 0 ...(ii)

Y
3x

=0
+2

1
y–

y+
12

x–
=0

A (2,3)

x 0 4

X' B C y=
12  3 x 6 0
0 (4,0) X 2
0)
1,
(–

Y'

The vertices of the triangle are

A (2, 3), B (–1, 0) and C (4, 0)
Ex.13 Solve the following pair of linear equations by the substitution method.
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES Page 45

s t
(i) x + y = 14, x – y = 4 (ii) s – t = 3, + =6
3 2
(iii) 3x – y = 3, 9x – 3y = 9 (iv) 0.2x + 0.3y = 1.3, 0.4x + 0.5y = 2.3
3x 5y x y 13
(v) 2x + 3y = 0, 3x – 8y = 0 (vi) – = –2 , + =
2 3 3 2 6
Sol. (i) x + y = 14 ...(i)
x–y=4 ...(ii)
From (ii) y = x – 4 ...(iii)
Substituting y from (iii) in (i), we get
x + x – 4 = 14  2x = 18  x = 9
Substituting x = 9 in (iii), we get
y = 9 – 4 = 5,
i.e, y=5
x = 9, y = 5
(ii) s–t=3 ...(i)
s t
+ =6 ...(ii)
3 2
From (i) s=t+3 ...(iii)
Substituting s from (iii) in (ii), we get
t3 t
 6  2(t + 3) + 3t = 36
3 2
 5t + 6 = 36 t=6  s = 9, t = 6 (Rest Try Yourself)

Ex.14 Solve the following pair of equations by the elimination method and the substitution method:
(i) x + y = 5 and 2x – 3y = 4 (ii) 3x + 4y = 10 and 2x – 2y = 2
x 2y y
(iii) 3x – 5y – 4 = 0 and 9x = 2y + 7 (iv) + = –1 and x – =3
2 3 3
Sol. (i) Solution By Elimination Method: Solution By Substitution Method :

x+y=5 ...(i) x+y=5 ...(i)

2x – 3y = 4 ...(ii) 2x – 3y = 4 ...(ii)

Multiplying (i) by 3 and (ii) by 1 and From (i), y = 5 – x ...(iii)

adding

we get 3(x + y) + 1 (2x – 3y) Substituting y from (iii) in (ii),

=3×5+1×4

 3x + 3y + 2x – 3y = 19 2x – 3(5 – x)  2x – 15 + 3x = 4
19 19
 5x = 19  x =  5x = 19  x =
5 5
19 19 6
From (i), substituting x = , Then from (iii), y = 5 – y=
5 5 5
we get
19 19 19 6
+y=5y=5– Hence, x = , y=
5 5 5 5
6 19 6
y= Hence, x = ,y= (Rest Try Yourself)
5 5 5
 Page 46 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

Ex.15 Which of the following pairs of linear equations has unique solution, no solution, or infinitely many solutions. In case there is

a unique solution, find it by using cross multiplication method.

(i) x – 3y – 3 = 0 (ii) 2x + y = 5 (iii) 3x – 5y = 20
(iv) x–3y–7=0 3x – 9y – 2 = 0 3x + 2y = 8

6x – 10y = 40 3x – 3y – 15 = 0
Sol. (i) x – 3y – 3 = 0, 3x – 9y – 2 = 0
a1 1 b1 –3 1 c1 3 a1 b1 c1
= , = = , =  a =b  c
a2 3 b2 –9 3 c2 2 2 2 2

Hence, no solution.
(ii) 2x + y = 5 ...(i) and 3x + 2y = 8 ...(ii)
a 1 b1  a 1 2 b1 1 
  a  3 , b  2 
a 2 b2 2 2
Here, we have a unique solution. By cross multiplication, we have

x y 1
= =
1 –5 –5 2 2 1
2 –8 –8 3 3 2
x y 1
 = =
{(1)(–8)–(2)(–5)} {(–5)(3)–(–8)(2)} {(2)(2)–(3)(1)}
x y 1
 = =
(–8+10) (–15+16) (4–3)
x y 1 x 1 y 1
 = =  = and =
2 2 1 2 1 1 1
 x = 2 and y = 1 (Rest Try Yourself)

Ex.16 (i) For which values of a and b does the following pair of linear equations have an infinite number of solutions?

2x + 3y = 7, (a – b) x + (a + b) y = 3 a + b – 2
(ii) For which value of k will the following pair of linear equations have no solution?

3x + y = 1, (2k – 1) x + (k –1) y = 2k + 1.
Sol. (i) 2x + 3y – 7 = 0 ...(i)

(a – b) x + (a + b) y – (3 a + b – 2) = 0 ...(ii)
For infinite number of solutions, we have
a-b a+b 3a+b -2
= =
2 3 7
For first and second, we have From second and third, we have
a-b a+b a+b 3a+b -2
= =
2 3 3 7
or 3a – 3b = 2a + 2b or 7a + 7b = 9a + 3b – 6
or a = 5b ...(i) or 4b = 2a – 6 or 2b = a – 3 ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), eliminating a,
2b = 5b – 3  b=1

Substituting b = 1 in (i), we get a = 5 (Rest Try Yourself)

Ex.17 Solve the following pairs of equations by reducing them to a pair of linear equations :
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES Page 47

1 1 1 1 13 2 3 4 9
(i) + =2 , + = (ii) + =2 , – =–1
2x 3y 3x 2y 6 x y x y

4 3 5 1 6 3
(iii) +3y =14, –4y =23 (iv) + =2 , – =1
x x (x –1) (y –2) (x –1) (y –2)

7x –2y 8x +7y
(v) =5, =15 (vi) 6x + 3y = 6xy, 2x + 4y = 5xy
xy xy

10 2 15 5
(vii) + = 4, – =–2
(x +y) (x – y) (x +y) (x – y)

1 1 3 1 1 –1
(viii) + = , – =
(3x +y) (3x – y) 4 2(3x +y) 2(3x – y) 8

1 1 1 1 13
Sol. (i) + =2 , + =
2x 3y 3x 2y 6

1 1
Putting =u and = v
x y

1 1 1 1 13
We get u+ v =2, u+ v =
2 3 3 2 6
Multiplying by 6 on both sides, we get

 3u + 2v = 12 ...(i)

2u + 3v = 13 ...(ii)

Multiplying (i) by 3 and (ii) by 2, then subtracting later from first, we get

3 (3u + 2v) – 2(2u + 3v) = 3 × 12 – 2 × 13

 9u – 4u = 36 – 26  u = 2

Then substituting u = 2 in (i), we get

6 + 2v = 12 v=3

Now,u = 2 and v = 3

1 1 1 1
 = 2 and = 3  x = and y =
x y 2 3

1 1
(ii) [Hint : Put =u& = v ],
x y
(iii) Try Yourself

1 1
(iv) [Hint : Put = u and = v to get :
x –1 y–2
5u + v = 2 and 6u – 3v = 1]
 Page 48 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

7x –2y 8x+7y
(v) [Hint : =5, =15
xy xy
7x 2y 8x 7y
 – =5, + =15
xy xy xy xy
7 2 8 7
 – =5, + =15
y x y x

1 1
Putting = u and = v, we get
x y
7v – 2u = 5, 8v + 7u = 15
(vi) [Hint : Divide both equation by xy
6x  3y 2x  4y
 6; 5
xy xy
Now, same as (v)]
1 1
(vii) [Hint : Put = u and = v to get :
xy xy
10 u + 2v = 4 and 15u – 5v = –2]

1 1
(viii) [Hint : Put = u and = v to get :
3x  y 3x  y

3 1 1 1
u+v= and u– v=– ]
4 2 2 8

Ex.18 A fraction is such that if the numerator is multiplied by 3 and the denominator is reduced by 3, we get 18/11, but if the numbertor
is increased by 8 and the denominator is doubled, we get 2/5.
Find the fraction.
x
Sol. Let the fraction be y
3x 18 x8 2
Then, according to the given conditiosn, we have : y  3  11 and 2 y  5
or 11x = 6y – 18 and 5x + 40 = 4y or 11x – 6y = –18 .... (i)
or 5x – 4y = –40 ..... (ii)
Multiplying equation (i) by 2 and (ii) by 3, we get : 22x – 12y = –36 ..... (iii),
15x – 12y = –120 ..... (iv)
Subtracting (iv) from (iii), we get : 7x = 84 x = 12 Substituting x = 12 in (i),
we get : 11(12) – 6y = –18
12
 132 – 6y = –18  – 6y = –150  y = 25 Hence the fraciton is .
25
Ex.19 The sum of a two-digit number and the number obtained by reversing the order of its digits is 121, and two-digits differ by 3. Find
the number.
Sol. Let the number be 10y + x.
Unit’s digit = x, ten’s digit = y. The number obtained by reversing the order of the digits is 10x + y.
According to the given conditions, we have : (10y + x) + (10 x + y) = 121 11 (x+y) = 121 x + y = 11 ...(i)
and, x – y = ±3 [Difference of digits is 3]
Thus, we have the following collection of simultaneous equations :
x  y  11 ...(i) or x  y  11 ...(iii)
and x  y  3  ...(ii) x  y  3  ...(iv )
On solving (i) and (ii), we get : x = 7, y = 4 On solving (iii) and (iv), we get : x = 4, y = 7
When x = 7, y = 4 We have : Number = 10y + x = 10 × 4 + 7 = 47
When x = 4, y = 7 We have : Number = 10y + x = 10 × 7 + 4 = 74
Hence, the number is either 47 or 74.
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES Page 49

Ex.20 A and B are friends and their ages differ by 2 years. A’s father D is twice as old as A and B is twice as old as his sister C. The ages
of D and C differ by40 years. Find the ages of A and B.
Sol. Let the ages of A and B be x years and y years respectively. Then,
Also, according to the quesiton : x – y = ±2 [given]
y
D’s age =2x years and C’s age = years.
2
y
Clearly, D is older than C.  2x – = 40 4x – y = 80
2
Thus, we have the following two systems of linear equations :
x  y  2 ...(i) and x  y  2  ...(iii)
4x  y  80 ...(ii) 4x  y  80  ...(iv)
Substracting (i) from (ii), we get : 3x = 78 x = 26
82 1 1
Putting x = 26 in (i), we get : y = 24 and Substracting (iv) from (iii), we get –3x = –82 x = = 27 and y = 29 .
3 3 3
 Age of A is 26 years and B is 24 years.
Ex.21 Points A and B are 90 km apart from each other on a highway. A car starts from A and another from B at the same time. If they go
9
in the same direction they meet in 9 hours and if they go in opposite direction they meet in . Find their speeds.
7
Sol. Let X and Y be two cars starting from points A and B respectively
Let the speed of car X be x km/hr and that of car Y be y km/hr
Case 1 :
When two cars move in the same directions : 90 km
Then, distance travelled by car X = AQ,
A B Q
and, distance travelled by car Y = BQ. x y
It is given that the two cars meet in 9 hours.
 Distance travelled by car X in 9 hours = 9x km [Distance = speed × time]
 AQ = 9x
Distance travelled by car Y in 9 hours = 9y km [For Y, speed = y km/hr, time = 9 hours]  BQ = 9y
Clearly, AQ – BQ = AB  9x – 9y = 90 [AB = 90 km]  x – y = 10 …...(i)
Case II : 90 km
When two cars move in opposite directions : A B
Suppose two cars meet at point P. P
x y
Then, distance travelled by X = AP, and, distance travelled by car Y = BP.
9 9 9 9
In this case, two cars meet in hours.  Distance travelled by car X in hours = x km  AP = x
7 7 7 7
9 9 9
Distance travelled by car Y in hours = y km  BP = y
7 7 7
9 9 9
Clearly, AP + BP = AB  x + y = 90  (x + y) = 90  x + y = 70 ……(ii)
7 7 7
Solving (i) and (ii), we get : x = 40 and y = 30.
Hence, speed of car X is 40 km/hr and speed of car Y is 30 km/hr.
Ex.22 The ratio of incomes of two persons is 9 : 7 and the ratio of their expenditures is 4 : 3. If each of them saves Rs 200 per month, find
their monthly incomes.
Sol. Let the income of first person be Rs 9x and the income of second person be Rs 7x. Further; let the expenditures of first and second
person be 4y and 3y respectively. Then,
Saving of first person = 9x – 4y, and Saving of second person = 7x – 3y
According to the questions :
9x – 4y = 200 ..…(i) and 7x – 3y = 200 ...…(ii)
Multiplying (i) by 3 and (ii) by 4, we get : 27x – 12y = 600 ……(iii) 28x – 12y = 800 ……(iv)
Subtracting (iii) from (iv), we get : x = 200
Substituting x = 200 in (i), we get : 9(200) – 4y = 200  –4y = 200 – 1800  –4y = –1600  y = 400
Thus, monthly income of first person = Rs. 9x = Rs 9 × 200 = Rs 1800
and monthly income of second person = Rs 7x = Rs(7 × 200) = Rs 1400.
 Page 50 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

EXERCISE - I UNSOLVED PROBLEMS

a1 b1 c1
Q.1 On comparing the ratios , and c , find out whether Q.15 Solve for x and y :
a2 b2 2
7x -2y 8x+7y
the following points of linear equations are consistent or =5, =15 .
inconsistent. xy xy
Q.16 7 audio cassettes and 3 video cassettes cost Rs.1110, while
(i) 3x + 2y = 5, 2x – 3y = 7 5 audio cassettes and 4 video cassettes cost Rs. 1350. Find
(ii) 2x – 3y = 8, 4x – 6y = 9 the cost of an audio cassette and a video cassette.
Q.2 For what value of k, the system of equations Q.17 The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 12. The
x + 2y = 5, 3x + ky + 15 = 0 has number obtained by interchanging its digits exceeds the
(i) a unique solution (ii) No solution? given number by 18. Find the number.
Q.3 Find the value of k for which the system of equations 4x + Q.18 If we add 1 to the numerator and subtract
5y = 0, kx + 10y = 0 has infinitely many solutions. 1 from the denominator, a fraction reduces to 1. It becomes
Q.4 Find the value of a and b for which the given system of 1
if we only add 1 to the denominator. What is the fraction?
equations has an infinite number of solutions : 2
2x + 3y = 7 ; (a + b + 1) x + (a + 2b + 2) Q.19 Two years ago, a father was five times as old as his son.
y = 4 (a + b) + 1 Two years later, his age will be 8 more than three times the
age of the son. Find the present ages of father and son.
Q.5 Which of the following pairs of linear equations are
consistent/inconsistent? If consistent, obtain the solution Q.20 The larger of two supplementary angles exceeds the smaller
by 18 degrees. Find them.
graphically.
Q.21 A man travels 370 km partly by train and partly by car. If he
(i) x + 2y – 3 = 0, 4x + 3y = 2
covers 250 km by train and the rest by car it takes him 4
(ii) 3x + y = 1, 2y = 2 – 6x hours. But, if he travels 130 km by train and the rest by car,
(iii) 2x – y = 2, 2y – 4x = 2 he takes 18 minutes, longer. Find the speed of the train and
Q.6 Solve for x and y : that of the car.
4x + 3y = 24, 3y – 2x = 6. Q.22 8 men and 12 boys can finish a piece of work in 10 days while
Q.7 Solve the following pair of linear equations by the 6 men and 8 boys can finish it in 14 days. Find the time taken
by one men alone and that by one boy alone to finish the
substitution method.
work.
2x+ 3y =0 and 3x– 8y =0 Q.23 State whether the system of linear equations 2x – 3y + 5 =
0 and 4x – 6y + 10 = 0 is consistent, inconsistent or
Q.8 Solve the following pair of linear equations by elimination
dependent.
method : 3x + 4y = 10 and
Q.24 "Three years ago father was four times the age of his son."
2x – 2y = 2.
If x and y represent the present ages of father and son in
Q.9 Solve : ax + by = c, bx + ay = 1 + c years respectively. Find the relation between x and y.
Q.10 Solve by cross-multiplicaiton method : Q.25 Find the value of k, so that the following system of equations
x + 2y + 1 = 0 and 2x – 3y – 12 = 0 has no solution.
Q.11 Solve by cross-multiplication method : 3x – y – 5 = 0; 6x – 2y – k = 0
(a – b) x + (a + b) y = 2 (a 2 – b 2 ), Q.26 Is x = 2, y = 3 a solution of the linear equation 2x + 3y – 13
(a + b) x – (a – b) y = 4ab. = 0.
Q.12 Solve for x and y : Q.27 Express y in terms of x, for the equation
47x + 31y = 63, 31x + 47y = 15. –3x + 5y – 11 = 0. Find the point where the line represented
by the given equation cuts the y-axis.
3a 2b Q.28 Express x in terms of y, for the equation
Q.13 Solve for x and y : – + 5 = 0 and
x y 4x – y + 7 = 0. Find the point where the line
4x – y + 7 = 0 cuts x–axis.
a 3b Q.29 Draw the graph of the equation y = 4x. Find whether x = 0,
+ – 2 = 0 (x  0, y  0)
x y y = 3 is a solution of the equation.
Q.30 Show that x = 2, y = 3 is a solution of the linear pair, x + 3y =
57 6 38 21 11 and 5x – 2y – 4 = 0.
Q.14 Solve + = 5 and + = 9.
x+ y x – y x+y x – y
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES Page 51

