Transportation is the movement or conveying of persons and goods from one location to

another.

Animal Power The domestication of animals greatly increased the potential power available
for transportation. Pack animals were introduced as conveyances mainly to save labor. A
man can tend several pack animals moving together, each of which (except dogs) can carry
more than he usually can.

Some of the common animals used by human beings since the ancient time

1. Ox – cattle, which were first domesticated in Mesopotamia, were used as draft animals to
draw war chariots. In some parts of Africa, they are used as pack animals and for riding.

2. Reindeer – these were first domesticated in Siberia in the beginning of the Christian era.
In the Altai Mountains, they were ridden with saddles. Elsewhere, they draw sledges
somewhat like the dog sledges of the Far North.
3. Dog – the first animal domesticated, is too slight to carry heavy load. The plain Indians
sometimes packed light loads on dogs’ backs, and piled goods on a travois which the dogs
dragged. In the Far North, the dogs team drawing sledges are the chief means of
transportation; and in parts of Europe, the dogs are used to draw small carts.

4. Donkey – the first domesticated in the Middle East. Donkey caravans carry goods between
the cities of Southwest Asia and Egypt and the donkey is still the chief beast of burden
among the farmers of the near East, the Mediterranean area and Mexico, where it was
introduced from Spain.

5. Llama – in Pre-Columbian America, the Llama was the only new world animal other than
the dog capable of domestication for use in transport.

6. Elephant – the Carthaginians used African elephant in their war against Rome. In India,
elephants were formerly use in war and are still employed to some extent for ceremonial
processions and big game hunting. In Burma and Thailand, these huge animals are widely
used in the lumber industry.

7. Horse – around 2,000 B.C., horse drawn chariots appeared in southwest Asia and 1,000
years later, the Persians arrived with cavalry which gave mobility and power to the German
tribes who invaded Europe and to the Central Asian conqueror Genghis Khan.

8. Camel – there are two kinds of camel, the two-humped Bactrian camel of Central Asia and
the one-humped dromedary of Arabia have long been used for transport. The Bactrian
camel has plodded along the caravan routes between China and Iran for at least 2,000 years.
The dromedary, which has less endurance but it, is fleeter and special fast-paced riding
camel, is bred by the Arab nomads.
9. Yak – a long-haired type of cattle that lives at high altitudes on the Tibetan plateau and is
ridden and used as a pack animal at heights were horses and ordinary animal could not
survive

Wheel was invented probably in Western Asia. Such invention was a milestone and a great
step forward in transportation. However, pieces of evidence were found by archaeologists
that wheel could have been simultaneously invented in Southwest Asia and Mesopotamia.
As wheel was perfected, crude parts and wagons began to appear in Tigris-Euphrates valley
about 3500 B.C., and later in Crete, Egypt, and China. The wheel was one of man’s great
inventions. It enabled him to transport burdens beyond the power of man or animals to
carry, drag, and permitted much greater facility of movements than the simple sledge on
rollers which had to be continually picked up and moved by hands as sledge is advanced.

Ljubljana Marshes Wooden Wheel – the oldest wheel ever found in Europe or anywhere
in the world. This was discovered by two Slovene archaeologists in April 2002 in the
Ljubljana Marshes in Slovenia. When carbon-dated, the remains are estimated to be 5,200
years old.

The Romans were the major road builders in the ancient world. The Romans road network
reached a total of about 50,000 miles (80,000 kms.) with feeder roads branching out from
the main highways. It was costly because its deep foundation, formed by layer after heavy
stones, was necessary to make roads that would carry heavy traffic for many years.

John L. Macadam - did not abandon the theory of feeder road building and perfected the
macadamized road in England about 1815.

Traffic – It refers to the movement of persons, goods, or vehicles, either powered by

combustion system or animal drawn, from one place to another for the purpose of travel.

Traficko (Greek) – movement of person

Traficka (Greek) – movement of person

Traffficare (Italian) – to carry or trade

Traffic Management – Application of skills thru process of planning, organizing, supervising,

directing, coordinating, recording, and budgeting undertaken by transportation managers to
improve roadway system, safety efficiency and effective transportation services.

Road - It refers to the entire surface of any street open to public traffic. It also includes
shoulders and sidewalk (DPWH, 2012). Hence, to DPWH, the term “road” is synonymous
to traffic way.

For purposes of construction, repair, and/or maintenance, roads are classified as:

1. National roads – these are roads/streets interconnecting provinces and/or cities.

2. Provincial roads – these are roads/streets interconnecting municipalities and/or cities
within the province.
3. City roads – these are roads/streets interconnecting barangay within a city.
4. Municipal roads – these are roads/streets interconnecting barangays within a
municipality.
5. Barangay roads – these are roads/streets located within a barangay which connect
sitios or places within a barangay.

TYPES OF ROADWAYS
 Skyway – roadway above street level
 Lane
 Highway
 Subway – under the ground
 Express way – traffic for free flow of vehicular movement
 Tunnel Road – constructed to pass through a hill or sea for short travel
 Feeder Road – extended from farm to market traffic
 Throughway – highway that has limited entrances and exits such as the expressways,
freeways, or motorways.
 Trafficway – entire width between boundary lines of every way or place of which any
part is open to use of the public for purposes of vehicular traffic as a matter of right
or custom.
The Intersection – is defined as the area embraced within the prolongation or connection of
the lateral curb lines, or, if none, then the lateral boundary lines of the roadways of two
highways which join one another at, or approximately at, right angles, or the area within
vehicles traveling upon different highways joining at any other angle may come in conflict.
1. 3-way intersection – it is commonly known as the T or crossroad which links three
roads.
2. 4-way intersection – the most common type which involved crossings of two
roadways. It is either regular intersection when the two roads cross perpendicularly
and it is called skewed intersection when the two roads cross at different angles.
3. Highway - It means the entire width between the boundary lines of every way dedicated
to a public authority when any part of the way is open to the use of the public for purposes
of vehicular traffic, whether or not the public authority is maintaining the way. Or, highway
refers to any roads, streets, boulevards, or avenues used as public thorough far
4. 5-way intersection – it involves the crossing of five roads. This type is the least
common.
5. 6-way intersection – it involves the crossing of three streets most often two
perpendicular roads and one diagonal road. This type is very rare.
6. Staggered intersection – it involves two successive T crossroads.

3 ELEMENTS
 Roadway system
  Road users
 Enforcement procedure
Major Causes of Traffic Congestion
1. Physical Inadequacy
2. Poor Control Measures
3. Human Errors
4. Poor Maintenance
Specific Traffic Problems – Traffic Managers and traffic control officers commonly encounter
the following traffic-related problems:
1. Traffic Build-up
2. Traffic congestions
3. Traffic jams (snarl-up)
4. Bottlenecks
5. Gridlocks
6. Accidents
7. Collisions

 4. Municipal roads –
these