1.

5 SURVEYING AND LEVELLING

Prepared By:
Er. Kamlesh Ray
Author /Tutor
1
NEC Syllabus
Fundamentals of surveying
Measurements(Linear distance, vertical distance, and angle and directions)
Levelling
Topographic survey (Principles and applications)
Simple Circular curves
Principles and Applications of GPS/GIS

2
 Surveying
• Art of determining relative position of stations or
features by measuring the elevations, distances
and angles.
• First step to start a new civil engineering project.

3
Principles of Surveying

Cardinal or basic principles:

1. Working from whole to part

• Firstly, major control points are established in

whole area with very high precision.

• Then minor details are located by less precise

methods.

• To prevent accumulation of error.

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2. Location of a point by measurement from two points of reference

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3. Independent Check
4. Accuracy
5. consistency

6
Classification of surveying
1. Primary classification
2. Secondary classification

Primary classification:
Plane surveying Geodetic survey
Earth is considered as a plane. Considers curvature of earth.
Plane surveying is done for area less than 250 Area > 250 or260 km2.
or 260 km2.
Conducted by private agencies. Used for national level survey.
Conducted by survey department of Nepal.

Preferred for works of small scale with less Preferred for works of large scale with high
degree of precision. degree of precision.
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 Great circle/Riemannian circle
• 18.2 km long arc on earth surface is only 1 cm longer than the subtended chord.
• Total sum of angles in spherical triangles – that of plane triangles=1 second for
195 Km2 of area.
• A great circle is the largest possible circle that can be drawn around a
sphere. All spheres have great circles.

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9
10
Secondary classification

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12
 Linear distance measurement methods:
• Direct measurement method: Chaining, taping, pacing.
• Optical measurement methods: Theodolite/Tacheometer.
• Electro-magnetic distance measurement (EDM) methods: Total station.
So, Linear Measurements can be done by:
• Pacing
• Passometer
• Pedometer
• Odometer
• Tape/chain
• Tacheometry
• EDM
• GPS
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Tacheometer
• A tacheometer is a theodolite fitted with stadia hairs in addition to the central
cross-hair.
Methods of Tachometric Survey:

Note: Out of the two methods mentioned above of tacheometric surveying, the
“fixed hair method “is more used.
14
 Tangential Method of Tacheometry:
• This method is used when the telescope is not fitted with a stadia hairs.

• Vertical angles at targets on the staff at a known distance (S). apart are taken.

• This method is quite similar to trigonometrical levelling.

15
Subtense bar method:
MCQ:

16
Distance by tacheometer::
• Distance (D)=KS+C
• K is multiplying constant. K=100 for anallactic lens (convex lens)
• C is additive constant. C=0
• It makes distance measured directly proportional to staff intercept.
• Anallactic lens is used in external focusing type telescope only.
K= f/i
C= f + d
Where, d= distance between optical centre and vertical axis of tacheometer.

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 Principle of tacheometric surveying
Principle of tacheometric surveying is based on the property of an isosceles
triangle i.e the ratio of the distance of the base from the apex and the length of the
base is constant.

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Horizontal distance and elevation formula

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 Types of chain
Depending upon the length of the chain, these are divided into following
types,

• Metric chains 5/10/20/30 m: made of galvanized mild steel

• Steel band or Band chain: 20/30 m: stainless steel

• Gunter's chain or surveyor’s chain: Land survey

• Engineer’s chain: Construction

• Revenue chain: cadastral survey. 20

Summary

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Types of tape.
• Cloth/Linen Tape
• Woven Metallic Tape
• Steel Tape
• Synthetic Tape
• Invar Tape (36% Nickel+64%steel)

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MCQ:
Q. A metallic tape is made of
1. The accuracy of chain surveying depends more upon A. steel
A. Leader
B. invar
B. Follower
C. linen
D. cloth and wires
C. Both of the above
D. None of the above

3. Handles are connected to link by

A. Flexible joint
B. Swivel joint
C. Rigid joint
D. All the above

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Q. The accuracy of measurement in chain surveying, does not depend upon
a) leader
b) follower
c) length of chain
d) length of offset

• A metallic tape is made of varnished strip of water proof linen interwoven with
small brass, copper or bronze wires.