Q.31 Solve the following linear pair by equating the coefficients x + y = 2ab
:
Q.48 Solve the following system of linear equations : ax + by = a – b,
x y x y bx – ay = a + b.
  1  15;   15
10 5 8 6
Q.49 Solve for x and y : 47x + 31y = 63,
Q.32 Solve for x and y : 0.04x + 0.02y = 5; 31x + 47y = 15
0.5 (x – 2) – 0.4y = 29.
x ax by
Q.33 If 2x + y = 35 and 3x + 4y = 65, find the value of y . Q.50 Solve for x and y :  = a + b;
b a
8 6 ax – by = 2ab
Q.34 Solve the linear pair : 3x – = 5, x + = 6, y  0
y y
Q.51 Half the perimeter of a rectangular garden, whose length is
Q.35 Find algebraically whether the following pair of equations
has infintely many solutions: 4m more than its width, is 36m. Find the dimensions of the
3x – 5y = 20, 6x – 10y = 40. garden
Q.36 Find algebraically whehter the pair of equations x – 2y = 0,
9
5x – 10y = 10 is consistent or inconsistent. Q.52 A fraction becomes , if 2 is added to both the numerator
11
Q.37 Find whether the pair of equations
and the denominator.
9 15 If, 3 is added to both the numerator and the denominator it
–3x + 4y = 5, x – 6y + = 0 has a unique solution, no
2 2
solution or infinite solutions. 5
becomes . Find the fraction.
Q.38 Find the value of k, for which the following pair of equations 6
has no solution : Q.53 Ritu can row downstream 20 km. in 2 hours and upstream 4
kx – 5y = 2, 6x + 2y = 7. km. in 2 hours. Find her speed of rowing in still water and
Q.39 Obtain the condition that the pair of linear equations ax + the speed of the current.
by = c, lx + my = n has a unique solution.
2
b2 x a y
Q.40 Find the value of k, for which the pair of equations 3x + 5y Q.54 Solve the system of equations for x and y :  =
a b
= 0, kx + 10y = 0, has a non-zero solution.
ab(a + b) and b2x – a2y = 2a2b2
Q.41 For what value of k, the following pair of linear equations
has infinite number of solutons : Q.55 Draw the graph of the equation 2x + y = 7. From the graph,
find
2x + 3y = 2, (k + 2)x + (2k + 1)y = 2(k – 1)
(i) whether point (3, 4) lies on the graph
Q.42 Find the value of k, so that the pair of linear equations will
have infinite number of solutions : (ii) is x = 3, y = 1 a solution of the equation

x + (2k – 1)y = 4, kx + 6y = k + 6 (iii) the value of x, when y = 1

Q.43 10 students of class X took part in Mathematics quiz. If the (iv) the point where equation meet y-axis.
number of girls is 4 more than the number of boys, find the Q.56 The path of train A is given by 3x – 4y = 1 and the path of
number of boys and girls who took part in the quiz. another train B is given by the equation 8y – 6x = 4. Represent
Q.44 The larger of two supplementary angles exceeds the smaller this situation graphically.
by 18 degrees. Find them.
Q.57 Show graphically, the linear pair 2x + 4y = 10; 3x + 6y = 12
Q.45 Yash scored 40 marks in a test, getting 3 marks for each
has no solution.
right answer and losing 1 mark for each wrong answer. Had
4 marks been awarded for each correct answer and 2 marks Q.58 Solve the pair of equations 3x + y = 2;
have been deducted for each incorrect answer, then Yash
6x + 2y = 4, graphically.
would have scored 50 marks. How many question were
there in the test ? Q.59 Determine graphically, whether the linear pair x – 2y = 2; 4x
Q.46 Solve for x and y, 152x – 378y = –74; – 2y = 5 is consistent or inconsistent.
–378x + 152y = –604.
Q.60 Solve for x and y, the pair of equations :
b a
Q.47 Solve for x and y : x + y = a 2 + b 2 and
a b
 Page 52 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

Q.72 The age of a man is three times the sum of the ages of his
2 2 1 3 2 two children and five years hence, his age will be double
  ;  = 0.
x 3y 6 x y
the sum of their ages. Find his present age.

Q.73 90% and 97% pure acid solutions are mixed to obtain 21
Hence, find the value of a for which y = ax – 4.
litres of 95% pure solution. How many litres of each solution
Q.61 Solve the pair of equations : 3(a + 3b) = 11ab, 3(2a + b) = are needed?
7ab Q.74 A man has Rs. 50 in 50p. and 25p. coins. All the 50 p. coins
are worth as much as all the 25 p. coins. How many coins of
Q.62 Solve the pair of equations : x + y = 5xy,
each he has?
3x + 2y = 13xy; x  0, y  0
Q.75 A person sells two articles together for Rs. 46, making a
Q.63 Solve the following pair equations : profit of 10% on one and 20% on the other. If he had sold
each article at 15% profit, the result would have been the
1 5 3 5 3 61 same. At what price did he buy each article?
  ,  
2( x  2y ) 3(3 x  2y ) 2 4( x  2y ) 5(3 x  2y ) 60
Q.76 One alloy of iron is 49% iron and another 28% iron. How
many tonne of each should be used to make 120 tonne of
xy 6 xy 42% iron alloy ?
Q.64 Solve for x and y :  ,  6, where x+
xy 5 yx
Q.77 In a ABC, C = 3A and B =
y  0, y – x  0 2 (A + C). Find the angles.

Q.78 In a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD,

Q.65 Solve for x and y, using method of cross multiplication, x +
y = a + b, ax – by = a2 – b2. A = (2x + 4)º , B = (y + 3)º, C = (2y + 10)º and D = (4x
– 5)º, find the four angles.
Q.66 Solve the following pair of equations for x and y : ax + 2by
Q.79 Solve the following system of linear equations graphically
= 3ab, 3ax + by = 4ab. :

Q.67 Solve the following pair of equations by corss multiplication 4x – 5y – 20 – = 0, 3x + 5y – 15 = 0

x y x y Determine the vertices of the triangle formed by the lines,

method :   a  b, 2  2  2
a b a b representing the above equations, and the y-axis.

Q.80 The population of a town is 50,000. If in a year the number

Q.68 Solve for x and y : (a – b)x + (a + b)y =
of males were to increase by 5% and that of females by 3%
a2 – 2ab – b2, (a + b) (x + y) = a2 + b2.
annually, the population would grow to 52,020. Find the
number of males and females in the town at present.
4
Q.69 A fraction becomes if 1 is added to both the numerator
5 Q.81 Gloria is walking along the path joining (–2, 3) and (2, –2)
and the denominator. However, if 5 is subtracted from both while Suresh is walking along the path joining (0, 5) and
the numerator and the denominator the fraction becomes
(4, 0). Represent the situation graphically.
1
. Find the fraction. Q.82 The taxi charges in a city consists of a fixed charge together
2
with the charge for the distance covered. For a distance of
Q.70 Five years hence the age of Jacob will be three times his
10 km, the charge paid is Rs. 105 and for a journey of 15 km,
son's age and five years ago, Jacob's age was seven times
the charge paid is Rs. 155. What are the fixed charges and
as old as his son. Find their present ages.
the charge per kilometer? How much does a person have to
Q.71 Four times B's age exceeds A's age by 20 years, and one-
pay for travelling a distance of 25 km ?
third of A's age is less than B's age by two years. Find their
ages.
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES Page 53

Q.83 Draw the graphs of the equation 16. audio cassette = Rs. 30, video cassette = Rs. 300
5x – y = 5 and 3x – y = 3. Determine the coordinates of the 17. 57 18. 3/5
vertices of the traingle formed by these lines and the y-
19. Father’s age = 42yrs, Son’s = 10 yrs
axis.
Q.84 Two years ago, a father was five times as old as his son. 20. 99º, 81º
Two years later, his age will be 8 more than three times the 21. Train = 100 km/h, Car = 80 km/h
age of the son. Find the present ages of father and son.
22. Man = 140 days, Boy = 280 days
23. Consistent 24. x – 4y + 9 = 0
25. k  10 26. yes

3x  11
27. y = , (0, 11/5)
5

y7
28. x = , (–7/4, 0) 29. no
4

31. 80, 30 32. 100, 50 33. x = 15, y = 5, 3

34. 3, 2 35. yes 36. Inconsistent
37. Infinite 38. –15 39. am  b
40. 6 41. 4 42. 2
43. 3, 7 44. 99º, 81º
45. 20
46. 2, 1 47. ab, ab 48. 1, –1
49. 2, –1 50. b, –a 51. 20m, 16m
2 2
52. 7/9 53. 6, 4 54. a , –b
55. (i) not (ii) yes (iii) 3 (iv) (0,7)
58. infinite 59. consistent
ANSWER KEY 60. x = 6, y = –4, a = 0 61. 1, 3/2

1. (i) Consistent (ii) inconsistent 62. 1/2, 1/3 63. 1/2, 5/4

2. (i) k  6, (ii) k = 6 3. k = 8 64. 2, 3 65. a, b 66. b, a

4. a = 3, b = 2
2 2 2ab
67. a , b 68. a + b,
5. (i) consistent x = –1, y = 2 ab
(ii) dependent (infinite) 69. 7/9 70. 40, 10 71. 36, 14
(iii) inconsistent (no solution) 72. 45 73. 6,15 74. 50, 100

6. x = 3, y = 4 7. x = 0, y = 0 75. 20, 20 76. 80, 40 77. 15, 120, 45

8. x = 2, y = 1 78. 70, 53, 110, 127 79. (5,0) (0,3), (0,–4)

80. 26000, 24000
ac -bc –b ac-bc+a
9. x = ,y= 81. Gloria & Suresh walk parallel to each other
a2 -b2 a2 -b2
82. Fixed charge = Rs. 5, charge per km. = Rs.10,
10. x = 3, y = –2 11. x = a + b, y = a – b 12. x = 2 ; y =  Rs. 255
–1 13. x = – a ; y = b
83. (1, 0), (0, –3), (0, – 5)
14. x = 11, y = 8 15. x = 1, y = 1
84. Father’s age = 42yrs, Son’s = 10 yrs
 Page 54 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

EXERCISE - II OLYMPIAD PROBLEMS

Q.1 Find the value of k for which the following system Q.11 If (x – 2) is a factor of x3 + ax2 + bx + 18 and a – b =
of linear equations has infinite number of solutions 7, find a and b.
x + (k + 1)y = 5; [AI-2004C]
(k + 1)x + 9y = 8k – 1 [AI-2003] Q.12 Solve the following system of linear equations: ax + by
Q.2 Find the value of k so that the system of linear equations = a – b, bx – ay = a + b.
will have infinite number of solutions : [Delhi-2005]
x + (k + 2)y = 4 ; (2k – 1)x + 25y = 6k + 2 x y
[Foreign-2003] Q.13 Solve for x and y :   2 , ax – by = a2 – b2
a b
Q.3 Solve the following system of linear equations : OR
2(ax – by) + (a + 4b) = 0, 2(bx + ay) + A two digit number is four times the sum of its digits and
(b – 4a) = 0. twice the product of the digits. Find the number.
OR [AI-2005]
Two years ago, a father was five times as old as his son. x y
Two years later, his age will be 8 more than three times Q.14 Solve for x and y : – = a – b, ax + by = a3 + b3.
a b
the age of the son. Find the present ages of father and OR
son. [Delhi-2004] A number consisting of two digits, is equal to 7 times the
Q.4 Solve the following system of linear equations : 6(ax + by) = sum of its digits. When 27 is subtracted from the number,
3a + 2b ; 6(bx – ay) = 3b – 2a. the digits interchange places. Find the number.
OR [Foreign-2005]
The sum of the digits of a two digit number is 15. The
2a 3 b 3a b
number obtained by interchanging the digits exceeds the Q.15 Solve for x and y :  1  0; – –4 0
given number by 9. Find the number x y x y
[AI-2004]
[Delhi-2005C]
Q.5 Solve the following system of linear equations : 3(bx + ay) =
a – 6b, 3(ax – by) = – (6a + b). 3a 2 b a 3b
OR Q.16 Solve for x and y : –  5  0;  –2  0
x y x y
If 1 is added to each of numerator and denominator of [AI-2005C]
a fraction, it becomes Q.17 Solve for x and y : 47x + 31y = 63,
2/3. However, if 1 is subtracted from each of numerator 31x + 47y = 15
and denominator it becomes 3/5. Find the fraction. OR
[Foreign-2004] ax by
4 3 Solve for x and y : –  a  b;ax  by  2ab
Q.6 Solve for x and y :  3 y  14, – 4 y  23 b a
x x [Delhi-2006]
OR Q.18 Solve the system of equations :
b a bx ay
Solve for x and y : x  y  a2 + b2, –
a b +a + b = 0 and bx – ay + 2ab = 0
a b
x + y = 2ab. [Delhi-2004C] OR
Q.7 x3
If (x – 4) is a factor of + ax2 + 2bx – 24 and a – b = 8, The sum of the digits of a two digit number is 12. The
find the values of a and b. number obtained by interchanging the two digits exceeds
[Delhi-2004C] the given number by 18. Find the number
Q.8 If (x + 3) is a factor of x3 + ax2 – bx + 6 and a + b = 7, [AI-2006]
Q.19 Solve the system of equations for x :
find the values of a and b
[Delhi-2004C] b2 x a 2 y
  ab (a  b) and b2x – a2y = 2a2b2
Q.9 If (x + 2) is a factor of x3 + ax2 + 4bx + 12 and a + b = – a b
4, find the values of a and b. OR
[Delhi-2004C] A man sold a table and a chair together for Rs. 850 at a
Q.10 Solve for x and y : loss of 10% on the table and a gain of 10% on the chair.
2 3 5 4 By selling them together for Rs. 950, he would have made
  13, –  –2, x, y  0
x y x y a gain of 10% on the table and loss of 10% on the chair.
OR Find the cost price of each.
Solve for x and y : ax + by – a + b = 0, bx – ay – a – [ Foreign-2006]
b=0 [AI-2004C] Q.20 Solve the following equations for x and y : mx – ny = m2
+ n2, x + y = 2m
OR
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES Page 55

