KARNOMATICS
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UNIT – 04
Probability
By :- Karan Sir
+91-8851011225
e−λ λk
For a Poisson distribution with mean λ, ∑∞
k=0 is equal to:
k!
(a) -1
(b) 0
(c) 1/2
(d) 1
Solution: (d) 1
If 'm' is the mean of a Poisson distribution, then its standard deviation is given by:
(a) √m
(b) m²
(c) m
(d) m/2
Solution: (a) √m
If 'm' is the mean of a Poisson distribution, then P(r = 0) is given by:
(a) e−m
(b) em
(c) e
(d) m−e
Solution: (a) e−m
If X is a Poisson variable such that P(X = 1) = 2P(X = 2), then P(X = 0) is:
(a) e
(b) 1/e
(c) 1
(d) e²
Solution: (b) 1/e
If X is a Poisson variate such that 3P(X = 2) = 2P(X = 1), then the mean of the
distribution is equal to:
Solution: The mean is 4/3.
If X is a Poisson variate such that P(X = 0) = P(X = 1) = a, then show that a = e –1.
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If for a Poisson variate X, P(X = k) = P(X = k + 1), then the variance of X is :
(A) k – 1 (B) k (C) k + 1 (D) k + 2
Solution: (C) k + 1
An automatic machine produces 20000 pins per day. On rare occasions, it produces
a perfect pin whose chance is 1/10000. Assuming a Poisson distribution, the mean
and variance of the number of perfect pins are respectively:
(a) √2, √2
(b) 2, 2
(c) 2, 4
(d) 4, 2
Solution: (b) 2, 2
If the standard deviation of a Poisson variable X is √3, then find P(X > 0).
[Use: e−3 = 0.05]
Solution: P(X > 0) = 0.95
If a random variable X has the Poisson distribution with mean 2, then P(X>1.5) is:
(a) 2e−2
(b) 3e−2
(c) 1 − 2e−2
(d) 1 − 3e−2
Solution: (d) 1 − 3e−2
There are 50 telephone lines in an exchange. The probability that any one of them
will be busy is 0.1. The probability that all the lines are busy is:
50 e−5
(a)
0!
550 e−5
(b)
50!
50 e−5
(c) 1 −
0!
550 e−5
(d) 1 −
50!
550 e−5
Solution: (b)
50!
It is given that 2% of screws manufactured by a company are defective. Using
Poisson distribution, find the probability that a packet of 100 screws contains no
defective screw. (Given: e−2 = 0.14)
Solution: The probability is 0.14
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Suppose 2% of the items made by a factory are defective. Find the probability that
there are 3 defective items in a sample of 100 items selected at random.
(Given e−2 = 0.135)
Solution: The probability is 0.18
It is known that 3% of plastic buckets manufactured in a factory are defective. Using
the Poisson distribution on a sample of 100 buckets, find the probability of:
(i) Zero defective buckets
(ii) At most one bucket is defective
[Use e−3 = 0.049]
Solution: (i) 0.049; (ii) 0.196
A river near a small town floods and overflows twice in every 10 years on an
average. Assuming that the Poisson distribution is appropriate, what is the mean
expectation ? Also, calculate the probability of 3 or less overflows and floods in a
10-year interval. [Given e–2 = 0·13534]
A traffic engineer records the number of bicycle riders that use a particular cycle
track. He records that an average of 3.2 bicycle riders use the cycle track every
hour. Given that the number of bicycles that use the cycle track follow a Poisson
distribution, what is the probability that 2 or less bicycle riders will use the cycle
track within an hour? Also find the mean expectation and variance for the random
variable. (Given 𝑒−3.2=0.041)
Solution: 0.618 and 3.2
A factory produces bulbs, of which 6% are defective bulbs in a large bulk of bulbs.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions:
(i) Find the probability that in a sample of 100 bulbs selected at random, none of the
bulbs is defective. (Use: e−6 = 0.0024)
(ii) Find the probability that the sample of 100 bulbs has exactly two defective bulbs.
(iii) (a) Find the probability that the sample of 100 bulbs will include not more than
one defective bulb.
OR
(iii) (b) Find the mean and the variance of the distribution of the number of defective
bulbs in a sample of 100 bulbs.
Solution: (i) 0.0024 (ii) 0.0432 (iii) (a) 0.0168 OR (iii) (b) 6
On doing the proof reading of a book on an average 4 errors in 10 pages were
detected. Using Poisson’s distribution find the number of pages having (i) No error
and (ii) one error in 1000 pages of first printed edition of the book.
(Given e−0.4 = 0.6703)
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