Logic Gates
LOGIC OPERATIONS & GATES
The basic operations are AND, OR, NOT, and FLIP-FLOP.
where A, B, C,… N are the input variables and Y is the output variable.
Equation (1.1) is known as the Boolean equation or the logical equation
of the AND gate.
“Y equals NOT A” or “Y equals complement of A”. The NOT operation is also
referred to as an inversion or complementation. The presence of a small
circle, known as the bubble, always denotes inversion in digital circuits.
The NOT–AND operation is known as the NAND operation.
The three basic logic operations, AND, OR, and NOT can be performed by
using only NAND gates. These are given in Fig. 1.11.
The NOT–OR operation is known as the NOR operation.
The three basic logic operations, AND, OR, and NOT can be performed by using only the
NOR gates. These are given in Fig. 1.14.
Combinational Logic
Design
Basically, Digital circuits are divided into two broad categories
1. Combinational circuits, and
2. Sequential circuits
In combinational circuits, the output at any instant of time depend upon the inputs
present at that instant of [Link] means there is no memory in these
[Link] are other types of circuits in which the outputs at any instant of time
depend upon the present inputs as well as past inputs/[Link] means that
there are elements used to store past [Link] elements are known as
[Link] circuits are known as sequential circuits.
The design requirements of combinational circuits may be specified in one of the
following ways:
1. A set of statements,
2. Boolean expression,and
3. Truth table
The following methods can be used to simplify the boolean functions:
[Link] method
[Link]-map technique,
[Link]-McCluskey method, and
[Link] entered mapping (VEM) technique
KARNAUGH MAP REPRESENTATION OF LOGIC FUNCTIONS
Maxterm/Minterm Corresponding to Each Cell of K-maps
Design Examples
Arithmetic Circuits
Truth Table of Half-adder
From the truth table, we obtain the logical expressions for S and C outputs as
S = AB+ AB= A B , C=AB
C=AB
Full-adder
Truth Table of a Full-adder
BCD-to-7-Segment Decoder
Truth Table of BCD-to-7 Segment Decoder
Encoder
Truth Table of Decimal-to-BCD Encoder
Multiplexer
Truth Table of a 4:1 Multiplexer
Its realisation using NAND gates
And inverters is shown in Fig.5.30.
Decimal-to-Binary Conversion
BINARY ARITHMETIC
Arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are
Performed similar to decimal arithmetic.
Binary Addition
Rules of Binary Addition
Binary Subtraction
Rules of Binary Subtraction
Binary Multiplication
Binary multiplication is similar to decimal multiplication.
Binary Division
Binary division is obtained using the same procedure as decimal division.
OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM
The Number system with base(or radix) eight is known as the octal number
system.
Octal-to-Decimal Conversion
Decimal-to-Octal Conversion
Octal-to-Binary Conversion
Binary and Decimal Equivalents of Octal Numbers
Binary-to-Octal Conversion
HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM
The Number System with base (or radix) 16 is known as hexadecimal number
system.
Binary and Decimal Equivalents of Hexadecimal Numbers
Hexadecimal-to-Decimal Conversion
Decimal-to-Hexadecimal Conversion
Hexadecimal-to-Binary Conversion
Binary-to-Hexadecimal Conversion