Abdul travelled 300 km by train and 200 km by taxi, it took 3 5 7

him 5 hours 30 minutes. But if he travels 260 km by train and = 21 ; x– y
2 3 2
240 km by taxi he takes 6 minutes longer. Find the speed [Foreign-2009]
of the train and that of the taxi [Delhi-2006C]
Q.30 Without drawing the graph find out whether the lines
Q.21 Solve the following equations for x and y : representing the following pair of linear equations
a 2 b2 a 2 b b2 a intersect at a point, are parallel or coincident :
 0;   a  b x, y  0. 9 7 9
x y x y 18x – 7y = 24 ; x – y
5 10 10
OR [Foreign-2009]
The sum of the numerator and the denominator of a Q.31 Without drawing the graph, find out whether the lines
fraction is 12. If the denominator is increased by 3, the representing the following pair of linear equations
intersect at a point, are parallel or coincident : 5x + 3y –
1
fraction becomes . Find the fraction. 9
2 x  3y  6
6 = 0;
[AI-2006C] 5
[Foreign-2009]
6 8
Q.22 Solve for x and y : x   6, 3 x   5
y y
OR
Solve for x and y :
x 1 y –1 x 1 y 1
ANSWER KEY
  8;  9
2 3 3 2 1. k = 2 2. k = 3
[Delhi-2007] 3. x = – 1/2, y = 2 or 42yrs, 10yrs
Q.23 Solve for x and y : 8x – 9y = 6xy ; 4. x = 1/2, y = 1/3 or 78
10x + 6y = 19xy 5. x = –2, y = 1/3 or 7/11
OR 6. x = 1/5, y = – 2 or x = ab, y = ab
7. a = 1, b = – 7
y 8 x 3y 5 8. a = 0, b = 7
Solve for x and y : 4 x   ;  –
3 3 2 4 2 9. a = – 3, b = – 1
[AI-2007]
10. x = 1/2, y = 1/3 or x = 1, y = – 1
Q.24 Find the value of k so that the following system of 11. a = – 2, b = – 9
equations has no solution :
12. x = 1, y = – 1
3x – y = 5 ; 6x – 2y – k = 0 13. x = a, y = b or 36
[Delhi-2008]
14. x = a2, y = b2 or 63
Q.25 Find the value of k so that the following system of 15. x = a, y = – b
equations has infinite solutions:
16. x = – a, y = b
3x – y – 5 = 0; 6x – 2y + k = 0
17. x = 2, y = – 1 or x = b, y = – a
[Delhi-2008]
18. x = – a, y = b or 57
Q.26 Find the value(s) of k for which the pair of linear equations
19. x = a2, y = – b2 or cost of table = Rs. 700, cost of chair = Rs. 200
kx + 3y = k – 2 and 12x + ky = k has no solution
[Delhi-2009] 20. x = m + n, y = m – n or speed of train = 100 km h. Speed of taxi =
80 km/h
Q.27 Find the number of solutions of the following pair of linear
equations : 5
21. x = a2, y = b2 or
7
x + 2y – 8 = 0 ; 2x + 4y = 16
[AI-2009] 14 10
22. x = – , y= or x = 7, y = 13
Q.28 Write whether the following pair of linear equations is 5 13
consistent or not : 23. x = 3/2, y = 2/3 or x = 1, y = – 4
x + y = 14 ; x – y = 4 [Foreign-2009] 24. k  10 25. k = – 10 26. k = ± 6
Q.29 Without drawing the graph find out whether the lines 27. Infinite number of solutions 28. Consistent
representing the following pair of linear equations 29. Coincident lines
intersect at a point, are parallel or coincident : 9x – 10y 30. Parallel 31. Unique solution.
 Page 56 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

EXERCISE - III NTSE / STSE PROBLEMS

Q.1 The line x + 1 = 0 is Q.9 If a pair of linear equation
(A) parallel to y-axis a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 represents coincident
(B) parallel to x-axis lines, then :
(C) passing through the origin
a1 b1 a1 b1 c 1
(D) none of these (A)  (B)  
a 2 b2 a2 b2 c 2
Q.2 The line y – 2 = 0 is
(A) parallel to x-axis a1 b1 c 1
(C)   (D) none of these
(B) parallel to y-axis a2 b2 c 2
(C) passing through the origin Q.10 For what value of k, the following system of equations 3x +
(D) none of these 5y = 0, kx + 10y = 0 has a non-zero solution?
Q.3 A pair of linear equations in two variables which has a (A) k = 3 (B) k = 4
common point i.e., which has only one solution is called is (C) k = –4 (D) k = 6
: Q.11 The solution of the system of equations
(A) consistent pair (B) inconsistent pair (C)
2x + 3y + 5 = 0 and 3x – 2y – 12 = 0 is
dependent pair (D) none of these
(A) x = –3, y = 2 (B) x = 2, y = –3
Q.4 A system of simultaneous linear equations is said to be
inconsistent, if it has : (C) x = 3, y = –2 (D) x = –2, y = 3
(A) one solution (B) two solutions Q.12 The coordinates of the points where the lines
(C) three solutions (D) no solutions 3x – y = 5, 6x – y = 10 meet the y-axis
Q.5 Which of the following system of equations is consistent (A) (0, –5), (0, –10) (B) (–5, 0), (–10, 0)
? (C) (–5, 0), (0, –10) (D) (0, –5), (0, –10)
(A) 3x – y = 1, 6x – 2y = 5 Q.13 The coordinates of the point where the line 2(x – 3) = y
(B) 4x + 6y – 7 = 0, 12x + 18y – 21 = 0 – 8 meet the x-axis
(C) 4x + 7y = 3, 8x + 14y = 7 (A) (3, 0) (B) (2, 0)
(D) none of these
(C) (–1, 0) (D) none
Q.6 For what value of k, the system of equations kx – y = 2, 6x
Q.14 Which of the following system of equations has no solution
– 2y = 3 has infinitely many solutions ?
?
(A) k = 3 (B) k  4
(A) 3x – y = 2, 9x – 3y = 6
(C) k=6 (D) does not exist
(B) 4x – 7y + 28 = 0, 5y – 7x + 9 = 0
Q.7 In the equations a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and
(C) 3x – 5y – 11 = 0, 6x – 10y – 7 = 0
a b
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0, if 1  1 , then the equation will (D) None
a 2 b2
represent : Q.15 Which of the following system of equations has unique
(A) coincident lines solution ?
(B) parallel lines (A) 3x + y = 2, 6x + 2y = 3
(C) intersecting lines (B) 2x – 5y = 3, 6x – 15y = 9
(D) none of these (C) x – 2y = 3, 3x – 2y = 1
Q.8 If a pair of linear equations (D) None
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 represent parallel
Q.16 Which of the following system of equations has infinitely
lines, then :
many solutions ?
a1 b1 a1 b1 c 1 (A) 5x – 4y = 20, 7.5x – 6y = 30
(A)  (B)  
a 2 b2 a2 b2 c 2 (B) 2x – 3y = 5, 3x – 4.5y = 7.5
(C) x + 5y – 3 = 0, 3x + 15y – 9 = 0
a1 b1 c 1
(C)   (D) none of these (D) All the above
a2 b2 c 2
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES Page 57

Q.17 The solution of the system of equations 0, 3x + 4y = 0 has nonzero solution ?

2x – 3y + 4xy = 0 and 6x + 5y – 2xy = 0 is 8
(A) p = –6 (B) p =
3
(A) x = 0, y = 0 (B) x = 1, y = –2
(C) both (D) none 2
(C) p= (D) None
3
2x  5 y
Q.18 The solution of the system of equations = 6 and Q.25 The sum of the digits of a two digit number is 8. If the digits
xy
are reversed, the number is decreased by 54. Find the number
4 x  5y (A) 62 (B) 80
+ 3 = 0 (where x  0, y  0) is
xy (C) 71 (D) 53
(A) x = 1, y = 2 (B) x = 0, y = 0 Q.26 The LCM of two numbers is 630 and their HCF is 9. If the sum
(C) x = –1, y = 2 (D) x = 1, y = –2 of the numbers is 153, their difference is

Q.19 If A : Homogeneous system of linear equations is always (A) 63 (B) 27

consistent. R : x = 0, y = 0 is always a solution of the (C) 81 (D) 18
homogeneous system of equations with unknowns x and Q.27 The product of two numbers is 12960 and their HCF is 36.
y, then which of the following statement is true ? How many pairs of such numbers can be formed ?
(A) A is true and R is the correct (A) 2 (B) 3
explanation of A
(C) 4 (D) 5
(B) A is false and R is not the correct
Q.28 The system of equations 4x + 5y + 5 = 0 and 2x + 3y +
explanation of A
7 = 0 has :
(C) A is true and R is false
(A) no solution
(D) A is false and R is true
(B) exactly one solution
Q.20 For what value of k, the system of equations
(C) infinitely many solutions
x + 2y = 3, 5x + ky + 7 = 0 has unique solution?
(D) none of these
(A) k = 10
x y
(B) All real values except 10 Q.29 If  , bx + ay = a2 + b2, then the values of x and y
b a
(C) All natural numbers except 10 are :

(D) Does not exist (A) a and b (B) a and –b

Q.21 The solution of the system of equations by (C) b and –a (D) b and a
Q.30 For what value of k will the equations x + 2y + 7
x  y  8 x  2y  14 3 x  y  12
  is = 0, 2x + ky + 14 = 0 represent coincident lines ?
2 3 11
(A) 4 (B) –4
(A) x = 2, y = 8 (B) x = 4, y = 4
(C) x = 2, y = 6 (D) x = 4, y = 6 4 3
(C) (D)
3 4
Q.22 For what value of p will the system of equations
3x + y = 1, (2p – 1)x + (p – 1)y = (2p + 1) has no solution ? Q.31 Find the value of k for which the system of equations 2x – 3y =
7 and (k + 2)x – (2k + 1)
(A) p = 2 (B) p  2
y = 3(2k – 1) have infinitely many solutions.
(C) p = –2 (D) p  –2
(A) 2 (B) –2
Q.23 The solution of the system of equations 2x  5y = 0 (C) 3 (D) 4
and 3 x  7 y = 0 is Q.32 If am  bl, then the system of equations
ax + by = c, lx + my = n
(A) x = 3 , y = 5 (B) x = 2 , y = 7 (A) has a unique solution
(B) has no solution
(C) x = 1, y = 2 (D) x = 0, y = 0
(C) has infinitely many solutions
Q.24 For what value of p does the system of equations 2x – py =
 Page 58 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

(D) may or may not have a solution (C) 332 m (D) 88 m

Q.33 For what value of k, will the following system of linear Q.42 Two numbers are such that thier difference, their sumand their
equations have no solutions ? product are to one another as
3x + y = 1, (2k – 1)x + (k – 1)y = 2k + 2 1 : 7 : 24. The product of two numbers is ______.
(A) k = 1 (B) k = 2 (A) 12 (B) 24
(C) k = –1 (D) k = –2 (C) 48 (D) 96
Q.34 Determine the values of a and b for which the following
Q.43 For the equations 5x – 6y = 2 and 10x = 12y + 7
system of linear equations have infinite solutions :
(A) there is no solution
2x – (a – 4)y = 2b + 1, 4x – (a – 1)y = 5b – 1
(A) a = 3, b = 7 (B) a = 7, b = 3 (B) there exists unique solution

(C) a = 10, b = 7 (D) a = 4, b = 7 (C) there are two solutions

Q.35 The sum of salaries of A and B are Rs. 2100. A spends 80% (D) there are infinite number of solutions.
of his salary and B spends 70%. If their savings are now in the Q.44 The sum of two numbers is 20 and their product is 64. Then
proportion of 4 : 3, what is the salary of A? one of the number is
(A) Rs. 700 (B) Rs. 1000
(A) 14 (B) 16
(C) Rs. 1400 (D) Rs. 1200
(C) 12 (D) 8
Q.36 Divide 62 into two parts such that fourth part of the first
and two-fifth part of the second are in the ratio 2 : 3. Q.45 When simple interest is charged, a certain principle amounts
to Rs. 7400 in 4 years and Rs. 9200 in 7 years. Then the rate
(A) 24, 38 (B) 32, 30
of interest is
(C) 16, 46 (D) 40, 22
(A) 6% (B) 8%
Q.37 The income of P and Q are in the ratio 3 : 2 and expenses are
in the ratio 5 : 3. If both save Rs. 200, what is the income of (C) 10% (D) 12%
P? Q.46 The denominator of a rational number is greater than its
(A) Rs. 700 (B) Rs. 1000 numerator by 3. If 3 is subtraced from the numerator and 2
(C) Rs. 1400 (D) Rs. 1200 1
is added to the denominator, the new number becomes .
5
Q.38 If the ratio of boys to girls in a class is B and the ratio of
Then the original number was
girls to boys is G, then
7 3
B + G is (A) (B)
11 5
(A) greater than 1 or equal to 1 5 4
(C) (D)
(B) greater than 1 8 7
(C) less than 1 Q.47 3 men and 6 boys can finish a piece of work in 3 days, while
(D) equal to 1 2 men and 5 boys can finissh it in 4 days. Then time taken
Q.39 The ratio between a two-digit number and the sum of digits by one boy alone to finish the work is
of that number is 4 : 1. If the digit in the unit place is 3 more (A) 18 days (B) 36 days
than the digit in the tenth place, what is that number ? (C) 24 days (D) None
(A) 63 (B) 36 Q.48 In ABC, if A = xº, B = 3xº, C = yº and
(C) 24 (D) Insufficient data 3y – 5x = 30, then ABC is ______ .
Q.40 The ratio of two numbers is 3 : 8 and their difference is 115. (A) a right angled triangle
The largest number is (B) an isosceles triangle
(A) 115 (B) 69 (C) an equilateral
(C) 184 (D) 240 (D) a right angled isosceles triangle
Q.41 A toy train crosses 210 m and 122 m long tunnels in 25 and Q.49 The age of woman is four times the age of her daughter.
17 seconds respectively. The length of the train is ______ Five years hence, the age of the woman will be three times
. the age of her daughter. The present age of daughter is
(A) 11 m (B) 65 m _______ .
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES Page 59