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Ranging rods
• 2m and 3m length.
• 2 m length is very common.
• Band length: 20 cm.

Ranging poles
• 4-6 m length.
• Used in very long line.

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Chain surveying
• Principle: Triangulation

Possible Network of triangles:

• Well conditioned
• Ill conditioned
• ideal

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Offsets
Short offsets: < 15 m Long offsets: >15 m length.

Methods of taking offsets:

1. Perpendicular: When there is no obstruction,
2. Oblique offsets : used for long distant objects.

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Lines in chain survey

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MCQ:
In chain surveying tie lines are primarily provided
a) to check the accuracy of the survey
b) to take offsets for detail survey
c) to avoid long offsets from chain lines
d) to increase the number of chain lines

Q. Every 20 m chain should be accurate to within

a)± 8 mm
b)± 2 mm
c)± 5 mm
d)None of these
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 Field book of Chain survey

For detailed works For ordinary works

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Tape corrections
1. Tape Correction for Standardization :
• Correction per tape length (C) = l’ – l
Here,

l’ = actual length of tape.

l = nominal length of tape.
• The correction is positive when the actual length is greater than the
nominal length and vice versa.
True length= measured length* (corrected tape length/designated tape length)
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2. Correction for Temperature:
• Ct = 𝛼(tm-to)L
where,
α = coefficient of linear expansion
tm= Mean temperature of the tape
to = Standard temperature
3. Correction for Sag
𝑊²𝐿 (𝑤𝐿)²𝐿 𝑤²𝐿³
• Cs= = or
24𝑃² 24𝑃² 24𝑃²

Where,
W = wL
w = weight of tape per unit length.
P = applied pull.
L = length of the tape suspended between the supports. 32
4. Correction of Pull
𝑃−Po
Cp= 𝐿
𝐴𝐸

Where,
P = pull applied during measurement.
Po = Standard pull
L = Measured length
A = Cross- sectional area of the tape
E = Young’s modulus of material of tape

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What is Normal tension?
• Pull required to neutralize the sag correction.
Sag correction = Pull correction
Solve to get,
𝑊√𝐴𝐸
Pn=
√24(𝑃−Po)

5. Correction for slope

Distance measured is > horizontal distance, so error + and correction for
slope is always negative.
Cs= h2/2L 34
6. Correction for msl.

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Too short and too long condition in tape/chain
Error= measured value- true value

Too short condition:

Measured distance is more than true, so error is positive and
correction negative.

Too long condition:

Measured distance less than true, so error negative, correction. +.

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Scales:
1. Numerical Scale
I. Engineer’s scale: eg. 1 cm=5m
II. Fraction scale: eg. 1:500

Representative fraction
• The ratio of distance on the map
to distance on the ground .

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MCQ.
1. Discrepancy means difference between
A. True value and error
B. Measured value and actual value
C. Two measured value of same physical quantity
D. Any of the above

2. If the smallest division of the vernier is shorter than smallest division of main
scale, then the vernier is known as
A. Direct vernier
B. Simple vernier
C. Double vernier
D. Retrograde vernier 38
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40
 Types of Errors in Surveying
Mistakes:
• Due to inexperience, carelessness and poor judgment or confusion in the observer's
mind.
• Also known as gross errors/blunders, and they cannot be measured.
• Example: reading a 6 as 9 in staff.

Systematic or Cumulative Errors:

• Due to surveying equipment, observation methods, and certain environmental factors.
• A systematic error always follows some definite mathematical or physical law, and
correction can be applied.
Examples:
• Using an imperfectly adjusted instrument.
• if a tape is P cm short and is stretched N times, the total error in the length
measurement will be P*N cm. 41
Compensating Errors:
This type of surveying error tends to occur in both directions, i.e., the errors may
sometimes be positive and sometimes negative, thereby compensating each other.
Example:
• Too much Sag at one time is compensated by too much pull at second time.

