Mechanical Behavior of Materials (Hindi)

Instructor
Dr. Niraj Mohan Chawake
417, Faculty Building
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA.

Email: nchawake@[Link]
Phone: +91 512 259 2181 (O)
Content
• Elasticity
• Stress at a point and Poisson’s Ratio
• Normal Stress and Shear Stress
• Independence of Stress Components
• Plane stress transformation Equations in 2D
• Mohr’s Circle of Stress
• Principal Stresses and Principal Planes

References

• Mechanical Metallurgy, George E Dieter, McGraw-Hill.

• Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Marc André Meyers, Krishan Kumar Chawla, Cambridge University Press.
• Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Thomas H. Courtney, Waveland Press, Inc.
• Mechanical Behavior of Materials, William F. Hosford, Cambridge University Press.

2
Important Information

• Most of the diagrams and schematic images are sourced from various
references in the literature and online. The sources are cited, or the relevant
information is provided at the bottom of the slide where the content is used.

• These external figures and images are intended solely for educational and
teaching purposes.

3
 Stress – Strain Curve till Elastic Limit

Important Note:
• There is a change in lattice parameter(s), thus change in lattice volume
• However small, there is a change in volume during elastic deformation
• What about the volume change in the plastic deformation?
Credits: Prof. Dr. Dennis Kochmann, ETH Zurich

Images are for educational and teaching purpose only 4

 State of stress at a point
Very generic usage, stress = Force/area

Is state of stress same throughout the deforming body?

Stress is a response of material to an externally imposed strain

Rather, resistance to external strain or applied forces

Augustin Cauchy
Image courtesy: Wikipedia

A more difficult concept is the idea of forces and stresses acting inside a material,

“within the interior where neither eye nor experiment can reach” as Euler put it.

Many great minds working for centuries at the concept of stress we use today,
Augustin Cauchy, who presented a paper on the subject to the Academy of Sciences in Paris, in 1822.

Images are for educational and teaching purpose only 5

 State of stress at a point: Poisson’s ratio, ν
Stress σ vs ε Total strain, 𝜀𝑡
𝜀𝑡 = 𝜀𝑒 + 𝜀𝑝
S-e Elastic Plastic

What is 𝜀𝑝 throughout σ vs ε

Plot, σ 𝑉𝑠 𝜀𝑝 ???
x
E z
y
𝜀𝑝 𝜀𝑒 𝜀𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝜀𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒
𝜀𝑡 x z
Strain
Young’s modulus, E: σ = 𝐸𝜀
y
𝜀𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 is related to 𝜀𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 by an elastic constant
𝜀𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒
𝜀𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒
Poisson’s ratio, 𝜈 𝜈=− Lateral strain
𝜀𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
Isotropic
Negative sign???
ν ~ 0 – 0.5 for most materials Poisson pronounced as Posson and not Poyson

6
State of stress at a point
F 𝐹
Free body diagram, FBD State of stress at a point 𝜎𝑖 =
F F ∆𝐹 𝐴𝑖
𝜎=
∆𝐴 𝐹
F 𝐴2 𝜎2 =
∆𝐹 𝐴2
𝜎 = lim
∆𝐴→0 ∆𝐴
𝐹
F 𝐴0 𝜎0 =
𝐴0
F F
Change in shape or cross section
Change in state of stress
General case
F1 FBD Force/traction implies body is in
F1
Static Equilibrium
F5
෍𝐹 = 0 No acceleration
O O
F2 F2 ෍𝑀 = 0 No rotation
F4 ∆𝐹
FTraction 𝜎=
F3 ∆𝐴
7
State of stress at a point
Stress changes with orientation of the cutting plane
FBD
F1
z

y
O x
FTraction2
F2
Stress changes with orientation or
FTraction1 change in reference coordinate axis

For convenience, we don’t define stress at some arbitrary angle

Stress defined on perpendicular to the cut surface and parallel to the cut surface

8
State of stress at a point: Normal and shear stress
∆𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝜎⊥ = lim
ΔA ∆𝐴→0 ∆𝐴
ΔFcosθ
θ ∆𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑
ΔF 𝜎∥𝑦 = lim
O ∆𝐴→0 ∆𝐴
ΔFsinθsinΦ
∆𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑
Φ 𝜎∥𝑥 = lim
∆𝐴→0 ∆𝐴
ΔFsinθcosΦ
⇀
ΔFsinθ