(A) 40 years (B) 10 years times the second equals 37, while 3 times the first added to
(C) 18 years (D) 20 years 9 times the second equals 45. The numbers are :
Q.50 Of the following alternatives, the one that includes all (A) 2 and 4 (B) 3 and 4
values of x which satisfy (C) 4 and 6 (D) none of these
2x – 3 > 7 – x is :
Q.59 The value of k for which the system of equations 2x + 3y =
10 5, 4x + ky = 10 has inifinite number of solutions, is :
(A) x > 4 (B) x <
3
(A) k = 1 (B) k = 3
10 10
(C) x = (D) x > (C) k = 6 (D) k = 0
3 3
Q.60 The value of k for which the system of equations x + 2y – 3
Q.51 The solution of 5 x  1  x  1 = 2 is : = 0 and 5x + ky + 7 = 0 has no solution, is :
2 (A) k = 10 (B) k = 6
(A) x = 5 (B) x =
3
(C) k = 3 (D) k = 1
(C) x = 3 (D) x = 1
Q.61 The value of k for which of the system of equations x + 2y
ax  b b
Q.52 Given b  a, the fractions and are unequal if : = 5, 3x + ky + 15 = 0 has no solution, is
cx  d d
(A) a = c = 1 and x  0 (A) k = 6 (B) k = –6
(B) a = b = 0 3
(C) k = (D) none of these
(C) a = c = 0 2
Q.62 The value of k for which the system of equations 3x + 5y =
(D) x = 0
0 and kx + 10y = 0 has a non-zero solution, is :
Q.53 If 8  2x = 5º, then x = _____
(A) k = 0 (B) k = 2
(A) –3 (B) 3
(C) k = 6 (D) k = 8
(C) 2 (D) 4
Q.54 The solution of the system of equations Q.63 The equation x  4  x  3 + 1 = 0 has :
(A) no root
1 1 1 1
 = – 1,  = 8 is :
2x y x 2y (B) one real root
1 1 1 1 (C) one real root and one imaginary root
(A) , (B) ,
6 4 4 6
1 1 1 1 (D) two imaginary roots
(C) , (D) ,
2 3 3 2 1 2 3
Q.64 When x5, x + , 1   2 are multiplied, the product is
Q.55 The solution of the system of equations x x x
a polynomial of degree
ax + by – a + b = 0, bx – ay – a – b = 0 is
(A) 5 (B) 6
(A) 1, –1 (B) 1, 1
(C) 4 (D) 3
(C) –1, –1 (D) –1, –2
Q.65 The primes p, q and r satisfy p + q = r where "r" is an even
Q.56 5 books and 7 pens together cost Rs 79, whereas 7 books
and 1 < p < q, then p equals :
and 5 pens together cost
(A) 2 (B) 3
Rs 77. Find the total cost of 1 book and 2 pens.
(C) 7 (D) 13
(A) Rs 15 (B) Rs 20
x x
(C) Rs 30 (D) Rs 40 Q.66 If x  0, = y2 and = 4y, then "x" equal to :
2 4
Q.57 The unit's digit of a two digit number is twice its ten's digit. (A) 8 (B) 16
If the digits are reversed, the number is 27 more than the (C) 128 (D) 64
original number. The number is : 1
x
(A) 24 (B) 36 1 y
Q.67 If x, y and y – are not zero, then equal to
x 1
(C) 48 (D) none of these y
x
x
Q.58 Two numbers are such that 7 times the first added to 4 (A) 1 (B) y
 Page 60 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

y x y (A) Rs 800 (B) Rs 1000

(C) (D) y  x
x (C) Rs 1200 (D) Rs 1400
Q.68 If the system equations, 2x+3y = 7, 2ax + (a+b) y=28 has infinitely
Q.77 'A' says to 'B' "My present age is five times your that age
many solutions, then :
when I was as old as you are now." The sum of their
(A) a = 2b (B) b = 2a present ages is 48 years. Their present ages are :
(C) a + 2b = 0 (D) 2a + b = 0 (A) 30 years, 18 years
Q.69 The age of a man in four times the age of his son. Five years (B) 25 years 16 years
hence, the age of the man will be three times the age of his
(C) 32 years 20 years
son. The present age of son is :
(D) none of these
(A) 15 years (B) 10 years
Q.78 The ratio between a two-digit number and the sum of digits
(C) 18 years (D) 20 years
of that number is 4 : 1. If the digit in the units place is 3 more
Q.70 The solution of the system of equations than the digit in the tens place, then the number is :
37x + 41y = 70, 41x + 37y = 86 is : (A) 63 (B) 36
(A) x = –1, y = 1 (B) x = –2, y = 3 (C) 24 (D) 26
(C) x = 3, y = –1 (D) none of these Q.79 A man has only 20 paise and 25 paise coins in a bag. If he
Q.71 The solution of the system of the equations, has 50 coins in all totalling to Rs 11.25, then number of
xy xy coins of 20 paise are :
 2, = 6 is :
xy xy
(A) 28 (B) 27
1 1 3 1
(A) x = – , y = (B) x = ,y= (C) 25 (D) 27
2 4 2 4

1 1 1 1 Q.80 In the above question, the number of coins of 25 paise are

(C) x = ,y= (D) x = – ,y=– :
2 3 2 4
(A) 28 (B) 27
Q.72 If twice the son's age in years is added to the father's age,
the sum is 70. But, if twice the father's age is added to the (C) 26 (D) 25
sum's age, the sum is 95. The ages of father and son are : Q.81 The sum of numerator and denominator of a fraction is 8. If
(A) 40, 15 (B) 45, 20 3 is added to both the numerator and the denominator,
(C) 48, 18 (D) none of these 3
then the fraction becomes . Then, the fraction is :
4
Q.73 The taxi charges in a city comprise of a fixed charge together 1 2
with the charge for the distance covered. For a journey of (A) (B)
5 5
10 km, the charge paid is Rs 75 and for journey of 15 km, the 3 4
(C) (D)
charge paid is Rs 110. What will a person have to pay for 5 5
travelling a distance of 25 km? Q.82 If the system of equations 3x + 4y = 12 and (m + n)x +
(A) Rs 150 (B) Rs 165 2(m – n)y = 5m – 1 has infinite number of solutions, then
(C) Rs 172 (D) Rs 180 the value of m and n are :

Q.74 Divide 62 into two parts such that one-fourth part of the (A) m = –5, n = –1 (B) m = 5, n = 1
first two-fifths part of the second are in the ratio 2 : 3. (C) m = –1, n = 5 (D) m = n = 1
(A) 24, 38 (B) 32, 30 Q.83 The value of k for which the system of equations 3x – 4y +
(C) 16, 46 (D) 40, 22 7 = 0 and

Q.75 For what values of a and b the equations kx + 3y – 5 = 0 has no solution is :

9 9
2x + 3y = 7, (a – b)x + (a + b)y = (A) k = – (B) k =
4 4
(3a + b – 2) represent coincident lines ? 4 3
(C) k = (D) k =
9 17
(A) a = –5, b = 1 (B) a = 5, b = 1
Q.84 On solving the equations ax + by = a – b and bx – ay =
(C) a = –5, b = –1 (D) a = 5, b = –1 a + b, the values of x and y are:
Q.76 The income of P and Q are in the ratio 3 : 2 and expenses are (A) x = –1, y = –1 (B) x = y = 1
in the ratio 5 : 3. If both save Rs 200, what is the income of
(C) x = 1, y = –1 (D) x = –1, y = 1
P
Q.85 In a ABC, C = 3, B = 2 (A + B).
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES Page 61

The three angles are :

(A) 20º, 40º, 120º (B) 30º, 30º, 120º
(C) 20º, 60º, 100º (D) none of these
Q.86 On solving 0.2 x + 0.5 y = 3 and
0.5 x + 0.2 y = 3.3 simultaneously, we get :
(A) x = 4, y = 5 (B) x = 4, y = 4
(C) x = 5, y = 4 (D) none of these
Q.87 Mother was asked how many gifts she had in bag. She
replied that there were all dolls but six, and all books
but six. How many gifts had she in all? [NTSE
2013]
(A) 9 (B) 18 (C)
27 (D) 36
Q.88 In a diary, there are 60 cows and buffalos. The number
of cows is twice that of buffalos. Buffalo X ranked
seventeenth in terms of milk delivered. If there are 9
cows ahead of Buffalo X. How many buffalos are after
in rank in terms of milk delivered?[NTSE 2013]
(A) 10 (B) 11 (C)
12 (D) 13
Q.89 There are several human beings and several dogs in a
room. One tenth of the human have lost a leg. The total ANSWER KEY
numbers of feet are 77. Then, the number of dogs is
1. A 2. A 3. A 4. D
(A) 4 [NTSE 2013] (B) 5. B 6. D 7. C 8. B
5 9. C 10. D 11. B 12. A
(C) 6 13. C 14. C 15. C 16. D
(D) Not determinable due to insufficient data 17. C 18. A 19. A 20. B
Q.90 Rs.1 and Rs.5 coins are available (as many required). 21. C 22. A 23. D 24. B
Find hte smallest payment which cannot be made by 25. C 26. B 27. A 28. B
these coins, if not more than 5 coins are allowed. 29. D 30. A 31. D 32. A
[NTSE 2013] 33. B 34. B 35. C 36. B
(A) 3 (B) 12 37. D 38. A 39. B 40. C
(C) 14 (D) 18 41. B 42. C 43. A 44. B
Q.91 Suppose you walk from home to the bus stand at 4 km/ 45. D 46. C 47. B 48. A
h and immediately return at x km/h. If the average speed 49. B 50. D 51. D 52. A
is 6 km/h, then the value of x is [NTSE 2013] 53. A 54. A 55. A 56. B
(A) 8 km/h 57. B 58. B 59. C 60. A
61. A 62. C 63. A 64. B
(B) 10 km/h
65. A 66. C 67. B 68. B
(C) 12 km/h
69. B 70. C 71. A 72. A
(D) Cannot be determined
73. D 74. B 75. B 76. C
77. A 78. B 79. C 80. D
81. C 82. B 83. A 84. C
85. A 86. C 87. A 88. C
89. B 90. C 91. C
 Page 62 SIMILAR TRIANGLES

SIMILAR TRIANGLES
1.1 SIMILAR GEOMETRIC FIGURES
Two geometric figures which are same in shape, such that one is simply a copy of the other on a smaller scale or a larger scale, are
called similar geometric figures. Two geometric figures are said to be similar if and only if they have the same shape but not
necessarily the same size.
Note: Two congurent geometric figures are always similar but converse may or may not be true.

1.2 SIMILAR POLYGONS

Two polygons of the same number of sides are similar,if
(i) Their corresponding angles are equal and
(ii) Their corresponding sides are in proportion or their corresponding sides are in the same ratio
Note : The same ratio of the corresponding sides is referred to as the representative fraction or the scale factor for the polygons.

1.3 SIMILAR TRIANGLES

Two triangles are said to be similar, if
(i) Their corresponding angles are equal and
(ii) Their corresponding sides are in proportion (or are in the same ratio)

1.4 BASIC PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM (OR THALES THEOREM)

If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle intersecting the other two sides, then it divides the two sides in the same ratio.

D E l

B C

If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle, to intersect the other two sides in distinct points, the other two sides are divided
in the same ratio.
If in ABC, l ||BC, intersecting in D and E, then

AD AE AD AE DB EC
(i)  (ii)  (iii) 
DB EC AB AC AB AC

1.5 CONVERSE OF BASIC PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM

If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, the line is parallel to the third side.
i.e., In ABC, if l intersects AB in D and AC in E, such

D E l

B C

AD AE
that  , then DE || BC
DB EC

1.6 CRITERIA FOR SIMILARITY OF TRIANGLES

Two triangles are said to be similar, if
(i)Their corresponding angles are equal and
(ii)Their corresponding sides are in proportion (or are in the same ratio)
(i) AA or AAA Similarity Criterion :
If two angles of one triangle are equal to two corresponding angles of another triangle, then the triangles are similar.
 SIMILAR TRIANGLES Page 63

If two angles of one triangle are respectively equal to the two angles of another triangle, then the third angles of the two triangles are
necessarily equal, because the sum of three angles of a triangle is always 180°.

(ii) SAS Similarity criterion :

If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of another triangle and the sides including these angles are in the same ratio, then
the two triangles are similar.
OR
If two sides of a triangle are proportional to two corresponding sides of another triangle and the angles included between them are
equal, then the triangles are similar.

(iii) SSS Similarity Criterion :

If in two triangles, sides of one triangle are proportional (or are in the same ratio) to the sides of the other triangle, then the triangles
are similar.

Note : If ABC  PQR by any one similarity criterion, then

AB BC CA
A = P, B = Q, C = R and  
PQ QR RP
i.e. A and P,B and Q,C and R are the corresponding vertices, also AB and PQ, BC and QR, CA and RP are the corresponding sides.

1.7 AREAS OF SIMILAR TRIANGLES

The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the square of the ratio of their corresponding sides.
Note :
(i) The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the square of the ratio of their corresponding medians.
(ii) The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the squares of their corresponding altitudes.
(iii) The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the squares of their corresponding angle bisectors.

1.8 Pythagoras Theorem

In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.

1.9 Converse of pythagoras Theorem

In a triangle, if square of one side is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides, then the angle opposite the first side
is a right angle.
Note : If a perpendicular is drawn from the vertex of the right angle of a right triangle to the hypotenuse, the triangles on each side
of the perpendicular are similar to the whole triangle and similar to each other. i.e., If in ABC, B = 90° and BD  AC, then

B C

(i) ADB  ABC (ii) BDC  ABC (iii) ADB  BDC

1.10. Basic Proportionality theorem or thales theorem

If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle, to intersect the other two sides in distinct points, the other two sides are divided
in the same ratio.
Given : ABC and a line ‘l’ parallel to BC intersects AB at D and AC at E as shown in figure.
A
L M

AD AE D E
To prove : 
DB EC
B C
 Page 64 SIMILAR TRIANGLES

Const. : Join BE and CD Draw EL  AB and DM  AC.