• A person observes a reading one time higher and other time lower than what it
is.
Accidental/random Errors:
• due to unavoidable circumstances like variations in atmospheric conditions.

• due to imperfection in measuring instruments and even imperfection of eyesight

fall in this category.

• They are random and thus cannot be accounted for. 42

MCQ.
1. Which of the following error relies on Theory of probability?
A. Cumulative error
B. Curvature error
C. Compensating error
D. Accidental error

2. A surveyor made an error which is despite his skill and vigilance. Which type
of error this surveyor has committed?
A. Mistake
B. Random error
C. Systematic error
D. None.
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 Compass surveying
• Principle: Traversing

Type of meridians
1. True Meridians(Astronomical)

2. Magnetic meridian
• Shown by a freely suspended magnet.

3. Grid Meridian

4. Arbitrary meridian
• Randomly Assumed
• Eg. Chimney top.
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• Bearing: Horizontal Angle of a line with standard reference line or meridian.
• Fore bearing and back bearing
FB =BB ± 180°

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 Designations of bearings
[Link] circle bearing system/Azimuthal system

• The value of the bearing varies from 0 to 360 degrees.

• Bearing of a line is measured from magnetic north in a clockwise direction.

• Prismatic compass is graduated in this system.

2. Quadrantal/Reduced bearing system

• The value of the bearing thus varies from 0 to 90 degrees.

• Bearing of a line is measured from north or south, whichever is near.

• Direction can be either clockwise of anticlockwise.

• Surveyor compass. 48
Whole circle bearing(WCB) and quadrant or reduced bearing(QB) systems.
Q. Write 240° in Reduced bearing system.

0° 0°

270° 90° 90° 90°

180° 0°
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When a line exactly lies along the directions.:
In case of quadrantal bearing system, The numerical value of
WCB RB FB & BB is equal but the quadrants are just opposite.

Eg. FB is N300E then its BB is S300W

0° N or N 0°

90° E90°

180° S or S 0°

270° W 90°

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Adjusting the traverse
1. Bowditch's rule/compass rule:
• When linear and angular measurements are of equal precision.
2. Transit rule:
When angular measurements are more precise than linear one.

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Levelling

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 Curvature and refraction correction
• The effect of refraction is therefore 1/7th of the of that of the
curvature, but is of opposite nature.

• Curvature makes object to appear lower than they really are thereby
increasing the reading, so error + and correction-.

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Topographic survey

• The surveys which are carried out to depict the topography of

the mountainous terrain, rivers, water bodies, wooded areas
and other cultural details such as roads, railways, townships
etc., are called topographical surveys.
• Topographic surveys basically show elevations and land-forms
not listed on traditional maps and surveys.
• Users of topographic survey: Engineers, Architects,
Government agencies, Forestry, Construction industries etc.
• Main methods used in planning a topographical survey:
Traversing, Radiation, Offset, Triangulation.
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Topographic survey
General principle of topographical survey:
1. Boundaries: boundaries are generally defined by the field boundary of the surveyed
area and must be recorded immediately after instrument orientation.

2. Features: it is recommended that the coordinates and levels associated with features
to be reordered but kept separately and assigned unique identifications.
3. Topographical points: The main aim of the topographical surveys is to record 'topo'
points that give the elevation data for the area surveyed.
4. Break lines: This is a specific point-sequence survey pattern that is employed in
surveying features with clear boundaries. The main reason for this technique is that it
allows for easy surface reconstruction of the intended feature in the offices.
5. Reference datum: It is recommended for these 'topo' points to be referenced.

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Simple Circular curves

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The principle and application of GPS

Principle of GPS:
GPS is a satellite-based navigation system that uses signals from satellites to determine
the position, velocity, and time of a receiver on the earth's surface.

 The system is based on the trilateration principle. Trilateration is the use of

distances (or "ranges") for determining the unknown position coordinates of a
point of interest, often around Earth (geopositioning).
Applications of GPS: Surveying and mapping, navigation, agriculture, and transportation.

Principle of GIS: GIS is a computer-based system for capturing, storing, analyzing, and
visualizing data related to the earth's surface.