𝜎⊥ is called as a Normal Stress 𝜎∥ is called as Shear Stresses

Compression or extension Distortion of shape 𝜎∥ represented by τ

Normal or shear stresses changes with

surface orientation or change in reference coordinate axis

9
 State of stress at a point: Normal and shear stresses
Complete specification of state stress at a point
Specifying Normal and shear stresses or Stress components on three orthogonal planes
z How many stress components are required in
order to completely specify stress at point O?
3 components in One plane
Y plane X plane
Total = 9 components in cartesian coordinate
⇀

y z 𝜎𝑧𝑧
Z plane
y 𝜏𝑧𝑥
x
x ⇀𝜏𝑧𝑦 𝜏𝑦𝑧
𝜏𝑦𝑥
𝜎𝑦𝑦 ↿ 𝜏𝑥𝑧 ↿ 𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝜎𝑦𝑦
σ denotes normal stress
𝜏𝑦𝑧 ↿⇁𝜏 𝜏𝑦𝑥
𝑥𝑦
Along this direction
𝜎𝑥𝑥
Plane on which it acts
𝜏𝑦𝑥 τ denotes shear stress Infinitesimal Elemental cube: area of faces are small
enough so that change in stress over the face is negligible

10
State of stress at a point: Normal and shear stresses
z
𝜎𝑧𝑧 ‘-’ve Sign convention
y
x Normal stress:
Tension ‘+’
𝜏𝑦𝑥 ’-’ Compression ‘-’
↿
Shear stress:
𝜏𝑦𝑧 ’-’ Along Positive direction on Positive plane: + ve
Along negative direction on Positive plane: - ve

X3
X2
9 Components of a stress X1
𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑧 𝜎11 𝜎12 𝜎13
𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜏𝑦𝑧 𝜎𝑦𝑥 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑦𝑧 𝜎21 𝜎22 𝜎23
𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝜏𝑧𝑦 𝜎𝑧𝑧 𝜎𝑧𝑥 𝜎𝑧𝑦 𝜎𝑧𝑧 𝜎31 𝜎32 𝜎33

11
Stress Tensor: Rank, Dimension & Components
Scalar: Magnitude (Mass, distance, Temperature etc.) 10 kg, 5 cm, 100 °C Order: 0
෠
Vector: Magnitude and Direction (Velocity, Force etc.) 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑣𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑣𝑧 𝑘 Order: 1
Tensor: Magnitude, Direction and the Plane of application (Stress, electromagnetic tensor)
Stress Tensor Cube is 3D
𝝈𝒙𝒙 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝝉𝒙𝒛 Plane X 𝝈𝒙𝒙 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝝉𝒙𝒛
𝝉𝒚𝒙 𝝈𝒚𝒚 𝝉𝒚𝒛 Plane Y 𝝉𝒚𝒙 𝝈𝒚𝒚 𝝉𝒚𝒛
𝝉𝒛𝒙 𝝉𝒛𝒚 𝝈𝒛𝒛 Plane Z 𝝉𝒛𝒙 𝝉𝒛𝒚 𝝈𝒛𝒛

X Y Z Rank (or order) is the amount of

Tensor describing information you need to find a
Direction along
a cube must be 3D specific component
Rank/ 2nd order tensor
Dimension: 3 Electromagnetic tensor

Components = Dimension Order Order: 2

Components = 32 =9 Dimension: 4
Components = 16
𝒗𝒊 𝝈𝒊𝒋 𝝈𝒊𝒋𝒌 𝑺𝒊𝒋𝒌𝒍 Notation

12
 Independence of stress components?
z 𝜎𝑧𝑧 Δy
Moving in the XY plane,
y ⇁ 𝜎𝑥𝑥 the stress components vary in magnitude.
y 𝜏𝑥𝑦
x
𝜏𝑧𝑥
⇀ 𝜏𝑧𝑦
′
𝜏𝑦𝑧
x 𝜏𝑦𝑥
↿ ′
𝜎𝑦𝑦
−𝑋 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 → +𝑋 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒
′
𝜎𝑥𝑥 → 𝜎𝑥𝑥

𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜏 ′
𝑥𝑧
𝜏𝑥𝑦
↿⇁ 𝜎𝑥𝑥
↿ ′
𝜎𝑦𝑦
Δx
𝜎𝑦𝑦 ↿ “Directional Derivative”
↿⇁ 𝜏
↿ ′
𝜏𝑦𝑥
𝜏𝑦𝑧
𝜏 ′
𝑥𝑦
𝑥𝑧 ′
𝜏𝑦𝑥
⇁𝜏 ′
𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑥
𝜕𝑦
′ ′
𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑥𝑥
Δz
′
𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑥
Δx Δy 𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 𝜎𝑥𝑥 + Δx
𝜕𝑥
Δy y
𝜏𝑥𝑦 ⇁ 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑦
′
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑥𝑦 + Δx
x 𝜏𝑦𝑥 ′
𝜕𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝑥
↿𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦𝑦 + Δy
𝜕𝑦
Δx
𝜎𝑦𝑦 ↿ ′
𝜏𝑦𝑥 = 𝜏𝑦𝑥 +
𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑥
Δy
′
𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦𝑦 +
𝜕𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝜕𝑦
Δy
𝜕𝑦
⇁ ′
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑥𝑦 +
𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥
Δx
′ =𝜏
𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝑦𝑥 +
𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑥
𝜕𝑦
Δy

′
𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑥
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 𝜎𝑥𝑥 + Δx
𝜕𝑥
13
 Independence of stress components?
Δy Static equilibrium ෍ 𝐹 = 0 and ෍ 𝑀 = 0
y
𝜏𝑥𝑦 ⇁ 𝜎𝑥𝑥
Moment along Z direction ෍ 𝑀𝑧 = 0 Moment = Force × perpendicular distance
x 𝜏𝑦𝑥 ∆𝑥 𝜕𝜎𝑦𝑦
2
′
𝜎𝑦𝑦
↿ = 𝜎𝑦𝑦 + Δy Counter-Clockwise Clockwise
𝜕𝑦
Δx
𝜎𝑦𝑦 ↿ ∆𝑦
2
O ∆𝑥
∆𝑦
2
′
𝜏𝑦𝑥 = 𝜏𝑦𝑥 +
𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑥
Δy
𝜏𝑥𝑦 ∆𝑦∆𝑧
∆𝑥
2
′ ∆𝑦∆𝑧 ∆𝑥
+ 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2
= 𝜏𝑦𝑥 ∆𝑥∆𝑧
∆𝑦 ′
+ 𝜏𝑦𝑥 ∆𝑥∆𝑧
∆𝑦
2
2 𝜕𝑦 2
⇁ ′
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑥𝑦 +
𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥
Δx
′
𝜏𝑥𝑦 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 ′
= 𝜏𝑦𝑥 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥

′
𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑥
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 𝜎𝑥𝑥 + Δx 𝜏𝑥𝑦 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 + Δx = 𝜏𝑦𝑥 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 + Δy
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
z
∵ ∆𝑥 → 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑦 → 0 ⇒ 2𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 2𝜏𝑦𝑥
y
x ⇒ 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑦𝑥

Similarly, we can show: 𝜏𝑥𝑧 = 𝜏𝑧𝑥 and 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 𝜏𝑧𝑦

Δz 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑥𝑧
Δx 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜏𝑦𝑧 6 independent stress components
Δy 𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝜏𝑧𝑦 𝜎𝑧𝑧
14
2D Stress state (Plane stress)
Thin plate No stress perpendicular to the plate
z
Stresses present Stresses absent or zero
y 𝜎𝑦𝑦
x ↼ 𝜎𝑥𝑥 , 𝜎𝑦𝑦 , 𝜏𝑥𝑦 , 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜎𝑧𝑧 , 𝜏𝑥𝑧 , 𝜏𝑧𝑥 , 𝜏𝑧𝑦 , 𝜏𝑦𝑧
𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑦𝑥
𝜎𝑥𝑥
Area of plane OP (Y-plane) = 𝑚𝐴 𝑚 = sinθ, 𝑙 = cosθ

Area of plane OQ (X-plane) = 𝑙𝐴

y Area of PQ = A
Q Fy For body to be in equilibrium
𝐹𝑥 = 𝜎𝑥𝑥 ∙ 𝑙𝐴 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 ∙ 𝑚𝐴
𝜎𝑥𝑥
↼