1 1
Proof : Area of ADE = × AD × EL ...(i) { Area of a = base× corresponding altitude}
2 2

1
Area of BDE = × DB × EL ....(ii) ,Now Dividing (i) and (ii), we have
2

1
Area ofADE 2  AD  EL AD
Area of BDE = 1 =
DB
...(iii)
 DB  EL
2
Similarly,

1
Are of ADE 2  AE  DM AE
= = ...(iv)
Area of CDE 1 EC
 EC  DM
2
Since, BDE and CDE are triangles on the same base DE and between the same parallels
DE and BC
 Area of BDE = Area of CDE
AD AE
From (iii) and (iv), we have 
DB EC
Corollary : If in a ABC, a line DE || BC, intersects AB in D and AC in E, then
AB AC AB AC
(i)  (ii) 
AD AE DB EC
Proof :
(i) From the Basic Proportionality Theorem (B.P.T), we have taking reciprocals of both sides adding 1 on both sides]
AD AE DB EC
  
DB EC AD AE

DB EC
 1+ =1+
AD AE

AD  DB AE  EC
 =
AD AE
AB AC
 
AD AE
(ii) Again, from B.P.T., We have
AD AE AD AE
  1  +1
DB EC DB EC

AD  DB AE  EC AB AC
 =  
DB EC DB EC
1.11 Converse of Basic proportionality Theorem:
If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, the line is parallel to the third side.
AD AE
Given : ABC and a line ‘’ intersects AB in D and AC in E, such that 
DB EC
To Prove : Line l is parallel to BC or DE || BC
A

E'
D
E

B C
 SIMILAR TRIANGLES Page 65

Proof : If possible, let the line  is not parallel to BC. Through D, draw ’|| BC intersecting AC in E’ Now, by basic propotionlity
theorem, we have
AD AE' AD AE
 ...(i) But  ....(ii)
DB E' C DB EC
From (i) and (ii), we have
AE AE'

EC E' C
Adding 1 to both sides, we have
AE AE'
+1 = +1
EC E' C
AE  EC AE'E' C AC AC
     EC = E’C
EC E' C EC E' C
Which is only possible, if E and E’ coincide. Hence, line  is parallel to BC or DE || BC

1.12 The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the squares of their corresponding sides.
A P
Given : ABC  PQR
To prove :

Area ofABC AB2 BC2 CA 2

  
Area of PQR PQ2 QR 2 RP 2
Const : Draw AD  BC and PM  QR.
B C Q R
Proof: ABC  PQR D M

AB BC CA
  
PQ QR RP
Also, B = Q [ corresponding angles of similar triangles are equal]
and  ADB = PMQ [each = 90°]
AD AB
 ADB PMQ  
PM PQ
AD AB BC CA
From (i) and (ii), we have   
PM PQ QR RP
1
 BC  AD
Area of ABC 2
Now, = ,
Area of PQR 1  QR  PM
2
Area of ABC BC AD BC BC BC2
=    
Area of PQR QR PM QR QR QR 2

AB2 BC2 CA 2
Also, from (i), we have  
PQ2 QR 2 RP 2
Area of ABC AB2 BC2 CA 2
Therefore, form (iv) and (v) we have  2
 2

Area of PQR PQ QR RP 2
1.13 A sum of the squares of the other two sides.
(Pythagoras’ theorem) In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the
Given: A ABC in which ABC = 90º. D
To Prove: AC2 = AB2 + BC2.
Consturction: Draw BD  AC.
Proof: In ADB and ABC, we have:
B C
A = A (common) ADB = ABC
AD AB
 ADB ~ ABC  
AB AC

 AD × AC = AB2 …(i)
In BDC and ABC, we have
C = C (COMMON)
 Page 66 SIMILAR TRIANGLES

BDC = ABC [each equal to 90º]

 BDC ~ ABC [by AA - similarity]
DC BC
   DC × AC = BC2 …(ii)
BC AC
From (i) and (ii), we get
AD × AC + DC × AC = (AB2 + BC2)

 (AD + DC) × AC = (AB2 + BC2)

 AC × AC = (AB2 + BC2)

 AC2 = (AB2 + BC2)

1.14 (Converse of Pythagoras’ theorem) In a triangle, if the square of one side is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two
sides then the angle opposite to the first side is a right angle.

Given: A ABC in which AC2 = AB2 + BC2 .

To Prove: B = 90º.

Construction: Draw a DEF such that DE = AB, EF = BC and E = 90º.

A D

B C E F
Proof: In DEF, we have : E = 90º. So, by Pythagora’s theorem, we have :
DF2 = DE2 + EF2  DF2 = AB2 + BC2 ……(i)
[ DE = AB and EF = BC]
But, AC2 = AB2 + BC2 …… (ii)
[given]

From (i) and (ii), we get:

AC2 = DF2  AC = DF.
Now, in ABC and DEF, we have
AB = DE, BC = EF and AC = DF  ABC  DEF
Hence, B = E = 90º.
 SIMILAR TRIANGLES Page 67

Solved Problems
Ex.1 Prove that the line drawn from the mid-point of one side of a triangle, parallel to another side, bisects the third side.
Sol. ABC in which D is the mid-point of side AB and the line DE is drawn parallel to BC, meeting AC in E.
To Prove : E is the mid-point of AC i.e, AE = EC.
A
Proof : In ABC, we have DE || BC.

AD AE
  ..... (i) D E
DB EC
But D is the mid-point of AB.

AD B C
 AD = DB  1 ..... (ii)
DB
From (i) and (ii), we get

AE
 1 AE = EC
EC
Hence, E is the mid-point of AC.

Ex.2 In figure if, EF || DC || AB, find x.

AE BF A B
Sol.  EF || DC || AB  

(x
ED FC (x)

-1
)
x x 1 E F
 
x2 x
)
+2

(x)
(x

 x2 = (x + 2) (x – 1)
D C
 x2 = x2 + x – 2 x = 2 units

Ex.3 If the diagonals of a quadrilateral divide each other proportionally, prove that it is a trapezium.

DE CE
Sol. A quadrilateral ABCD whose diagonals AC and BD intersect at E such that  .
EB EA
To prove : ABCD is a trapezium.
Construction : Draw FE || AB, metting
AD in F.
Proof : In ABD, we have FE || AB.
DF DE D C
  ... (i)
FA EB F E
DE CE
But  ... (ii)
EB EA
From (i) and (ii), we get A B

DF CE

FA EA
which means in ACD, E and F are points on AC and AD respectively such that
DF CE

FA EA
 FE || DC ... (iii) [by converse of B.P.T.]
But, FE || AB ... (iv) [by construction]
From (iii) and (iv), we get : AB || DC.
Hence, ABCD is a trapezium.
 Page 68 SIMILAR TRIANGLES

Ex.4 In the adjoining figure, DE||BC.

(i) If AD = 3.4 cm, AB = 8.5 cm and AC = 13.5 cm, find AE. A

AD 3 D E
(ii) If = and AC = 9.6 cm, find AE.
DB 5
B C
AD AE
Sol. (i) Since DE||BC, we have 
AB AC
3 .4 AE 3.4  1 3.5
   = 5.4
8 .5 13.5 8.5
Hence, AE = 5.4 cm.
AD AE
(ii) Since DE||BC, we have 
DB EC
AE 3  AD 3 
    (Given)
EC 5  DB 5 
LetAE = x cm. Then, EC = (AC – AE) = (9.6 – x) cm.
x 3
   5x = 3(9.6 – x)
9.6 – x 5
 5x = 28.8 – 3x  8x = 28.8  x = 3.6.
 AE = 3.6 cm.

Ex.5 In the adjoining figure, AD = 5.6 cm, AB = 8.4 cm, AE = 3.8 cm and AC = 5.7 cm. Show that DE||BC.
Sol. We have, AD = 5.6 cm, DB = (AB – AD) = (8.4 – 5.6) cm = 2.8 cm.
AE = 3.8 cm, EC = (AC – AE) = (5.7 – 3.8) cm = 1.9 cm.
A
AD 5 .6 2 AE 3 .8 2
   and  
DB 2 .8 1 EC 1.9 1

AD AE D E
Thus, 
DB EC B C
 DE divides AB and AC proportionally.
Hence, DE||BC

PS PT
Ex.6 In fig, = and PST = PRQ. Prove that PQR is an isosceles triangle.
SQ TR

P
PS PT
Sol. It is given that =
SQ TR

So, ST||QR [Theorem] S T

Therefore, PST = PQR [Corresponding angles] - (1)
Q R
Also, it is given that
PST = PRQ (2)
So, PRQ = PQR [From 1 and 2]
Therefore PQ = PR
[Sides opposite the equal angles]
i.e., PQR is an isosceles triangle.
 SIMILAR TRIANGLES Page 69

Ex.7 Prove that any line parallel to parallel sides of a trapezium divides the non-parallel sides proportionally (i.e., in the same ratio).
OR
AE BF
ABCD is a trapezium with DC||AB. E and F are points on AD and BC respectively such that EF||AB. Show that =
ED FC

Sol. We are given trapezium ABCD.

CD||BA
EF||AB and CD both
We join AC. C
D
It mets EF at O.
In ACD, OE||CD E F
O
AO AE
 = ...(i)
OC ED
(Basic Proportionality Theorem)
A B
In CAB, OF||AB
CO CF
  [B.P.T]
OA FB
AO BF
  ...(ii)
OC FC
From (i) and (ii)
AE BF

ED FC
Hence, proved.

Ex.8 Any point X inside DEF is joined to its vertices. From a point P in DX, PQ is drawn parallel to DE meeting XE at Q and QR is drawn
parallel to EF meeting XF in R. Prove that PR || DF.
Sol. Given : In figure PQ || DE and QR || EF.
To Prove : PR || DF.
Proof : In XED; PQ || DE.

XP XQ
   ... (i) [by B.P.T.]
PD QE

Also, in XEF, QR || EF  We have

D

Q R
E F

XQ XR
 ... (ii) [by B.P.T.]
QE RF

From (i) and (ii), we have

XP XR

PD RF
Thus, in XFD, R and P are points dividing sides XF and XD in the same ratio.
Therefore, by converse of B.P.T.,we have PR||DF.
 Page 70 SIMILAR TRIANGLES

Ex.9 In the given figure, CAB = 90º and AD BC. If AC = 75 cm. AB = 1m and BD = 1.25 m, find AD.
Sol.  In a ABC, A = 90º and AD  BC, where D is on BC.
 BAC ~ BDA C
BA AC BC
   D

75cm
BD DA BA 1.
25
100 75 BC m
   [AB = 1m 100cm
125 DA BA B
A 1m
and BD = 125 cm

100 75  125  75 
   DA   100  cm
125 DA  
AD = 93.75 cm

QT QR
Ex.10 In fig, = and 1 = 2. Prove that PQS ~ TQR.
PR QS
Sol. 1 = 2 (Given)
 PR = PQ ...(i)
T
(Sides opposite to equal angles in QRP)
QT QR P
Also = (Given) ...(ii)
PR QS
Form (i) and (ii), we have
QT QR QP QS 1 2
=  = ...(iii)
PR QS QT QR Q S R
Now, in triangles PQR and TQR, we have
PQS = TQR (each = 1)
PQ QS
and = (from (3))
TQ QR
 PQS ~ TQR (SAS Similarity)

Ex.11 If two triangles are equiangular, prove that the ratio of corresponding sides is the same as the ratio of the corresponding angle
bisector segments.
Sol. Given : Two s ABC and DEF in which A = D, B = E, C = F; and AX, DY are the bisectors of A and D respectively.
AB AC BC AX D
To porve :   
DE DF EF DY
Proof : Since, equiangular traingels are similar [by AA-similarity] A
We have : ABC ~ DEF
AB BC AC
   ..... (i)
DE EF DF
1 1 B X C E Y F
Now, A = D  A = D
2 2
 BAX = EDY
Thus, in s ABX and DEY, we have : BAX = EDY [proved]
and B = E [given]
 ABX ~ DEY [by A.A. similarity]
AB AX
  .... (ii)
DE DY
From (i) and (ii), we get :
AB AC BC AX
  
DE DF EF DY
 SIMILAR TRIANGLES Page 71

Ex.12 If two triangles are equiangular, prove that the ratio of the corresponding sides is the same as the ratio of the corresponding
medians.
Sol. Given : Two s ABC and DEF in which A = D, B = E, C = F; AP and DQ are the medians.
AB AC BC AP
To prove :   
DE DF EF DQ A
D
Proof : Since, equiangular traingles are similar we have :
ABC ~ DEF [by A.A. similarity]
AB BC AC
  
DE EF DF
AB BC 2BP BP
But,    [BC = 2BP, EF = 2EQ]
DE EF 2EQ EQ B P C E Q F
Now, in Ds ABP and DEQ, we have
AB BP
 and B = E [given]
DE EQ
 ABP ~ DEQ [byS.A.S. similarity]
AB AP
 
DE DQ
From (i) and (ii), we get :
AB AC BC AP
  
DE DF EF PQ

Ex.13 If two sides and a median bisecting one of these sides of a triangle are respectively proportioanl to the two sides and the
corresponding median of another triangle then the triangles are similar.
Sol. Given : ABC and DEF in which AP and DQ are the medians are such that
D
A

B P C E Q F

AB BC AP
 
DE EF DQ
To prove : ABC ~ DEF
AB BC AP
Proof :   [given] .... (i)
DE EF DQ
1
BC
AB 2 AP
  
DE 1 DQ [note this step]
EF
2
AB BP AP  1 1 
    BC  BP, EF  EQ 
DE EQ DQ  2 2 
 ABP ~ DEQ [by S.S.S. similarity]
 B = E ... (ii)
Now, in s ABC and DEF, we have

AB BC
 and B = E [from (i) and (ii)]
DE EF
ABC ~ DEF [by S.A.S. similarity]
 Page 72 SIMILAR TRIANGLES

Ex.14 Prove that the ratio of the perimeters of two similar triangles is the same as the ratio of their correspoding sides.
Sol. ABC ~ DEF A
To Prove : D
Perimeter of ABC AB BC AC
   c b
Perimeter of DEF DE EF DF
f e
Proof: Let BC = a, AC = b, AB = c,
EF = d, DF = e, DE = f
 ABC ~ DEF B a C E
d
F

AB BC AC
    k (say) .... (i)
DE EF DF
c a b
or   k .... (ii)
f d e
 c = fk, a = dk, b = ek
Perimeter of ABC AB  BC  AC

Perimeter of DEF DE  EF  DF
[perimeter of a trianlge= sum of its sides]
c  a  b fk  dk  ek
 [using (ii)]
f de f de
k(f  d  e)
 k
(f  d  e)
From (i) and (iii), we get
Perimeter of ABC AB BC AC
  
Perimeter of DEF DE EF DF

Ex.15 Two isosceles triangles have equal vertical angles and their areas are in the same ratio 16 : 25. Find the ratio of their corresponding
heights.
Sol. Given : s ABC and DEF such that AB = AC, DE = DF, A = D.
area (ABC) 16 A D
and 
area(DEF) 25

AL
To Determine : ?
DM
Proof : AB = AC, DE = DF
AB DE B C E F
  1 and 1 L M
AC DF
AB DE AB AC
   
AC DF DE DF
Thus, in s ABC and DEF, we have
AB AC
 and A = D [given]
DE DF
 ABC ~ DEF [by S.A.S. similarity]
area(ABC) AL2
 
area(DEF) DM2

16 AL2  area (ABC) 16 

    
25 DM2  area (DEF) 25 

AL 4
 
DM 5
 SIMILAR TRIANGLES Page 73

Ex.16 Prove that in any triangle, the sum of the squares of any two sides is equal to twice the square of half of the third side together with
twice the square of the median which bisects the third side.
Sol. Given : A ABC iin which AD is a median. A
2
1 
To prove : AB2 + AC2 = 2AD2 + 2  BC 
2 
or AB2 + AC2 = 2(AD2 + BD2)
Const. : Draw AE BC.
Proof : Since, AED = 90º. Therefore, in ADE, we have
ADE < 90º ADB > 90º B C
D E
Thus, ADB is an obtuse-angled triangle and ADC is an acute angled triangle.
Now, ABD is obtuse-angled at D and
AE BD produced.
we have AB2 = AD2 + BD2 + [Link]
... (i)
Again, ACD is acute-angled at D and
AE CD. we have
AC2 = AD2 + DC2 – [Link]
 AC2 = AD2 + BD2 – [Link] .... (ii)
[CD = BD]
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
AB2 + AC2 = 2(AD2 + BD2)
 AB2 + AC2

 2  BC 2   BC 
= 2  AD   2    BD  2 
     

2
1 
 AB + AC = 2AD + 2  BC 
2 2 2
 2 
or AB2 + AC2 = 2(AD2 + BD2)
Ex.17 Prove that three times the square on any side of an equilaterial triangle is equal to four times the square on the altitude.
Sol. Given : An equilateral ABC and AD BC
To prove : 3AB2 = 4AD2
Proof : We know that in an equilateral triangle perpendicular from a vertex bisect the base.
1 A
 BD= DC = BC
2
Since, ADB is a
right-triangle,
right-angled at D.
 AB2 = AD2 + BD2
[By Pythagoras Theorem]

1 
2 B D C
 AB2 = AD2 +  BC 
2 

BC2
 AB2 = AD2 +
4

AB2
 AB2 = AD2 + [BC = AB]
4

3
 AB2 = AD2  3AB2 = 4AD2
4
 Page 74 SIMILAR TRIANGLES

Ex.18 In a ABC, ABC > 90º and AD  (CB produced). Prove that AC2 = AB2 + BC2 + 2BC·BD.
Sol. Given: A ABC in which ABC > 90º and AD  (CB produced).
A
To Prove: AC2 = AB2 + BC2 + 2BC·BD.
Proof: In ABD, ADB = 90º
 AB2 = AD2 + BD2 ……(i)
[by Pythagoras’ theorem] D B C

In ADC, ADC = 90º

 AC2 = AD2 + CD2
[by Pythagora’s theorem]
= AD2 + (BC + BD)2
[ CD = (BC + BD)]
= AD2 + (BC2 + BD2 + 2BC·BD)
= (AD2 + BD2) + BC2 + 2BC·BD
= (AB2 + BC2 + 2BC·BD) [using (i)].