Applications of GIS: Urban planning, natural resource management, environmental

management, Watershed analysis.
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• Which country developed GPS?
a) USA
b) UK
c) Russia
d) China
• The GPS project was started by the U.S. Department of Defense
in 1973. The first prototype spacecraft was launched in 1978 and the
full constellation of 24 satellites became operational in 1993.

• GIS represents a location in ______ dimensional coordinates.

a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
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• GIS was coined by
a) Roger Tomlinson Country: Canada Year: 1968
b) Richard
c) James
d) None

• GIS stands for _______.

• Geographic Information system
• Geographic internal system
• Global Information System
• None of the above

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12/5/2023 66
 NEPAL ENGINEERING
COUNCIL
LICENSE EXAMINATION PREPARATION COURSE
FOR
CIVIL ENGINEERS

on
Estimation, Costing and Valuation
1. Basic Civil Engineering
1.6 Estimating, Costing and Valuation
• Types of estimate
• Methods of estimating
• Rate analysis
• Specifications ( Purpose , importance and types )
• Valuation

2
Estimation
• Approximate calculation of various items of work and probable cost
of construction is called estimation.
• Estimation is done before the actual construction of the project
• Actual Cost : Actual cost of the project calculated after the
completion of the project
• For good estimation, the deviation between the actual cost and the
estimated cost should be minimum.

3
Data required for Estimation
• Drawings: - Fully dimensioned drawing.
• Schedules of rate: - Government approved rates is essential.
• Specifications: -General and detail specification.
• Method of measurement.

4
Types of Estimate
A. Approximate/ Rough / Preliminary Estimate:
• It is rough estimate
• Carried out for administrative sanction, feasibility study, tax,
valuation, insurance, etc.
• Done by the owner/client of the property

5
Types of preliminary estimate:
• Plinth area estimate : Plinth area x Rate per unit area of similar
building
• Cube rate estimate: Volume of building x rate per unit volume of
similar building ( more accurate than plinth area)
• Unit rate estimate : Eg. Per km of road , per bed in hospital, per
student in schools, per meter of bridge, etc.

Note:
Plinth area = Floor area + area of walls
Floor area = Circulation area + carpet area + Bathroom, Kitchen
Carpet area = Livable area
6
Plinth Area
Includes Does not include
All floors excluding offsets Cantilever porch
Internal shaft less than 2 sq. m Internal shaft more than 2 sq. m
Area of non-cantilever porch Courtyard areas
Machine room Loft
Lift
Barsati
7
Barsati

Loft
8
Cantilever porch Courtyard area
9
B. Detailed Estimate/ Item rate estimate
• Most reliable estimate
• Done after administrative sanction
• Unit rate of each item is found and multiplied with total quantity
• Process of finding detailed quantity = Quantity surveying
• Quantity surveyor prepares Bill of Quantities that includes the column
for unit rate but is required to be fulfilled by the contractor.
• The estimator prepares the abstract of cost by multiplying the
quantity of items by unit rate of each item
• Unit rate of each item found from analysis of rate
10
11
C. Revised Estimate
• Prepared when original sanctioned estimate exceed by 5% or
• Expenditure exceed by 10% due to rate being found insufficient or any
other reason
• Table comparing the original and the revised amount should be
prepared

D. Supplementary estimate
• When additional works are thought to be necessary when the work is
in progress and the expenditure for such work has not been
provisioned on original estimate
• The abstract of cost must show the amount of original estimate and
supplementary estimate 12
E. Annual repair and maintenance estimate
• Estimate prepared for the annual repair and maintenance of the property
• For annual repair, the estimated amount should not be more than 1.5 % of
the capital cost of the original work
• For annual repair ( planned previously) and special repair works (
unplanned ) the estimate should not exceed 2.5 % of capital cost .
F. Extension and improvement estimate:
• When some extensions or changes are required to be made that
cannot be met by annual repair and maintenance estimate
• A detail estimate of additional works is to be prepared.

