Normal Distribution
Jonathan C. Borromeo
Bicol University College of Science
Normal Distribution
A continuous probability distribution that is symmetrical
on both sides of the mean, so the right side of the center is a
mirror image of the left side.
; ~∞ < 𝑥 < +∞
Often called the
bell curve because the
graph of its probability
density looks like a bell.
Normal Distribution
Some Properties of a Normal Distribution
• The graph is symmetric about a vertical line through the mean of
the distribution.
• The mean, median, and mode are equal.
• The y-value of each point on the curve is the percent (expressed
as decimal)of the data at the corresponding x-value.
• Areas under the curve that are symmetric about the mean are
equal.
• The total area under the curve is 1.
Normal Distribution
A normal distribution is determined by
two parameters the mean and the variance.
2
𝑋~𝑁(𝜇, 𝜎 )
Normal distribution is certainly the most
important and the most frequently used
distribution in both the theory and
application of statistics.
Normal Distribution
In general, areas under the normal distribution represent
proportions of a population. For example, about 95% of the
population lies within 2 standard deviations of the mean in a normal
distribution, so the area under a normal distribution between
µ − 2σ and µ + 2σ is 0.95.
Standard Normal Distribution
A normal distribution with a mean of 0 and a
standard deviation of 1.
A normal random variable 𝑥 is standardized by
expressing its value as the number of standard
deviation 𝜎 it lies to the left or right of its mean.
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧𝑥 = 𝑥 = 𝜇 + 𝑧𝜎
𝜎
The Empirical Rule
If X is a random variable and has a normal distribution with mean µ and standard deviation σ, then
the Empirical Rule says the following:
• About 68% of the x values lie between
–1σ and +1σ of the mean µ (within one
standard deviation of the mean).
• About 95% of the x values lie between
–2σ and +2σ of the mean µ (within two
standard deviations of the mean).
• About 99.7% of the x values lie between
–3σ and +3σ of the mean µ(within three
standard deviations of the mean).
Standard Normal Distribution
Standard Normal Distribution
Probability Under the Normal Curve
To find the probability that a normal random
variable x lies in the interval from a to b, we need to
find the area under the normal curve between the
points a and b.
The area under the standard normal curve to the
left of a specified value of z, say 𝑧0 is the probability
𝑃(𝑧 ≤ 𝑧0 ).
Probability Under the Normal Curve
Example:
𝑃(𝑧 ≤ 1.55)
Probability Under the Normal Curve
Example:
𝑃(𝑧 ≥ −0.32)
Probability Under the Normal Curve
Example:
𝑃(𝑧 ≥ 2.08)
Probability Under the Normal Curve
Example:
𝑃(−1.47 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1.62)
Probability Under the Normal Curve
Example:
Given a normal distribution with 𝜇 = 42 and
𝜎 = 7, find (1)𝑃 𝑥 ≤ 54 , 𝑃 𝑥 ≥ 30 , and 𝑃(27 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 62).
We first standardized the values of the variable x.
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧𝑥 =
𝜎
Probability Under the Normal Curve
1. 𝑃 𝑥 ≤ 54
Probability Under the Normal Curve
2. 𝑃 𝑥 ≥ 30
Probability Under the Normal Curve
3. 𝑃 27 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 62
Probability Under the Normal Curve
In a span of one month, J&T Express found that
the weights of its 900 parcels were normally
distributed, with a mean weight of 680 grams and a
standard deviation of 170 grams.
1. What proportion of parcels weigh lower than 600.1g?
2. How many parcels weigh higher than 501.5 grams?
3. What percentage of the total parcels weigh
between 510g and 899.3g?
4. What weight corresponds to the 45th percentile?
5. The middle 40% of the parcels falls on what weights?
Probability Under the Normal Curve
Probability Under the Normal Curve
𝑛 = 900 𝜇 = 680 𝜎 = 170
1. What proportion of parcels weighs lower than 600.1g?
Probability Under the Normal Curve
𝑛 = 900 𝜇 = 680 𝜎 = 170
2. How many parcels weigh higher than 501.5 grams?
Probability Under the Normal Curve
𝑛 = 900 𝜇 = 680 𝜎 = 170
3. What percentage of the total parcels weigh between 510g
and 899.3g?
Probability Under the Normal Curve
𝑛 = 900 𝜇 = 680 𝜎 = 170
4. What weight corresponds to the 45th percentile?
Probability Under the Normal Curve
𝑛 = 900 𝜇 = 680 𝜎 = 170
5. The middle 40% of the parcels falls on what weights?
Probability Under the Normal Curve
A battery manufacturing company produces 50,000
motorcycles batteries annually. On average, 1.8% of the batteries
manufactured have defects. A random sample of 500 batteries were
selected for quality control.
1. Calculate the mean and the standard deviation of the
defective batteries in the sample.
2. Less than or equal to 7 defective batteries is what proportion
of the sample?
3. What is the probability that more than 10 batteries will have
a defect?
4. What is the probability that the number of defective batteries
is between 5 and 12?
Probability Under the Normal Curve
𝑛 = 500 𝜇= 𝜎=
1. Calculate the mean and the standard deviation of the
defective batteries in the sample.
Probability Under the Normal Curve
𝑛 = 500 𝜇= 𝜎=
2. Less than or equal to 7 defective batteries is what proportion
of the sample?
Probability Under the Normal Curve
𝑛 = 500 𝜇= 𝜎=
3. What is the probability that more than 10 batteries will have
a defect?
Probability Under the Normal Curve
𝑛 = 500 𝜇= 𝜎=
4. What is the probability that the number of defective batteries
is between 5 and 12?
Thank you.