Ex.19 In ABC, if AD is the median, the prove that (AB2 + AC2) = 2(AD2 + BD2).
Sol. Given: A ABC in which AD is the median.
A
To Prove: (AB2 + AC2) = 2(AD2 + BD2).
Construction: Draw AL  BC.
Proof: In ALD, ALD = 90º
 ADL < 90º and therefore, B D L C

ADB > 90º.

Thus, in ADB, ADB > 90º and AL  (BD produced).
 AB2 = AD2 + BD2 + 2BD·DL …(i)
In ADC, ADC < 90º and AL  DC.
 AC2 = AD2 + CD2 – 2CD·DL
 AC2 = AD2 + BD2 – 2BD·DL …(ii)
[ CD = BD]
Adding (i) and (ii), we get :
(AB2 + AC2) = 2(AD2 + BD2)

Ex.20 In the given figure, B = 90°. D and E are any points on AB and BC respectively.
Prove that : AE2 + CD2 = AC2 + DE2. A
Sol. In ABE, B = 90°
 AE2 = AB2 + BE2 ...(i)
D
In DBC, B = 90°.
 CD2 = BD2 + BC2 ...(ii)
B E C
Adding (i) and (ii), we get :
AE2 + CD2 = (AB2 + BC2) + (BE2 + BD2)
= AC2 + DE2 [By Pythagoras Theorem]
Hence, AE2 + CD2 = AC2 + DE2.
 SIMILAR TRIANGLES Page 75

Ex.21 A point O in the interior of a rectangle ABCD is joined with each of the vertices A, B, C and D.

Prove that: OA2 + OC2 = OB2 + OD2.

Sol. Through O, draw EF||AB. Then, ABFE is a rectangle.

In right triangles OEA and OFC, we have:

D C
OA2 = OE2 + AE2
O
E F
OC2 = OF2 + CF2

 OA2 + OC2 = OE2 + OF2 + AE2 + CF2 ... (i) A B

Again, in right triangles OFB and OED, we have :

OB2 = OF2 + BF2

OD2 = OE2 + DE2

 OB2 + OD2 = OF2+ OE2 + BF2 + DE2

= OE2 + OF2 + AE2 + CF2 ...(ii) [ BF = AE & DE = CF]

From (i) and (ii), we get

OA2 + OC2 = OB2 + OD2.

Ex22 In the given figure, ABC is right-angled at C.

Let BC = a, CA = b, AB = c and CD = p, where CD  AB.

1 1 1
Prove that: (i) cp = ab (ii) = +
p 2 a 2 b2

1 1 A
Sol. (i) Area of ABC = AB × CD = cp.
2 2
c
1 1
Also, area of ABC = BC × AC = ab. b
2 2 D

1 1 p
 cp = ab.  cp = ab
2 2
B a C
ab
(ii) cp = ab  p =
c

a 2 b2
 p2 =
c2

1 c2 a 2  b2
 2
 2 2  2 2 [ c2 = a2 + b2]
p a b a b

1 1 1
 2
 2  2 .
p a b
 Page 76 SIMILAR TRIANGLES

EXERCISE - I UNSOLVED PROBLEMS

Q.1 If D and E are the point on the sides AB and AC of a Q.8 In the given figure ABC is right-angled at C.
triangle ABC respectively, such that AD = 6 cm, BD = 9 cm, E is any point on BC and EF  AB. G is any point on AB
AE = 8 and such that GH  AC. Prove that
EC = 12 cm. Show that DE || BC. BEF ~ GAH B

Q.2 What value (s) of p will make ST || QR in the given Figure? F

Q R
G E
S T

A C
H
p p+3
Q.9 In the given figure, PRS  PQT; prove that PQR ~
P PST
PS PT R Q
Q.3 In the adjoing in figure,  and
SQ TR
PST =PRQ. Prove that PQR is an isosceles triangle.
P T S

P
S T
Q.10 In the given figure, CM and RN are respectively the medians
of ABC and PQR. If ABC  PQR, prove that :
Q R
(i) AMC ~ PNR, (ii) CMB ~RNQ.
N
Q.4 E is the mid-point of side QR of a PQR. D is the mid-point A Q P
of PE when produced meets
1
PR in G. Prove that PG = PR. C
3 M

Q.5 ABCD is a trapezium with AB || DC. E and F are points on

non-parallel sides AD and BC respectively such that EF is
B
AE BF R
parallel to AB. Show that 
ED FC Q.11 D is a point on the side BC of a triangle ABC such that
Q.6 In the given figure, if AB || DC, find the value of x. ADC = BAC. Show that CA2 = CB. CD.
D C
3

Q.12 In the given figure, considering triangles BEP and CPD,

+
x
–

prove that :
2

O
x

(i) In ABC if A is acute BD and CE are perpendicular

5

–
x+

on AC and AB respectively prove that AB × AE = AC × AD.

(ii) BP × PD = EP × PC
A B
Q.7 Observe the given figure and then find P. A

R
A E D

P
3 cm

80° 7.6 cm
3.8 cm

3 3 cm
6

B C

60°
Q.13 A vertical stick 30 cm long casts a shadow
B C P Q
20 cm long on the ground. At the same time, a tower casts
6 cm 12 cm a shadow 40 m long on the ground. Determine the height of
the tower.
 SIMILAR TRIANGLES Page 77

Q.14 A boy of height 120 cm is walking away from the base of a Q.21 A point O, in the interior of a rectangle ABCD, is joined
lamp-post at a speed of 87m/minute. If the lamp-post is 36 m with each of vertices A,B,C and D. Prove that: OB2 + OD2 =
above the ground, find the length of his shadow after 3
OC2 + OA2
minutes.
Q.15 ABC and DEF are two similar triangles, Q.22 In the given figure LP  MN. Prove that :
BC = 3 cm, EF = 4 cm and area of ABC is
54 cm2. Determine the area of DEF. LM2 = MN2 + LN2 – 2. MN. PN
Q.16 Areas of two similar triangles are 81 cm2 and 49 cm2. If the C

altitude of the first triangle is 6.3 cm. Find the corresponding

altitude of the other.
Q.17 In the given figure, ABC and DBC are on the same base
ar  ABC  AX
BC. Prove that  .
ar  DBC  DX M P N
A

Q.23 Using pythagoras theorem, find the area of PQR, if P =

B
M = 90°, PM = 6cm, MR = 8cm and QR = 26 cm.
X C P

M
D
Q R
Q.18 In the adjoining figure, DEFG is a square and BAC = 90°.
Prove that Q.24 In a right-angled ABC, B = 90º. If D is the mid-point of
(i) AGF DBG (ii) AGF EFG BC. Prove that AC2 = 4AD2 – 3AB2.
(iii) DBG EFG (iv) DE2 = BD × EC.

Q.25 In the adjoining figure, PQR is a right triangle, right-angled

A
at Q. Prove that:
G F

PQR PST
B C
D E

Q.19 D,E,F are respectively the mid-points of the sides AB,BC Q.26 In ABC, if AD is the median, then show that AB2 + AC2 =
and CA of ABC. Find the ratios of the areas of DEF and 2AD2 + 2BD2.
ABC.

Q.20 In the given figure, ABC is a right triangle, right angled at Q.27 In the given figure, P is a point on AB such that AP : PB =
B. AD and CE are the two medians drawn from A and C 4 : 3 PQ is parallel to AC.
3 5
respectively. If AC = 5 cm and AD = cm, find the (i) Find PQ : AC
2
length of CE.
(ii) In ARC, ARC = 90° and in PQS,
A PSQ = 90°, QS = 6cm, calculate the length of AR.
B

Q
E P
R
S
C A

C
B D
 Page 78 SIMILAR TRIANGLES

Q.28 In the given figure, M is the mid-point of the side CD of AD

parallelogram ABCD. BM when joined meets AC in L and Q.33 In ABC, DE || BC, such that = 5 : 4.
DB
AD produced in E. Prove that EL = 2BL.
Find
A
B
(i) DE : BC (ii) DO : DC

L (iii) ar (DOE) : ar (DCE)

Q.34 In ABC, AD  BC such that AD2 = BD·CD. Prove that
D C
M ABC is right-angled at A.

E
Q.35 In the figure given below, PQR is right-angled at Q and
the points S and T trisect the side QR. Prove that 8PT2 =
Q.29 In a right ABC, C = 90°. P and Q are point on the sides
3PR2 + 5PS2.
CA and CB respectively which divide these sides in the
ratio 1 : 2. Prove that
Q.36 In ABC, AD  BC and BD = 3CD. Prove that 2AB2 =
(i) 9 AQ2 = 9AC2 + 4BC2 2AC2 + BC2.
(ii) 9 BP2 = 9BC2 + 4 AC2
Q.37 In ABC, B = 90º and D is the midpoint of BC. Prove that
(iii) 9 (AQ2 + BP2) = 13 AB2
AC2 = AD2 + 3CD2.

Q.30 In a right triangle with sides a and b and hypotenuse c, the

Q.38 ABC is right-angled at B and D is the midpoint of BC.
altitude drawn on the hypotenuse is x.
Prove that AC2 = (4AD2 – 3AB2).
(i)Determine the value of x in terms of a and b. (ii)

1 1 1 Q.39 In an isosceles ABC, AB = AC and BD  AC. Prove that

Show that :  2  2 (BD2 – CD2) = 2CD·AD
x2 a b

Q.40 In an isoscels ABC, AB = AC and D is a point on BC.

Q.31 In an acute angled ABC, AD is the median in it. Prove
Prove that (AB2 – AD2) = BD·CD
that:
4AD2 + BC2 = 2AB2 + 2AC2. Theorem 6.1
If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to
Q.32 In the adjoining figure, PQRS is a parallelogram. Diagonals
intersect the other two sides in distinct points, the other
PR and QS intersect at O.L is a point on the diagonal PR,
two sides are divided in the same ratio.
LP 1
such that = . Q.41 In figure, DE || OQ and DF || OR. Show that EF||QR.
PO 2
QL meets SP produced at M. Find P

D
E F
L

P O
M S
Q R

Q.42 In figure A,B and C are points on OP, OQ and OR

O respectively such that AB || PQ and
Q
AC || PR. Show that BC||QR
R

P
LM arLMP 
(i) (ii)
MQ arLQR  A

O
arLMP  B C
R
ar[Link] 
(iii) Q
 SIMILAR TRIANGLES Page 79

Q.43 ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || DC and its diagonals Q.48 Prove that the area of an equilateral triangle described
intersect each other at the point O. Show that on one side of a square is equal to half the area of the
AO CO equilateral triangle described on one of its diagonals.

BO DO
Theorem 6.8
Q.44 The diagonals of quadrilateral ABCD intersect each other
In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal
AO CO
at the point O such that  . Show that ABCD to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.
BO DO
is a trapezium.
Theorem 6.4 Q.49 BL and CM are medians of a triangle ABC right angled
at A.
If in two triangles, sides of one triangle are proportional
Prove that: 4 (BL2 + CM2) = 5 BC2.
to (i.e., in the same ratio of) the sides of the other triangle,
then their corresponding angles are equal and hence the B
two triangles are similar.
M
Q.45 In figure, if PQ || RS, prove that
 POQ ~ SOR. C L A

R Q.50 Prove that the sum of the squares of the sides of a

P
rhombus is equal to the sum of the squares of its
diagonals.
O
S
Q
Q.51 In an equilateral triangle ABC, D is a point on side BC
Q.46 A girl of height 90 cm is walking away from the base of
1
a lamp-post at a speed of such that BD = BC. Prove that
3
1.2 m/s. If the lamp is 3.6 m above the ground, find the
length of her shadow after 4 seconds. 9 AD2 = 7 AB2.

