Proceedings of

12th Structural Engineering Convention-An International Event

(SEC 2020)

Displacement in Deep Propped Cantilever Beam Subjected to Semi-elliptical Load

Aishwarya Mahajan1 , Sagar Gaikwad2 , Ajay Dahake3
1
PG Student, 3 Professor
Department of Civil Engineering, G H Raisoni College of Engineering & Management, Pune, Maharashtra, 412207, India
2
Structural Engineer, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
Corresponding Author: [Link]@[Link]

Abstract

A fifth order shear deformation theory considering transverse shear deformation effect is presented for displacement in propped cantilever beam.
The considered displacement field accounts for non-linear variation corresponding to depth of beam. Governing equations and boundary
conditions of the theory are obtained using the standard of virtual work. Numerical results for static deflection analysis for aspect ratio (length to
depth) 2 to 50 for isotropic beam is obtained. The results of present theory are in close agreement with those of higher order shear deformation
theories.

Keywords: Deep beam, Fifth order shear deformation theory, semi-elliptical load, propped cantilever

1. Introduction

Beams are widely used in the engineering sectors. beams, assuming a third order variation of axial
Theories of beams include the reduction of a 3D problem of displacement in terms of thickness coordinate. However, the
elasticity theory to a 1D problem. Since the depth is much issues of bending and transverse shear stress distributions at
smaller than the length, it shows potential to estimate the the built in end boundary are not covered. Apart from this
variation of the displacement, strain, and stress components different theories are available in the literature by using
in the thickness dimension. Euler-Bernoulli [1, 2] (1705, trigonometric and hyperbolic functions in thickness
1744) developed the elementary theory of beam (ETB). It is coordinate to demonstrate the warping effects. Ghugal and
based the assumption that the plane sections remain plane Sharma [8, 9] (2009, 2011) presented the hyperbolic shear
and normal to the axis after bending, implying that the deformation theory for the static and dynamic analysis of
transverse shear strain is zero. This theory neglects the thick beams. Sawant and Dahake [18] (2016), Sawant [Link].
transverse shear effect, it is suitable for the analysis of thin [19] (2016), Sawant and Nimbalkar [21] (2018), Saba and
beams. The refined beam theory was initially developed by Mangulkar [22] (2018) employed the hyperbolic shear
Timoshenko. This theory is known as first order shear deformation theory to study the bending of deep cantilever
deformation theory (FSDT). This theory gives constant isotropic beams subjected to parabolic load, varying load,
shear strain throughout the thickness. A first order shear cosine load, parabolic load respectively.
deformation beam theory is used by Ike [24] (2019) for the Unified shear deformation theory was used by Sayyad
flexural analysis of moderately thick beams. In addition, [10] (2011) to analyze the simply supported thick isotropic
ETB and FSDT have been unable to notice significant beams for transverse displacement, axial bending stress,
effects such as warping. Those effects are due to deep beam transverse shear stress, and natural frequency. A third order
in nature. That has led to the development of higher order shear deformation theory is developed by Dahake [Link]. [16]
theories. Ghugal and Shimpi [6] (2002) have presented (2013) for flexure of thick beams, taking into account the
meticulous review of refined shear deformation theories. effects of transverse shear deformation. Joshi [Link] [26]
Krishna Murty [7] (1984) and various researchers (2020) presented the study of displacements in cantilever
established the higher order shear deformation theories for thick beam exposed to a cosine loading via 5th order
function of study of shear deformation. It is also observed Relationships between Stress-Strain
that the analytical solutions for static flexure of thick
cantilever beams that are subjected to semi elliptical loading The Hooke’s law is applied. The axial stress x is related

using 5th order shear deformation theories are very limited. 
to strain x and shear stress is related to shear strain by the
Many researchers have reported their results for aspect ratio following constitutive relations:
4 and 10 only.
In this paper, the deep beam is subjected to semi
elliptical loading to find deflection for propped cantilever d 2w  4 z 2 16 z 4  d 
 x  E x   zE 2
 zE  2   
beam is considered. Here, as an attempt is made to present dx  3 h 2 5 h 4  dx
(4)
the results for aspect ratio 2 to 50. The analytical result
obtained by this theory and other refined theories are  z2 z4 
compared to validate the theory.  zx  G zx  G  2  4  16   x 
 h2 h4 
(5)
2. Analytical Formulation where E is modulus of elasticity and G is shear modulus of
The Beam Under Consideration the beam material.
The beam under consideration as shown in Fig. 1
x, y, z = Cartesian coordinates, Governing Equations and Boundary Conditions
L = Length in x direction Using the expressions for strains and stresses (2)
B = Breadth in y directions and through (5) and using the principle of virtual work,
h = Thickness in the z-direction. variationally consistent governing differential equations and
The beam is made up of homogeneous, linearly elastic boundary conditions for the beam under consideration can
isotropic material. be obtained. The principle of virtual work when applied to
q(x)
the beam leads to:

z h /2   x   zx  zx  dx dz
xL z  h /2
b x
x 0 .