𝜏𝑥𝑦 Fx 𝐹𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦𝑦 ∙ 𝑚𝐴 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 ∙ 𝑙𝐴

θ P
O x 𝐹𝑥′ = 𝐹𝑥 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝐹𝑦 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
↿

𝜏𝑦𝑥
𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝐹𝑥′ 𝐹𝑥 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝐹𝑦 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜎𝑥 ′ 𝑥 ′ = =
𝐴 𝐴

15
Plane stress condition: Normal stresses
(𝜎𝑥𝑥 ∙ 𝑙𝐴 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 ∙ 𝑚𝐴) ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + (𝜎𝑦𝑦 ∙ 𝑚𝐴 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 ∙ 𝑙𝐴) ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜎𝑥 ′ 𝑥 ′ =
𝐴

𝜎𝑥 ′ 𝑥 ′ = (𝜎𝑥𝑥 ∙ 𝑙 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 ∙ 𝑚) ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + (𝜎𝑦𝑦 ∙ 𝑚 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 ∙ 𝑙) ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝜎𝑥 ′ 𝑥 ′ = (𝜎𝑥𝑥 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) + (𝜎𝑦𝑦 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

𝜎𝑥 ′ 𝑥 ′ = 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 2𝜏𝑦𝑥 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ∵ 𝜏𝑦𝑥 = 𝜏𝑥𝑦

𝜎𝑥 ′ 𝑥 ′ = 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 Replace, 𝜃 = 𝜃 + 𝜋/2

Similarly, we can show that 𝜎𝑦 ′ 𝑦 ′ = 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃

𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦𝑦

𝜎𝑥 ′ 𝑥 ′ = + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
2 2 ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 =
2
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦𝑦 ∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 =
𝜎𝑦 ′ 𝑦 ′ = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 2
2 2

16
Plane stress condition: Shear stress

y
𝜏𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′ Area of PQ = A
Q Fy
Total force parallel to y’
𝜎𝑥𝑥

↼
𝜏𝑥𝑦 Fx
𝐹𝑦′ −𝐹𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝐹𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝐹𝑥 = 𝜎𝑥𝑥 ∙ 𝑙𝐴 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 ∙ 𝑚𝐴 θ P
𝜏𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′ = = O x

↿
𝐴 𝐴 𝐹𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦𝑦 ∙ 𝑚𝐴 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 ∙ 𝑙𝐴
𝜏𝑦𝑥
𝜎𝑦𝑦

−(𝜎𝑥𝑥 ∙ 𝑙𝐴 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 ∙ 𝑚𝐴)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + (𝜎𝑦𝑦 ∙ 𝑚𝐴 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 ∙ 𝑙𝐴)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝜏𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′ =
𝐴

𝜎𝑦𝑦 − 𝜎𝑥𝑥
𝜏𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2θ
2

17
Mohr’s Circle of stress
𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝜎𝑥 ′ 𝑥 ′ = + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 (1)
2 2
𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝜎𝑦′ 𝑦′ = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 (2)
2 2
𝜎𝑦𝑦 − 𝜎𝑥𝑥
𝜏𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2θ
2 (3)

Add, (1) and (2) 𝜎𝑥 ′ 𝑥 ′ + 𝜎𝑦′ 𝑦′ = 𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦

Regardless of the orientation angle θ, the sum of normal stresses is INVARIENT

Rearrange the equation (1), then square the equation (1) and (3), and then add them
2 2
𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 2 𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦𝑦 2
𝜎𝑥 ′ 𝑥 ′ − + 𝜏𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′ = + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2 2

𝜎 h 𝜏 r2
2
𝜎−ℎ + 𝜏 2 = 𝑟2 Equation of a circle

18
 Mohr’s Circle of stress
2 2
𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 2 𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦𝑦 2
𝜎𝑥 ′ 𝑥 ′ − + 𝜏𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′ = + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2
2 2 𝜎−ℎ + 𝜏 2 = 𝑟2

𝜎 h 𝜏 r2
𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦𝑦 2
Shear Stress 𝑟= + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2
2
τ
Utility of Mohr’s circle
𝑟
• Analytical method become
tedious or cumbersome
• Easy to construct
O σ
(0,0)
(h, 0)
Normal Stress

𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦
ℎ=
2

19
Mohr’s Circle: Conventions and Construction
Shear stress
• Length = Stress
- ve Ordinate CW: +ve

↼
↼
τ • Every point on a circle:
Stress corresponding
CCW to a particular plane

⇀ 𝐵(𝜎𝑦𝑦 , 𝜏𝑦𝑥 )
(𝜎𝛼 , 𝜏𝛼 )

CW 𝜏𝑥𝑦
+ ve 𝜎𝑦𝑦 2α
⇀ C 𝜎𝑥𝑥 Abscissa
-σ O
𝜏𝑥𝑦
σ
𝜎𝑦𝑦 -ve values +ve values
B
⇀ α
𝜏𝑦𝑥
𝜏𝑥𝑦
Compressive
2θ
Tensile

𝐴(𝜎𝑥𝑥 , 𝜏𝑥𝑦 )
𝜎𝑥𝑥
↼
↼

𝜎𝑥𝑥 (𝜎𝜃 , 𝜏𝜃 ) θ= 0
𝜏𝑥𝑦 θ
⇀ A
𝜏𝑦𝑥 -τ CCW: -ve
𝜎𝑦𝑦

20
Mohr’s Circle: Important results
τ D 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥
• Point A and B represent planes with
ZERO Shear Stress
• A & B are ‘PRINCIPAL PLANE’
𝑟
• Principal planes are Orthogonal
90 ° 90 °
B C A
σ • 𝜎1 > 𝜎2
(𝜎2 , 0) (𝜎1 , 0) • Plane A is Major Principal Plane
180 ° • Plane B is Minor Principal Plane
𝜎1
𝜎2 • Plane of Maximum Shear
𝜎1 − 𝜎2
E 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑟 =
2
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝜎1 − 𝜎2
• Plane of Maximum shear is
𝜎1 − 𝜎2
𝑟= always 45 ° from Principal Planes
2
➢ On Principal planes, shear stress is zero. However, it is not necessary that on
plane of maximum shear, normal stresses are zero.

21
Mohr’s circle: Analytical way

𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦𝑦

𝜎𝑥 ′ 𝑥 ′ = + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 (1)
2 2
𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝜎𝑦′ 𝑦′ = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 (2)
2 2
𝜎𝑦𝑦 − 𝜎𝑥𝑥
𝜏𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2θ
2 (3)

Christian Otto Mohr

Location of the plane of Maximum shear and its value? German civil engineer
Image courtesy: Wikipedia
𝑑𝜏𝑥 ′ 𝑦′
=0
𝑑𝜃
Show how much rotation needed to arrive at locations of Principal planes?

Prove that the angle between Principal planes and the plane of maximum shear is 45° ?

Images are for educational and teaching purpose only 22

Mohr’s circle: Solved example
τ
Scale: 1 unit = 10 MPa

θ = 0°
A(-80, 25)

2θ2 = 21°𝜎 O(-15,0)

2 𝜎1 σ
Principal Planes 𝜎2 (-84.6, 0) 𝜎1 (54.6, 0)

2θ1 = 201° B(50, -25)

23
Mohr’s circle: Solved example
(𝜎𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 69.6) τ
(−15, 69.6) 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝜎𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ =
2

θ = 0°
A(-80, 25) 2θs = 69°

Plane of Maximum Shear

σ
𝜎2 (-84.6, 0) O(-15,0) 𝜎1 (54.6, 0)

B(50, -25)

𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥

24
Mohr’s circle: Plane stress: Special conditions
𝜎1
τ 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ൗ2 𝜎1 𝜎1
,
2 2

𝜎1
Uniaxial Stress State
𝜎1 σ

𝜎2 When, τ 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜎1 No normal stresses

on this plane State of pure shear
𝜎1 = 𝜎2
0, 𝜎1
𝜎1
𝜎1 𝜎1 σ

When,
𝜎2
𝜎1 = 𝜎2 τ
State of
𝜎1 Point Hydrostatic pressure
𝜎1 = 𝜎2 = −𝑝 σ

Images are for educational and teaching purpose only 25

Plane stress: Day to day examples

Courtesy : Google images

Images are for educational and teaching purpose only 26

Principal Stresses: Eigen values and Eigen vectors
Alternate way of thinking principal stress
X3
Symmetric θ
X2
𝜎11 𝜎12
X1 𝜎1 0
𝜎21 𝜎22 Diagonalization of matrix
0 𝜎2