Theorem 6.6

The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to

the square of the ratio of their corresponding sides.
ANSWER KEY
2. 2 6. 7 7. 40º
Q.47 In figure ABC and DBC are two triangles on the same
13. 60m 14. 9m 15. 96 cm2
base BC. If AD intersects BC at O, show that

ar(ABC) AO 1
 16. 4.9 cm 19. 20. 2 5
ar(DBC) DO 4

A C 23. 120 cm2 27. (i) 3 : 7 (ii) 14 cm

O ab 1 1 1
30. (i) 32. (i) (ii) (iii)
a  b2
2
4 25 24
B D
33. (i) 5 : 9 (ii) 5 : 14 (iii) 5 : 14

46. 1.6 m
 Page 80 SIMILAR TRIANGLES

EXERCISE - II BOARD PROBLEMS

Q.1 P and Q are points on the sides CA and CB respectively Q.12 If the diagonals of a quadrilateral divide each other
of aABC right-angled at C. Prove that AQ2 + BP2 = AB2 proportionally, prove that it is a trapezium.
+ PQ2. OR
Delhi-1996, 2007
Two s' ABC and DBC are on the same base BC and on
Q.2 ABC is a right triangle, right angled at B. AD and CE are the same side of BC in which
the two medians drawn from A and C respectively. If AC = A = D = 90°. If CA and BD meet each other at E, show
3 5 that [Link] = [Link]. Delhi-2008
5 cm and AD = cm, find the length of CE.
2 Q.13 D and E are points on the sides CA and CB respectively
AI -1997 of ABC right-angled at C.
Q.3 In ABC, if AD is the median, show that AB2 + AC2 = 2 Prove that AE2 + BD2 = AB2 + DE2.
[AD2 + BD2]. Delhi-1997, 98 OR
Q.4 In the given figure, M is the mid-point of the side CD of In fig. DB  BC, DE  AB and AC  BC.
parallelogram ABCD. BM, when joined meets AC in L and AD
produced in E. Prove that BE AC
Prove that  . AI-2008
EL = 2BL. AI -1998-99 DE BC
A B
D A
L
E
D
M C E

E
B C
Q.5 ABC is a right triangle, right-angled at C. If Q.14 E is a point on the side AD produced of
p is the length of the perpendicular from C to AB and a, a gm ABCD and BE intersects CD at F. Show that ABE ~
b, c have the usual meaning, then prove that (i) pc = ab CFB. Foreign-2008
1 1 1 Q.15 In fig, ABC is right angled at C and DE  AB. Prove that
(ii)  
p 2 a 2 b2 ABC ~ ADE and hence find the lengths of AE and DE.
A
Delhi-1998, 98C E 3cm
Q.6 In an equilateral triangle PQR, the side QR is trisected at D
S. Prove that 9PS2 = 7PQ2.
2cm
AI-1998, 98C [NCERT] 12cm
Q.7 If the diagonals of a quadrilateral divide each other B C
proportionally, prove that it is trapezium. OR
Foreign-1999 In fig, DEFG is a square and BAC = 90°.
Q.8 In an isosceles triangle ABC with AB = AC, BD is a Show that DE2 = BD × EC Delhi-2009
perpendicular from B to the side AC. Prove that BD2 – CD2 C
= 2CD . AD. E
Foreign-1999
Q.9 ABC and DBC are two triangles on the same base BC. If AD D F

ar. ABC AO
intersect BC at O. Prove that  B G A
ar. DBC DO
1
AI-19999C; Delhi-2005 Q.16 In fig, AD  BC and BD = CD. Prove that 2CA2 =
3
Q.10 In ABC, A is acute. BD and CE are perpendiculars on 2AB2 + BC2. AI-2009
AC and AB respectively. Prove that AB × AE = AC × AD. A
AI-2003
Q.11 Points P and Q are on sides AB and AC of a triangle ABC
in such a way that PQ is parallel to side BC. Prove that the
median AD drawn from vertex A to side BC bisects the B D C
segment PQ. Foreign -2003
 SIMILAR TRIANGLES Page 81

Q.17 In fig, two triangles ABC and DBC lie on the same side of Q.23 State and prove pythagoras theorem. Use the theorem and
base BC. P is a point on BC such that PQBA and PRBD. calculate area (PMR) from the given figure.
Prove that QRAD. P Delhi-1998C, 2006
A
D
6cm
8cm
Q M R
R

B P C Q
Foreign-2009 Q.24 In a right-angled triangle, the square of hypotenuse is equal
Q.18 In a right triangle ABC, right-angled at C, P and Q are points to the sum of the squares of the two sides. Given that B
on the sides CA and CB respectively which divide these of ABC is an acute angle and AD  BC. Prove that
sides in the ratio 1 : 2. Prove that AI-1996C AC2 = AB2 + BC2 – 2BC . BD. Delhi-1999
(i) 9AQ2 = 9AC2 + 4BC2 Q.25 In a right triangle, prove that the square on the hypotenuse
(ii) 9BP2 = 9BC2 + 4AC2 is equal to the sum of the squares on the other two sides. Using
above, solve the following : In quadrilateral ABCD, find the
(iii) 9(AQ2 + BP2) = 13AB2.
length of CA, if CD  DB, AB  DB, CD = 6 m,
Q.19 The ratio of the areas of similar triangles is equal to the ratio DB = 12 m and AB = 11 m. Delhi-2000
of the squares on the corresponding sides, prove. Using
Q.26 Prove that the ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is
the above theorem, prove that the area of the equilateral
equal to the squares of their corresponding sides. Using
triangle described on the side of a square is half the area
the above, do the following:
of the equilateral triangle described on its diagonal. P
A
Delhi-1997C; 2005C; Foreign-2003
Q.20 Perpendiculars OD, OE and OF are drawn to sides BC, CA
and AB respectively from a point O in the interior of a ABC.
Prove that :
(i) AF2 + BD2 + CE2 = OA2 + OB2 + OC2 – OD2 – OE2 – B D C Q S R
OF2. In fig. ABC and PQR are isosceles triangles in which A
(ii) AF2 + BD2 + CE2 = AE2 + CD2 + BF2. area (ABC) 9 AD
= P. If  , find .
Delhi-1997C, [NCERT] area (PQR) 16 PS
AI-2000
Q.21 In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is
equal to the sum of the squares on the other two sides, Q.27 In a right-angled triangle, prove that the square on the
prove. Using the above theorem, determine the length of hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares on the other
AD in terms of b and C. AI- two sides. Using the above result, find the length of the
1997 C second diagonal of a rhombus whose side is 5 cm and one
C of the diagonals is 6 cm. AI-2001
Q.28 In a triangle, if the square on one side is equal to the sum
D of the squares on the other two sides prove that the angle
b opposite the first side is a right angle.
Use the above theorem and prove thet following : In
A c B triangle ABC, AD  BC and
Q.22 If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle, the other BD = 3CD. Prove that 2AB2 = 2AC2 + BC2.
two sides are divided in the same ratio, prove. Use this AI-2003
result to prove the following : In the given figure, if ABCD Q.29 In a right triangle, prove that the square on hypotenuse is
AE BF equal to sum of the squares on the other two sides. Using
is a trapezium in which AB  DC  EF, then  . the above result, prove the following : PQR is a right triangle,
ED FC
Foreign-1998 right angled at Q. If S bisects QR, show that PR2 = 4 PS2
A B – 3 PQ2. Delhi-2004C
Q.30 If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a trial prove that
E F the other two sides are divided in the same ratio. Using the
above result, prove from fig. that AD = BE if A = B and
DE  AB. AI-2004C
D C
 Page 82 SIMILAR TRIANGLES
C

D E Delhi-2008

Q.37 Prove that the ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is
A B
equal to the ratio of the squares on their corresponding sides.
Q.31 Prove that the ratio of areas of two similar triangles is equal
Using the above, do the following:
to the ratio of squares of their corresponding sides. Apply
the above theorem on the following : ABC is a triangle and The diagonals of a trapezium ABCD, with ABDC, intersect
PQ is a straight line meeting AB in P and AC in Q. If AP =
each other at the point O. If AB = 2 CD, find the ratio of the
1 cm, PB = 3 cm, AQ = 1.5 cm,
QC = 4.5 cm, prove that area of APQ is area of AOB to the area of COD.
one-sixteenth of the area of [Link]-2005 AI-2008
Q.32 If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle, prove
Q.38 If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other
that the other two sides are divided in the same ratio. Use
the above to prove the following : In the given figure DE two sides in distinct points, prove that the other two sides are divided
 AC and in the same ratio. Using the above, prove the following :

BE BC In the fig, ABDE and BCEF. Prove that ACDF.

DC  AP. Prove that  . AI-2005
EC CP Foreign-2008
A
D
A
D E
O B

C
B E C P F

Q.33 In a triangle if the square on one side is equal to the sum Q.39 Prove that the ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is
of squares on the other two sides, prove that the angle equal to the square of the ratio of their corresponding sides.
opposite to the first side is a right angle. Use the above
Using the above, do the following : In a trapezium ABCD,
theorem to prove the following :
AC and BD are intersecting at O, ABDC and AB = 2 CD.
In a quadrilateral ABCD, B = 90°. If AD2 = AB2 + BC2 +
CD2, prove that ACD = 90°. AI-2005 If area of AOB = 84 cm2, find the area of COD.
Q.34 If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle, to intersect Delhi-2009
the other two sides in distinct points, prove that the other
two sides are divided in the same ratio. Using the above, prove
the following : In figure, DE  BC and BD = CE. Prove that
ABC is an isosceles triangle.
Delhi-2007, 2009
A

D E

B C
Q.35 Prove that the ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is
equal to the ratio of the squares of their corresponding sides.
Use the above for the following : If the areas of two similar
ANSWER KEY
triangles are equal, prove that they are congruent.
15 36
AI-2007 2. 2 5 cm 15. AE = , DE =
13 13
Q.36 Prove that the ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is
bc
equal to the ratio of squares of their corresponding sides. 21. 23. 24 cm2
Using the above result, prove the following : b  c2
2

25. 13 cm 26. 3:4

In a ABC, XY is parallel to BC and it divides ABC into
BX 2 –1 27. 8 cm 37. 4:1
two parts of equal area. Prove that 
AB 2
39. 21 cm2
 SIMILAR TRIANGLES Page 83

EXERCISE - III NTSE / STSE PROBLEMS

Q.1 In ABC, DE || BC, AD = 2.4cm, AE = 3.2 cm, and EC = 4.8 AE = (5x – 2) cm, DB = (3x + 4) cm, and
cm. The length of AB is: EC = 3x cm. The value of x is: ?
A A

D E D E

B C B C

(A) 3.6 cm (B) 6cm (A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 4 (D) 2.5

(C) 6.4cm (D) 1.6cm
AD 3
Q.2 If ADE ~ ABC, then BC = ? Q.7 In the ABC, DE || BC and  .
DB 5
C
If AC = 5.6 cm, then the length of AE is :
A

E D E
1.5
1.2
A
1 D B

(A) 4.5 (B) 3 (C) 3.6 (D) 2.4 B C

(A) 4.2 cm (B) 3.1cm

Q.3 In the given figure ED || BC. The value of x is:
A
(C) 2.1 cm (D) 2.8 cm
Q.8 In ABC, AD is the internal bisector of A.
5 4 If BD = 5 cm, BC= 7.5 cm, then AB : AC is equal to :
A

D E

3 x

B C
(A) 2.8 (B) 2.5 (C) 2.4 (D) 4
B D C
Q.4 The line segments joining the midpoints of the sides of a
triangle form four triangles, each of which is (A) 2 : 1 (B) 1 : 2 (C) 4 : 5 (D) 3 : 5
(A) congurent to the original triangle Q.9 In the ABC, AD is the internal bisector of A. If BD = 4
(B) similar to the original triangle cm, DC= 5 cm and AB = 6 cm, then the length of AC = ?
(C) an isosceles triangle A
(D) an equilateral triangle
Q.5 In the ABC DE || BC, AD = 1.7 cm,
AB = 6.8 cm and AC = 9 cm. The length of AE is
A

D E
B D C
(A) 3 cm (B) 8 cm
B C
(C) 4.5 cm (D)7.5 cm
(A) 2.5 cm (B) 4.5 cm Q.10 In a right triangle PQR, PR 2 + PQ 2 = QR 2 .
(C) 2.2 cm (D) 7.3 cm Which angle is equal to 90°?
Q.6 In the ABC, DE || BC, AD = (7x – 4) cm,
 Page 84 SIMILAR TRIANGLES

(A)  P (B)  Q
(C)  R (D) none of these Q.17 If D is a point on the side AB of ABC such that AD : DB
= 3 : 2 and E is a point on BC such that DE || AC. The ratio
of areas of ABC and BDE is
Q.11 The perimeter of two similar triangles are 25 cm and 15 cm
(A) 4 : 25 (B) 25 : 4
respectively. If one side of the first triangle is 9cm, then the
corresponding side of the second triangle is: (C) 5 : 4 (D) 4 : 5

(A) 4.5 cm (B) 5cm

Q.18 In an equilateral triangle ABC, if AD  BC, then:
(C) 3.5cm (D) 5.4 cm
(A) 2AB2 = 3AD2 (B) 4AB2 = 3AD2 (C) 3AB2 =
2
4AD (D) 3AB = 2AD2
2

Q.12 In the given figure, ACB APQ. If BC = 8 cm, PQ = 4 cm,

BA = 6.5 cm and AP = 2.8 cm, then the length of AQ is: Q.19 The line segments joining the mid points of the adjacent
P sides of a quadrilateral form a:
(A) paralle logram (B) square
Q
A
(C) rhombus (D) rectangle
B

Q.20 If the diagonals of a quadrilateral divide each other

proportionally, then it is a:
C
(A) paralle logram (B) trapezium
(A) 3.25 cm (B) 4cm
(C) rectangle (D) square
(C) 4.25cm (D) 3 cm
Q.21 A right triangle has hypotenuse of length p cm and one
Q.13 2
The areas of two similar triangles are 169 cm and 121 cm 2 side of length q cm. If p – q = 1, then the length of the third
respectively. If the longest side of the larger triangle is 26 side of the triangle is :
cm, the longest side of the smaller triangle is (A) 2q  1 (B) 2p  1
(A) 21 cm (B) 22cm (C) 2p (D) 1 + q
(C) 24 cm (D) 20 cm
Q.22 ABC is an isosceles triangle with AC = BC.
Q.14 In the given figure, AB || DC and diagonals AC and BD If AB2 = 2AC2, then ABC is right angled at:
intersect at O. If AO = (3x –1) cm, BO = (2x +1) cm, OC = (5x (A) A (B) B
–3) cm and (C) C (D) none of these
OD = (6x – 5) cm, then the value of x is :
D C
Q.23 In the figure, ABC is a right triangle, right angled at A and
AD  BC. If AB = c and AC = b, then AD is equal to:
C

O
D
b

A B
B c A
(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 2.5 (D) 4 bc bc
(A) (B)
2
b c 2 b  c2
2

Q.15 ABC DEF and the perimeters of ABC and DEF are
30 cm and 18 cm respectively. b2c
If BC = 9 cm, then EF is equal to: (C) (D) none of these
b2  c2
(A) 6.3 (B) 5.4
(C) 7.2 (D) 4.5 Q.24 A triangle has sides 5cm, 12 cm and 13 cm. The length of
the perpendicular from the opposite vertex to the side
Q.16 ABC DEF such that AB = 9.1 cm and whose length is 13 cm is:
DE = 6.5 cm. If the perimeter of DEF is 25 cm, then the
perimeter of ABC is : (A) 4.9 (B) 3.6 cm
(A) 35 cm (B) 28 cm (C) 5.5 cm (D) 4.6 cm
(C) 42 cm (D) 40 cm
 SIMILAR TRIANGLES Page 85

A
Q.25 In the given figure, DE || BC. If DE= 3 cm,
BC = 6 cm and ar (ADE) = 15 cm 2 .
Area of ABC is:
D E
D

B C

D E
(A) 1 : 2 (B) 2 : 1
(C) 1 : 4 (D) 4 : 1

Q.29 In a trapezium ABCD, O is the point of intersection of AC

B C
and BD, AB || CD and
(A) 30 cm2 (B) 60 cm2 AB = 2 × CD. If the area of AOB = 84 cm2, then the area of
COD is :
(C) 40 cm2 (D) 50 cm2
(A) 25 cm2 (B) 21 cm2
(C) 24 cm2 (D) 32 cm2
Q.26 ABC is right angled at A and AD  BC.
If BC = 13 cm and AC = 5 cm, the ratio of the areas of ABC Q.30 In the given figure, x in terms of a,b and c is :
and ADC is : L

P
a
x
5cm
46° 46°
M b N c K

B C
ac ab
13cm (A) x = (B) x =
bc bc
(A) 25 : 169 (B) 169 : 25
ac bc
(C) x = (D) x =
(C) 5 : 13 (D) 13 : 5 ab a c

Q.31 Two poles of heights 6 m and 11 m stand on a plane ground.