xL
b  q( x )  w dx
x 0 (6)
h O x,u y
Substituting expressions for the virtual strains and stresses
z [(2) through (5)] into Eqn. (6) we get following equation
L
z,w Cross section
 d 2w  4 z 2 16 z 4  d   
  zE 2  zE  2  2  4   
Fig. 1. Beam under bending in x-z plane  dx  3h 5 h  dx  
 
section 
 z d 2
 w 4 z 2
16 z 4
d    dzdx
x  L z  h 2  
2 2  
 dx 2
3h 4
5 h dx  
The analytical formulation of uniform thick propped b   
cantilever beam based on certain kinematical and physical x  0 z  h 2   z 2
z  
4
z 2
z  
4

  G 2  4  16 
  2  4  16  
assumptions is presented.   h2 h4   h2 h 4  
xL

Strain-Displacement Relationships
  q  x   wdx
x 0
(7)
Normal and shear strains are obtained within the skeleton Further simplifying it leads to
of linear theory of elasticity using the displacement field  
 z2E d w d  w 
2 2
given by Eqn. (1). These relationships are given as follows
 dx 2 dx 2 
 
  z 2 E  2  4 z  16 z  d  d  w 
2 4 2
The Displacement Field
  
 3 h 2 5 h 4  dx dx 2 
 
dw  4  z  16 z 4 
2 z  h 2
 2  4 z 2 16 z 4  d 2 w d  
u( x, z )  u0  z  z 2    
3h
  x (1) xL    z E  2  3 h 2  5 h 4  dx 2 dx dzdx
z  h 2 
dx  5 h 4  b 
 4 2 
w( x, z )  w  x  x 0 2 
  z E 2  4  16z 2
z  d  d  
  
 h 2
h  dx dx 
4

 
 
2
Normal Strain  z2 z4 
  G   2  4  16  
  h2 h4  
d 2w  4  z  16 z 4  d
2 xL

 q  x   wdx
du 
x   z 2  z  2      (2)
dx dx  3h 5 h 4  dx
 x 0 (8)

Shear Strain

du dw  z2 z4 
 zx     2  4 2  16 4    x  (3)
dz dx  h h 
Integration of Eqn. (8) with respect to z leads to following where Q(x) is the generalized shear force for beam and it is
given by Q  x    qdx  C1 .
equation x

 d 2 w d 2 w 12 d  d 2 w  Now second governing Eqn. (12) is rearranged in the

 EI 2 2
 EI 
 dx dx 7 dx dx 2  following form:
xL
 12 d 2 w d  d d  
  7 EI dx 2 dx  2.96EI dx dx dx
x 0 
12 d 3 w d 2
 2.96 2   
 (9) 3
(14)
 2.4635GA  7 dx dx
 
  12
xL Let, A0  , B0  2.96, C0  2.4635
  q  x   wdx
x 0
7
A single equation in terms of shear slope is now obtained
and integrating the each term by parts in Eqn. (9) to relieve as:
the virtual displacements (δω and δ∅) in the region of the
d 2 Q( x)
beam (region of any differentiation), so that we can use the  2   (15)
fundamental lemma of variational calculus, we obtain… dx 2  EI
where the constants  ,  and  appeared in are as
xL
 4
d w 12 d  3
 follows
  EI dx 4  7 EI dx 3  q  x   wdx
x 0  
xL  B0  C GA
 12 d 3w d 2     A0  ,   0 ,
   7 EI dx 3  2.96 EI dx 2  2.4635GA  dx
x 0    A0  A0 EI
(10)
 d  d  w
L
d 2 w 12
  EI  EI  
 dx 2 7 dx  dx and  2  (16)

0

 3
d w 12 d  2
   EI   w 0
L
EI
 dx 3 7 dx 2  The general solution is given by:
 12 d 2w d 
  2.96 EI   0
L
EI