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Methods of estimating
A. Long wall-short wall method / out to out and in to in
method

14
Methods of estimating
A. Long wall-short wall method / out to out and in to in
method
• The long walls of buildings are measured from out to out
• The short walls of buildings are measured from in to in
• Length of long wall= center to center length+ half breadth at each end.
• Length of short wall= center to center length- half breadth at each end.
• Suitable to unsymmetrical building.
• Less chance of mistake and suitable for complicated building.
• Accurate Method
15
Methods of estimating
B. Centre line method

16
Methods of estimating
B. Centre line method
• Total center line length of walls in a building is found and multiplied the
same by the breadth and depth of the respective item to get the total
quantity.
• Quick method and easiest method as compared to other method.
• Suitable to calculate quantity of circular, hexagonal, octagonal shaped
building.
• More chance of mistake.
• In case of intersections, half the breadth of the wall is subtracted at
each intersection.
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Methods of estimating
C. Bay method
• The bay method is applicable in
garages, factory, and railway
platform where identical structures
are visible.
• Bay in a construction term means a
compartment of a building.
• The cost of one room is calculated
first and it is multiplied by the
number of bays.

18
Methods of estimating
D. Crossing method
• In this method,overall perimeter of the
building is calculated and four times the
thickness of wall is subtracted to obtain the
center line length of building

19
Methods of estimating
E. Service unit methods
• The term service unit method is designed for building with
identical rooms.
• This method is applicable in the construction of college,
hospital, cinemas, prison, and more.
• When it is a construction of a hospital, the service unit will
be a bed. Likewise, for cinema/stadium, it is seats.

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Rate analysis
It is the process of determining the rate of item of work considering the
following:
A. Total cost of the materials
B. Total cost of labour
• This includes i) Skilled ii) Semi-skilled and iii) Unskilled labours
C. Hire of tools and equipments ( 3% of unskilled labour)
D. Contractor’s overhead and profit ( 15 % of sum of A, B and C)
Profit = 10% and over head = 5%
Total unit rate of item = sum of ( A+ B + C + D )
Note:
• VAT is not included in rate analysis
• The overall cost of labour for a building construction is nearly equal to
25 % of total cost of the construction
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Specifications
• Specification is the specific description of a particular work
which is a part of contract document
• It is essential for estimation as well as execution of work
• Drawings do not fully provide the details of different items of
work, quantity of materials, proportion and workmanship, so
specifications are needed
• Dimensions are not mentioned in specifications

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Purpose of specification
• To specify the nature of work
• To estimate the quantity and cost
• To clarify any ambiguity
• To identify the quality of materials.
• To identify the material proportion.
• To identify the types of workmanship used.

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Types of specification

A. General specification :
• In general specifications, nature and class of works and names of materials
that should be used in the various items of works are described.
• Only a brief description of each and every item is given.
• General specification give the general idea of whole work
• It is useful for estimating the project.
• Without going through the lengthy detailed specifications, general
information for the proportion of the materials, nature and class of work
can be known from the general specifications
• They do not form part of the contract document.
Eg: 1st class brickwork in 1:6 mortar
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Types of specification

[Link] specification :
• It specifies the qualities, quantities and proportion of material and
the method of preparation and execution for a particular item of
work.
• Detail specification of different items of work is prepared separately
and they describe what the work should be and how they shall be
executed and constructed.
• While writing the detailed specifications the same order of sequence
as the work is to be carried out is maintained.
• Detail specification form a part of contract document.
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Valuation
The technique of finding the fair price of the property.

Purpose of valuation:
• To find the fair price of property
• Buying and selling of property.
• Taxation.
• Rent fixation
• Security of loan.
• Compulsory acquisition

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Important terms in valuation :
Book Value:
• Original cost - Total depreciation.
• Amount shown in account book after allowing necessary depreciation
Market Value:
• Value of property which is obtained at any time from open market.
Distress Value or Forced Sale Value:
• When a property is sold at a lower price than the market value of that
time, it is said to have a distress value.
• Such distress value may be due to any of the following reason
a) Financial difficulties of the seller.
b) Insufficient knowledge about the market value.
c) Quarrel among partners.
d) Panic due to war or riots or civil war
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Important terms in valuation :
Salvage Value:
It is the value of any property at the end of its utility period without being dismantled
Scrap Value:
Value of the property after dismantling of the property.
Rateable value:
A value ascribed to a domestic or commercial building based on its size, location, and other
factors, used to determine the rent payable to its owner.
Sentimental value:
When the property is sold at the higher value than market value by use of sentiments
Outgoing:
These are the expenses incurred to maintain the property by undertaking periodic repairs.
Net Income:
Net income= Gross income – Outgoings