Q.27 In the given figure, DE || BC and DE : BC = 3 : 5. The ratio of If the distance between their feet is 12 m, the distance
the areas of ADE and the trapezium BCED is : between their tops is
A (A) 12 m (B) 13 m
(C) 15 m (D) 11 m

D E Q.32 Two isosceles triangles have their corresponding angles equal

and their areas are in the ratio
25 : 36. The ratio of their corresponding height is
(A) 25 : 36 (B) 36 : 25
B C
(C) 5 : 6 (D) 6 : 5
(A) 9 : 16 (B) 16 : 9
(C) 3 : 5 (D) 5 : 3 Q.33 A vertical stick 20 m long casts a shadow 10 m long on the
ground. At the same time , a tower casts a shadow 50 m
Q.28 In ABC, D and E are the mid points of AB and AC
long on the ground.
respectively. The ratio of the areas of ADE and ABC is
The height of the tower is:
:
(A) 100 m (B) 120 m
(C) 25 m (D) 200 m
Q.34 The length of altitude AD of an isosceles ABC, in which
AB = AC = 2a units and BC = a units, is :
 Page 86 SIMILAR TRIANGLES

(C) AB2 + AD2 = BD · DC

a 15 a 15 (D) AB2 + AD2 = BD2 · DC2
(A) (B)
4 2
15a
(C) (D) none of these Q.40 ABC is a right angle right-angled at A and AD  BC.
4
BD
Q.35 In the given figure, if BD is the bisector of B, PQ || AC, Then is equal to :
DC
then : 2
B  AB  AB
(A) 
DC 
(B)
AC

2
P Q  AB  AB
R (C) 
AD 
(D)
AD

A D C Q.41 If each side of a rhombus is 10 cm and one of its diagonals

(A) PR × QR = BQ × BP is 16 cm, then the length of the other diagonal is :
(B) PR × BQ = QR × BP (A) 16 cm (B) 14 cm
(C) both (A) and (B)
(C) 12 cm (D) 10 cm
(D) None of these
Q.36 ABC ~ DEF such that ar(ABC) = 36 cm2 and ar(DEF)
Q.42 D, E and F are the mid-points of side AB, BC and CA
= 49 cm2. Then, the ratio of their corresponding sides is
respectively of ABC. The ratio of the areas of DEF and
(A) 36 : 49 (B) 6 : 7
ABC is :
(C) 7 : 6 (D) 6 : 7
(A) 1 : 2 (B) 4 : 1
(C) 3 : 4 (D) 1 : 4
ar (ABD)
Q.37 In ABC, if AD is the bisector of A, then
ar (ADC)
Q.43 An aeroplane leaves an airport and flies due north at a
is equal to
speed of 1000 km/h. At the same time, another aeroplane
A
leaves the same airport and flies due west at a speed of

1
h 1200 km/h. After 1 hours, the distance between the two
2
planes is :
B L D C
BD AB (A) 300 61 km (B) 61 300 km
(A) (B)
DC AC
(C) both A and B (D) none of these (C) 36100 km (D) 30 61 km
Q.38 In the given figure, B < 90º and segment AD  BC, then
: Q.44 ABC is a right triangle, right angled at C. If p is the length
A
of the perpendicular from C to AB, AB = c, BC = a and AC
= b, then :

c b
h 1 1 1 1 1 1
(A) 2
 2  2 (B) 2
 2  2
a b p p a b

B x D (a – x) C
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2
(A) b = h + a + x – 2ax 2 (C) 2
 2  2 (D) 2
 2  2
b p a p a b
(B) b2 = h2 – a2 – x2 + 2ax
(C) b2 = h2 + a2
(D) none of these Q.45 A vertical pole 5m long casts a shadow 2m long on the
Q.39 If ABC is an isosceles triangle and D is a point on BC such ground. At the same time, a tower casts a shadow 25m long
that AD  BC, then : on the ground. The height of the tower is
(A) AB2 – AD2 = BD · DC (A) 12.5 m (B) 50 m
(B) AB2 – AD2 = BD2 – DC2
 SIMILAR TRIANGLES Page 87

(C) 100 m (D) 75 m (C) 6cm (D) 8cm

Q.46 A vertical stick 1.2m long casts a shadow 40cm long on the Q.54 In PQR, G and H are points on PQ and PR respecively
ground. At the same time a pole 6m high casts a shadow x such that GH || QR and
on the ground. the value of x is PG : GQ = 3 : 1. If PH = 3.3 cm then PR is equal to
(A) 3m (B) 12m (A) 1.1 cm (B) 4cm

(C) 2m (D) 18m (C) 5.5 cm (D) 4.4 cm

Q.55 ABC and BDE are two equilaterial triangles such that D
Q.47 Two poles 6m and 11m high stand vertically on the ground.
is mid-point of BC. The ratio of areas of triangles ABC and
If the distance between their feet is 12m, then the distance
BDE is
between their tops is
(A) 4 : 1 (B) 2 : 1
(A) 11m (B) 14m
(C) 1 : 2 (D) 1 : 4
(C) 12m (D) 13m
Q.56 In a ABC, D andE are points on sides AB and AC
Q.48 ABC and DEF, are two similar triangles such that A =
respectivley such that BCED is a trapezium.
36º and E = 74º, then C is
DE 3 Area (ADE)
If  , then
(A) 70º (B) 50º
BC 5 Area ([Link]) is equal to
(C) 60º (D) 80º 3 9
(A) (B)
Q.49 Corresponding sides of two similar triangles are in the ratio 4 16
of 5 : 7. Areas of these triangles are in the ratio of 3 9
(C) (D)
5 25
(A) 5 : 7 (B) 7 : 5
Q.57 Two isosceles triangles have equal angles and their areas
(C) 25 : 49 (D) 49 : 25 are as 16 : 25. The ratio of their corresponding heights is
(A) 3 : 2 (B) 5 : 4
Q.50 The area of two similar triangles are 25 sq cm and 121 sq cm. (C) 5 : 7 (D) 4 : 5
The ratio of their corresponding sides is
(A) 5 : 11 (B) 11 : 5 Q.58 ABCD is a trapezium in which BC || AD. If
AB = 4cm and the diagonals AC and BD intersect at O such
(C) 5 : 11 (D) 11 : 5 AO DO 1
that   , then BC is equal to
OC OB 2
Q.51 In ABC, AB = 2cm, BC = 3cm and AC = 2.5cm If DEF ~ (A) 7 cm (B) 8 cm
ABC and EF = 6cm, then perimeter of DEF is (C) 6 cm (D) 9 cm
(A) 7.5 cm (B) 15cm
Q.59 In a ABC, A = 90º, AB = 5cm and
(C) 22.5cm (D) 30cm
AC = 12cm. If AD BC, then AD is equal to
AB AC BC 3 13 13
Q.52 In ABC, and DEF,    , then area (A) cm (B) cm
DE DF EF 4 2 60
(ABC) : Area (DEF) is equal to
60 2 15
(A) 3 : 4 (B) 16 : 9 (C) cm (D) cm
13 13
(C) 9 : 16 (D) 27 : 64
Q.60 A man goes 24 m due west and then 10 m due north. How
Q.53 DE is drawn parallel to base BC of ABC meeting AB at D
far is the from the starting point?
AB
and AC at E. If  4 and CE = 2cm, then AE is equal to
BD (A) 34 m (B) 17 m
(A) 2cm (B) 4cm (C) 26 m (D) 28 m
 Page 88 SIMILAR TRIANGLES

Q.61 A man goes 12 m due south and then 35 m due west. How
far is he from the starting point? P
(A) 47 m (B) 23.5 m
cm

6 cm
24
(C) 23 m (D) 37 m
O 8 cm
Q R
Q.62 Two poles of height 13 m and 7 m respectively stand
vertically on a plane ground at a distance of 8 m from each
(A) 28 cm (B) 25 cm
other. The distance between their tops is
(A) 9 m (B) 10 m (C) 26 cm (D) 32 cm

(C) 11 m (D) 12 m
Q.68 The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 25 cm. The other two
Q.63 A vertical stick 1.8 m long casts a shadow 45 cm long on sides are such that one is 5 cm longer than the other. The
the ground. At the same time, what is the length of the length of these sides are
shadow of a pole 6 m high? (A) 10 cm, 15 cm (B) 15 cm, 20 cm
(A) 2.4 m (B) 1.35 m (C) 12 cm, 17 cm (D) 13 cm, 18 cm
(C) 1.5 m (D)13.5 m
Q.69 The height of an equilateral triangle having each side 12
Q.64 A vertical pole 6 m long casts a shadow of length 3.6 m on cm, is
the ground. What is the height of a tower which casts a
shadow of length 18m at the same time? (A) 6 2 cm (B) 6 3 cm

(A) 10.8 m (B) 28.8 m

(C) 3 6 cm (D) 6 6 cm
(C) 32.4 m (D) 30 m

Q.65 A ladder 25 m long just reaches the top of building 24 m Q.70 ABC is an isosceles triangle with
high from the ground. What is the distance of the foot of AB = AC = 13 cm and the length of altitude from A on BC is
the ladder from the building? 5 cm. Then, BC = ?
(A) 7 m (B) 14 m (A) 12 cm (B) 16 cm
(C) 21 m (D)24.5 m
(C) 18 cm (D) 24 cm
Q.66 A ladder 15 m long reaches a window which
9 m above the ground on one side of the street. Keeping its
foot at the same point, the ladder is turned to the other side Q.71 The measures of three angles of a triangle are in the ratio 1
of the street to reach a window 12 m high. The width of the : 2 : 3. Then, the triangle is
street is (A) right-angled (B) equilateral
(A) 27 m (B) 21 m (C) isosceles (D) obtuse-angled
(C) 24 m (D) 18 m

Q.72 For a ABC, which is true?

Q.67 In the given figure, O is a point inside a PQR such that
PQR = 90º. OP = 6 cm and OR = 8 cm. If PQ = 24 cm and (A) AB – AC = BC (B) (AB – AC) > BC
QPR = 90º, then QR = ? (C) (AB – AC) < BC (D) None of these

Q.73 In a triangle, the perpendicular from the vertex to the base

 SIMILAR TRIANGLES Page 89

bisect the base. The triangle is C = 50º, AB = 5 cm, AC = 8 cm and DF =

(A) right-angled (B) isosceles 7.5 cm, then which of the following is ture?

(C) scalene (D) obtuse-angled (A) DE = 12 cm, F = 50º

(B) DE = 12 cm, F = 100º
(C) EF = 12 cm, D = 100º
Q.74 In a rhombus of side 10 cm, one of the diagonals is 12 cm
(D) EF = 12 cm, D = 30º
long. The length of the second diagonal is
(A) 20 cm (B) 18 cm
AB BC
(C) 16 cm (D) 22 cm Q.81 In ABC and DEF, it is given that  , then
DE FD
(A) B = E (B) A = D
(C) B = D (D) A = F
Q.75 The length of the diagonals of a rhombus are
24 cm and 10 cm. The length of each side of the rhombus is
(A) 12 cm (B) 13 cm Q.82 In DEF and PQR, it is given that D = Q and R = E,
(C) 14 cm (D) 17 cm then which of the following is not ture?
EF DF DE EF
(A) PR  PQ (B) PQ  RP

Q.76 If the diagonals of a quadrilateral divide each other DE DF EF DE

(C) QR  PQ (D) RP  QE
proportionally, then it is a
(A) parallelogram (B) trapezium
(C) rectangle (D) square Q.83 If ABC ~ EDF and ABC is not similar to DEF, then
which of the following is not true?
(A) BC·EF = AC·FD (B) AB·EF = AC·DE
Q.77 The line segment joining the midpoints of the adjacent (C) BC·DE = AB·EF (D) BC·DE = AB·FD
sides of a quadrilateral form
(A) a parallelogram (B) a rectangle
(C) a square (D) rhombus Q.84 In ABC and DEF, it is given that B = E, F = C and AB
= 3DE, then the two triangles are
Q.78 If the bisector of an angle of a triangle bisects the opposite (A) congruent but not similar
side, then the triangle is (B) similar but not congrunet
(A) scalene (B) equilateral (C) neither congruent nor similar
(C) isosceles (D) right-angled (D) similar as well as congruent

AB BC CA
Q.79 In ABC, it is given that AB = 9 cm, BC = 6 cm and CA = 7.5 Q.85 If in ABC and PQR, we have:   , then
QR PR PQ
cm. Also, DEF is given such that EF = 8 cm and DEF ~
(A) PQR ~ CAB (B) PQR ~ ABC
ABC. Then, perimeter of DEF is
(C) CBA ~ PQR (D) BCA ~ PQR
(A) 22.5 cm (B) 25 cm
(C) 27 cm (D) 30 cm
Q.86 It is given that ABC ~ DEF and the corresponding sides
of these triangles are in the ratio 3 : 5. Then ar(ABC) :
Q.80 It is given that ABC ~ DEF. If A = 30º. ar(DEF) =
 Page 90 SIMILAR TRIANGLES

(A) 3 : 5 (B) 5 : 3
(C) 9 : 25 (D) 25 : 9

BC 2
Q.87 It is given that ABC ~ PQR and QR  3 , then
ar(PQR)
ar(ABC) = ?

2 3
(A) (B)
3 2

4 9
(C) (D)
9 4

AB BC AC 5
Q.88 In ABC and DEF, we have    , then
(ABC) : ar(DEF) = ?
DE EF DF 7
ANSWER KEY
(A) 5 : 7 (B) 25 : 49 1. B 2. C 3. C 4. B
(C) 49 : 25 (D) 125 : 343 5. C 6. C 7. C 8. A
9. D 10. A 11. D 12. A

Q.89 In right ABC, BC = 7 cm, AC – AB = 1 cm and B = 13. B 14. A 15. B 16. A

90°. The value of cosA + cosB + cosC is 17. B 18. C 19. A 20. B
[NTSE 2012] 21. A 22. C 23. A 24. D
25. B 26. B 27. A 28. C
1 32
(A) (B) 29. B 30. A 31. B 32. C
7 24
33. A 34. B 35. B 36. B

31 25 37. C 38. A 39. A 40. B

(C) (D) 41. C 42. D 43. A 44. D
25 31
45. B 46. C 47. D 48. A
Q.90 Given that ABC ~ PQR and
49. C 50. A 51. B 52. C

area of ABC 16 53. C 54. D 55. A 56. B

 . [NTSE 2012]
area of PQR 9 57. D 58. B 59. C 60. C
61. D 62. B 63. C 64. D
If PQ = 18 cm and BC = 12 cm. Then,
65. A 66. B 67. C 68. B
AB and QR are, respectively
69. B 70. D 71. A 72. C
(A) 9 cm, 24 cm 73. B 74. C 75. B 76. B
(B) 24 cm, 9 cm 77. A 78. C 79. D 80. B
(C) 32 cm, 6.75 cm 81. C 82. B 83. C 84. B
(D) 13.5 cm, 16 cm 85. A 86. C 87. D 88. B
89. C 90. B 91. B
Q.91 ABC is an equilateral triangle of side 2 3 cm, O is
any point in the interior of ABC. If x, y, z are the
distances of O from the sides of the triangle, then x +
y + z is equal to [NTSE 2013]
(A) 2 + 3 cm (B) 3 cm
(C) 4 cm (D) 5 cm