• If matrix is symmetric then diagonal values are real

• Stress matrix is real, i.e., Principal stresses are real

In Linear algebra, problem of finding Eigen Values and Eigen vectors

Eigen Values: λ1 and λ2 = Principal stresses 𝜎1 and 𝜎2

Eigen Vectors: Direction of Principal stresses

𝜎11 𝜎12
Stress Matrix 𝐴 = 𝜎21 𝜎22 Matrix Equation X2
𝐴 𝑣 = 𝜆𝑣 𝑣2
𝑣1 X1
Eigen vector 𝑣= 𝑣 𝑣1
2

27
 Principal Stresses: Eigen values and Eigen vectors
𝐴 𝑣 = 𝜆𝑣
𝜎11 − 𝜆 𝜎12
=0
To solve this equation, let’s rewrite 𝜎12 𝜎22 − 𝜆

1 0 𝜆2 − 𝜎11 + 𝜎22 𝜆 + (𝜎11 𝜎22 − 𝜎12 2 ) = 0

𝐴𝑣= 𝜆𝐼𝑣 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥, 𝐼 =
0 1

0 INVARIANT INVARIANT
𝐴𝑣− 𝜆𝐼𝑣=0 0=
0 Quadratic equation, solution
𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼 𝑣=0 2
𝜎11 + 𝜎22 𝜎11 − 𝜎22 2
𝜆= ± + 𝜎12
This equation is satisfied, 2 2
when 𝑣 = 0 or 𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼 = 0

∵𝑣≠0 h r
Centre Mohr’s circle Radius
Thus, 𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼 = 0

𝜎11 − 𝜆 𝜎12 𝜆 0
=0 ∵ 𝜆𝐼 = Substitute, the values of 𝜆 to find Eigen vector
0 𝜆
𝜎12 𝜎22 − 𝜆 and 𝜎12 = 𝜎21
𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼 𝑣=0

28
Principal Stresses: Eigen values and Eigen vectors: Solved example

150+75 150−75 2
𝜆= ± + 432
2 2

𝜆 = 112.5 ± 57.055

𝜆1 = 169. 55 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜆2 = 55.45

𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼 𝑣=0

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒, 𝜆 = 𝜆1
𝜎11 𝜎12 150 43 150 − 169.55 43 𝑣1
𝐴= 𝜎 =
21 𝜎22 43 75 43 75 − 169.55 𝑣2 = 0
𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼 = 0
−19.55𝑣1 + 43𝑣2 = 0 (1)
150 − 𝜆 43
=0 43𝑣1 − 94.55𝑣2 = 0 (2)
43 75 − 𝜆
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑞𝑛 1, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝑣1 = 5 ⇒ 𝑣2 = 2.27
𝜎11 + 𝜎22 𝜎11 − 𝜎22 2
𝜆= ± + 𝜎12 2
2 2 You will get the same answer using eqn (2)

Images are for educational and teaching purpose only 29

Principal Stresses: Eigen values and Eigen vectors: Solved example
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒, 𝜆 = 𝜆2 𝑋2
150 − 55.45 43 𝑣1
43 75 − 55.45 𝑣2 = 0

94.55𝑣1 + 43𝑣2 = 0 (3)

43𝑣1 + 19.55𝑣2 = 0 (4) 𝑣2 = 2.27 𝑋1′
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑞𝑛 3, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝑣1 = 1 ⇒ 𝑣2 = −2.19

𝑣1 = 1 𝑣1 = 5 𝑋1

𝑣2 = −2.19

𝑋2′

30
Some interesting examples: Welding

Fracture strength of the welded material = 150 MPa

Weld joint

60° Uniaxial 200 MPa

Will the weld withstand this condition?

31
Delhi Iron Pillar: The rustless wonder
Height: 7.21 m
Diameter: 0.406 m

Density: 7800 kg/m3

Find compressive stresses and compressive

strains at the cross-section located at 3 m
from the top?

Relate normal force acting on the cross-

sectional area of the pillar as a function of its
length

Late Prof R. Balasubramaniam

MSE, IIT Kanpur (Corrosion aspect)

Image courtesy: Wikipedia

Images are for educational and teaching purpose only 32