28
Important terms in valuation :
Capitalized Value:
It is defined as that amount of money whose interest at the highest
prevailing rate of interest will be equal to the net income from the
property (for an indefinite period or for a specified period).
Capitalized value = Net income x Year purchase (Y.P.)
• Year's Purchase (Y.P.) = 100 /Rate of interest or (1/i)
• Y.P is defined as the capital sum required to be invested in order to
receive an annuity of Re. 1 at certain rate of interest .
Sinking fund:
Periodic deposit for replacement of Buildings at end of useful life
𝑖𝑠
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛
∗ 𝑆𝑡
(𝑖𝑠 + 1) −1 29
Year’s Purchase and Sinking fund
• When sinking fund is also considered together with year’s purchase,
then the formula for year’s purchase becomes:
1
𝑌. 𝑃 = ,
𝑖+𝑆
where i= annual rate of interest and S= sinking fund coefficient
𝑖𝑠
• Sinking fund coefficient (S) =
(𝑖𝑠 +1)𝑛 −1
Where 𝑖𝑠 = Interest rate of sinking fund

30
Year’s Purchase and Sinking fund
Q. Calculate the years purchase for a property of useful life of 30 years
and the rate of interest of 5% per annum. The rate of interest for
sinking fund is 3 %. [ 2 marks ]
a. 12.5 b. 14 c. 17 d. 22
Solution
𝑖𝑠 = 0.03
𝑖𝑠 0.03
S= = = 0.021
(𝑖𝑠 +1)𝑛 −1 (0.03+1)30 −1
i=0.05
1 1
Y.P = = =14.08 = 14
𝑖+𝑆 0.05+0.021

31
Depreciation
Loss of value of property due to structural deterioration , use , wear and tear, decay or
obsolescence
Methods of calculating depreciation:
1. Straight line method:
Loss in value at same amount every year and only scrap value remains at last.

2. Constant percentage method/Declining Balance method .

Also called declining percentage method.
Property will lose its value by a constant percentage .

Where,
D= percentage rate of annual depreciation, V= scrap value , C= original cost, n=useful life

32
3. Sinking fund method.
Depreciation is assumed to be equal to the annual sinking fund plus the
interest on the sinking fund for that year.

Book value for a year = Book value for a previous year – Sinking fund
• In this method of depreciation, the book value decreases at
increasing rates with respect to the life of the asset.

33
Methods of valuation
1. Depreciation method.
• Value of property= value of land+ depreciated value of building.
2. Plinth area method.
• Value of property= value of land+ plinth area*plinth area rate –
depreciation
3. Cost based method.
• Value of property= value of land+ value of building as per detail estimate
(cost of building) – depreciation
4. Profit based method.
• Value of building= value of land + capitalized value.
• Capitalized value= Net income* year's purchase
• Used in cinema hall, commercial complex, hotel etc.
34
Methods of valuation
5. Capital value comparison method:
• The capital value of similar building is compared to find the value of
the building
6. Rental method:
• Value of property= value of land + capitalized value
• Capitalized value= net income * year's purchase
• Net income = Rent incoming – outgoings
[Link] method:
• Valuation done on the basis of level of development done on the area
• Useful for plotting purpose
35
Key points on methods of measurement
• Linear measurement shall be measured to the nearest 0.01m.
• Areas shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 SQM
• Cubic contents shall be worked out to the nearest 0.01 cum.