2
 Q( x)
7 dx dx
 ( x )  C2 cosh  x  C3 sinh  x  (17)
0  EI
The general solution for transverse displacement w(x) can
Since the variations (δω and δ∅) are arbitrary functions over
be obtained as follows
the region of integration, we set the coefficients of their
variations equal to zero separately to obtain the Euler-  c1 x 3  A0 2  EI 
       3  c2 sinh  x  c3 cosh  x 
Lagrange equations (equilibrium equations or field 1 6  0
B  
w( x )   qdxdxdx   
(18)
equations) which are the governing differential equations D  x2 
  c4  c5 x  c6 
and associated boundary conditions of the present theory of  2 
beam. The governing differential equations obtained are as
follows: where C1 , C2 , C3 , C4 , C5 and C6 are the arbitrary constants of
integration and can be obtained by imposing natural
d 4 w 12 d 3
EI  EI 3  q( x )  0 (11) (forced) and /or geometric or kinematical boundary / end
dx 4 7 dx conditions of beam.
12 d 3 w d 2 Illustrative Example
EI 3  2.96 EI 2  2.4635GA  0 (12)
7 dx dx In order to validation of the present theory, an example
is considered which is having the material properties as
The General Solution of Governing Equilibrium follows:
Equations of The Beam Young’s modulus (E) = 2.1x105 MPa, Poisson’s ratio (μ) =
0.3 and the density,  = 7800 kg/m3
The general solution for transverse displacement w(x) and The kinematic and static (forced) boundary conditions
warping function   x  is as follows associated with propped cantilever beam (Example 1)
bending problem is as follows:
d 3 w 12 d 2 Q ( x ) dw
  (13) At fixed support,    w  0 at x  0, L
dx 3 7 dx 2 EI dx
2
At propped support, EI d w d
2
 EI  w  0 at x  L
dx dx
The analysis of beam bending problems with semi-
elliptical loading and propped cantilever boundary Table 1. Non-dimensional transverse deflection ( w ) at (x
conditions is presented as follows. = 0.5L, z =0.0) of the beam with propped cantilever
subjected to semi-elliptical load for aspect ratio 2 to 50.
Example : A Beam With Propped Cantilever
Subjected To Semi-Elliptical Load Bernoulli- Krishna Ghugal &
Source Present
A beam with propped cantilever has its origin at left hand Euler Murty Sharma
side support. The beam is subjected to semi elliptical Model ETB HSDT HPSDT V Order
load on surface z = +h/2 acting in the downward z Aspect
direction as shown in Fig. 2. Ratio Non-Dimensional Displacement
2 2 1.6035 3.9339 3.9257 3.9106
 2x 
q( x )  q0 1    4 1.6035 2.1859 2.1839 2.1802
 L 
6 1.6035 1.8623 1.8614 1.8598
8 1.6035 1.7491 1.7486 1.7476
10 1.6035 1.6967 1.6963 1.6957
12 1.6035 1.6682 1.668 1.6675
L 14 1.6035 1.651 1.6509 1.6505
16 1.6035 1.6399 1.6397 1.6395
z, w
18 1.6035 1.6322 1.6321 1.632
Fig. 2. A propped cantilever beam subjected to 20 1.6035 1.6268 1.6267 1.6265
semi-elliptical load
22 1.6035 1.6227 1.6227 1.6225
24 1.6035 1.6197 1.6196 1.6195
General expressions using above boundary conditions
obtained for w  x  and   x  for given Example are as 26 1.6035 1.6173 1.6172 1.6171
follows: 28 1.6035 1.6154 1.6153 1.6152
30 1.6035 1.6138 1.6138 1.6137
 1 Ao2 E h 2  cosh  x  sinh  x  1 x  
 2 
   32 1.6035 1.6126 1.6125 1.6125
 24 Co G L  L L 
 15 x  34 1.6035 1.6115 1.6115 1.6115
 2 x  15 L  4 x
2 2
  sin 1    
 B E h2  2 L  L  4 L  36 1.6035 1.6107 1.6106 1.6106
 o 2  
 Co G L  5  L2  4 x 2  
3/ 2


35 38 1.6035 1.6099 1.6099 1.6099
 6  
  L3 12  40 1.6035 1.6093 1.6093 1.6092
 x3 
1  2 x 
 5 3 sin     L  2 x  L2  4 x 2
5 2 2
 42 1.6035 1.6088 1.6087 1.6087
 L  L  12 
 
q0 L4  15 x 1  2 x  15 L2  4 x 2  44 1.6035 1.6083 1.6083 1.6082
w x    sin    
120 EI 16 L
  L  32 L
 46 1.6035 1.6079 1.6079 1.6078

 
2 3/ 2
 4x2  
5/ 2
L2
 4 x L 2
 48 1.6035 1.6075 1.6075 1.6075
  15 
1 
 16 L 3
4 L 5

  50 1.6035 1.6072 1.6072 1.6072
 3  1  2 x   
cos 5sin   
 256   L  
 
 5  1  2 x   1 1 x3 1 x 2  The variations of various displacements for propped
  256 cos 3sin  L    6  12 L3  4 L2 
     cantilever beam is presented graphically in Fig. 3:
 
 
 
(19)
 1 
 240  sinh  x  cosh  x  1
5
qL 
 ( x)  0   (20)
 EI  1 1  2 x  1  1  2 x   

 4 sin    sin  2sin    5th ORDER
  L 8   L   4
HPSDT
HSDT
3. Numerical Results ETB
3

In this paper, the results for transverse displacement for

aspect ratio 2 to 50 are presented for Example 1 in the
2
following non-dimensional form for the purpose of
presenting the results in this work. For beams subjected to
load, q(x)
1
3 0 10 20 30 40 50
10Ebh w
w
S
q0 L4
Fig. 3. Variation of longitudinal displacement
Results obtained are presented in Table 1. with respect to the aspect ratio.
4. Discussion of Results Subjected to Parabolic Load Using Refined Shear Deformation
Theory. Applied and Computational Mechanics, 2012; 6: 163–
172.
The results acquired from the present 5th order shear 14. Dahake AG, Ghugal YM. A Trigonometric Shear Deformation
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(2009, 2011). International Journal of Engineering Research and Development,
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