• 1 ropani = 5476 sq. ft = 16 Anna , 1 Anna = 4 Paisa , 1 Paisa = 4 Dam

• 1 Bigha = 72900 sq. ft = 20 kattha , 1 kattha = 20 dhur
• 1 Acre = 43560 sq. ft
• 1 Gallon = 4.546 Litres ( British)
• 1 Gallon = 3.785 Litres ( American)
• 1 Barrel = 164 Litres ( British)
• 1 Barrel = 159 Litres ( American)

36
Points to Remember

37
Points to Remember

38
Methods of measurement

39
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MCQs
1. The expected out turn of 2.5 cm cement concrete floor per manson per day
a. 2.5 sqm
b. 5.0 sqm
c. 7.5 sqm
d. 10 sqm
2. The order of booking dimensions is
a. Length, breadth, height
b. Breadth, length, height
c. Height, breadth, length
d. None of these.
3. Pick up the item of work not included in the plinth area estimate
a. Wall thickness
b. Room area
c. Verandah area
d. W.C. area
e. Courtyard area.
47
[Link] brick work is measured in sq metre, in case of
a. Honey comb brick work
b. Brick flat soling
c. Half brick walls or the partition
d. All the above.

[Link] long and short wall method of estimation, the length of long wall
is the centre to centre distance between the walls and
a. breadth of the wall
b. half breadth of wall on each side
c. one fourth breadth of wall on each side
d. None of these.
48
[Link] preparing a detailed estimate
a. Linear dimension should be measured correct to 0.01 m
b. Area should be measured correct to 0.01 sqm
c. Volume should be measured correct to 0.01 cum
d. All the above.

[Link] plinth area of a building does not include

a. area of the walls at the floor level
b. area of stair cover
c. internal shaft for sanitary installations up to 2 sq m. in area
d. area of cantilevered porch

49
8. The most reliable estimate is
a. Detailed estimate
b. Preliminary estimate
c. Plinth area estimate
d. Cube rate estimate

9. The damp proof course (D.P.C.) is measured in

a. Cub.m
b. Sq m
c. Metres
d. None of these
50
10. The area is measured correct to the nearest
a. 0.01 sqm
b. 0.02 sqm
c. 0.03 sqm
d. 0.04 sqm

[Link] 'centre line method' is specially adopted for estimating

a. Circular buildings
b. Hexagonal buildings
c. Octagonal buildings
d. All the above
51
[Link] area does not include the area of
a. the walls along with doors and other openings
b. verandah, corridor and passage
c. bath room and lavatory
d. kitchen and pantry
e. All the above.

[Link] is the provision for contractor’s overhead and profit in

Nepalese context
a. 5%
b. 10%
c. 15%
d. 20%
52
[Link] of the following specification is a part of contract
document
a. General specification
b. Detailed specification
c. Preliminary specification
d. None

15. The value of the property in which the owner is obliged to sell
at lower than the market price is
a. Book value
b. Distress value
c. Market value
d. Ratable value
53
16. The depreciation is calculated on
a. Intangible assets
b. Tangible assets having life more than 1 year
c. Tangible assets having life less than 1 year
d. All of the above

17. The simple interest earned is one rupee per year under the
prevailing rate of interest. The principal amount in this case is
called
a. Year’s purchase
b. Sinking fund
c. Capitalized worth
d. Interest on capital
54
18. The no. of corrugations in a CGI sheet is
a. 5
b. 10
c. 8
d. 7

19. One metric horsepower is equal to

a. 726 Watt
b. 736 Watt
c. 746 Watt
d. 756 Watt
55
20. If a is the establishment cost, b is the cost at the end of each year,
then the total cost is [NEC 2079]
a. a + (n-1) b
b. a - (n-1) b
c. a + (n+1) b
d. a x (n-1) b

21. When not specified the volume of steel in RCC work is taken as
a) 1-6% of RCC volume b) 2-4 % of RCC volume
c) 1-1.6% of RCC volume d) 0.6-1% of RCC volume

56
22. If valuable property are found during excavation it becomes the
property of
a) Contractor b) Owner of the site
c) Government d) Labours

23. The electric wiring such as fan, light , plug etc, the estimate is made
in terms of
a)Type of point b)Number of points
c)Total load in main cable d)Total length of wiring

57
THANK YOU

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