ecu (Taming forces concept; moment of a force; forces in equilibrium; centre of gravi sions using simple examples and simple numerical problems). Rerelacias cue ot Pah Seer an ‘Scope of syllabus ~ Elementary introduction of translational and rotational motions; moment (turning effect) of a force, also called torque and its [Link]. and S.1. units; common examples — door, steering wheel, bicycle pedal, etc; clockwise and anticlockwise moments; conditions for a body to be in equilibrium (translational and rotational); principle of moments and its verification using a metre rule suspended by two spring balances with slotted weights hanging from it; simple numerical problems; centre of gravity (qualitaive only) with examples of some regular bodies and irregular lamina. i) Uniform circular motion. Scope of syllabus ~ As an example of constant speed, though acceleration (Force) is present, Differences between centrifugal | and centripetal force. id In class IX, we have read that a force applied on a perfectly rigid body only only causes motion in it, while when applied on a non-rigid body it causes both a change in its size or shape and motion as well. In a quantitative way, force applied on a body is defined as the rate of change in its linear momentum ie, F = = A of 7 = ma’ (if mass m is constant). Force is a vector quantity and its S.[. unit is newton (symbol N) or kilogram-force (symbol kgf) where 1 kef = g N if g is the acceleration due to gravity at that place (= 9-8 m s average value on the earth's surface). (A) MOMENT OF A FORCE AND EQUILIBRIUM 1.4 TRANSLATIONAL AND ROTATIONAL example in Fig. 1.1, on pushing a ball lying on a MOTIONS floor, it begins to move in the direction of push. [A rigid body when acted upon by a force, can (2) Rotational motion hayygtyg inds, of motion Now consider a body pivoted at a point ie. (1) linear or translational motion, and not free to move and a force is applied on the (2) rotational motion. body at a suitable point, it rotates the body about the axis passing through the pivoted point. This is the turning effect of the force and the motion ; of the body is called rotational motion. For which is free to move, the body starts moving in example, if a wheel is pivoted at its centre and a straight path in the direction of the applied force. 4 force is applied tangentially on its rim as shown This is called linear or translational motion. Fot jn Fig. 1.2, the wheel (1) Linear or translational motion When a force acts on a stationary rigid body o rotates about an axis = “"*Y \ through its centre. Diecion ot Similarly when a force ren is applied normally on F Fig, 1. Translational motion the handle of a door, Fig. 1.2 Rotational motion a 1 he7 door begins to rotate about an axis passing rough the hinges on which the door rests. 1.2 MOMENT (TURNING EFFECT) OF A FORCE OR TORQUE Consider a body which is Pivoted at point O. When a force F is applied horizontally on the body with its line of action in the direction AP as shown in Fig. 1.3, the force is unable to produce linear motion of the body in its direction because the body is not free to move, but this force turns (or rotates) the body about the vertical axis passing through the point O, in the direction shown by the arrow in Fig. 1.3 (ie., the force rotates the body anticlockwise). Factors affecting the turning of a body The turning effect of a force on a body depends on the following two factors : (1) the magnitude of the force applied, and (2) the perpendicular distance of the line of action of the force from the axis of rotation (or pivoted point). Indeed, the turning effect on the body depends on the product of both the above stated factors. This product is called the moment of force (or torque). Thus, the body rotates due to the moment of force (or torque) about the pivoted point. In other words, Fig. 1.3 Moment of a force The turning effect on the body about an axis is due 10 the moment of force (or torque) applied on the body. The moment of a force (or torque) is equal to the product of the magnitude of the force ‘and the perpendicular distance of the line of action of the force from the axis of rotation. In Fig. 1.3, the line of action of force F is shown by the dotted line AP and the perpendicular drawn from the pivoted point © on the line of action of force is OP. Therefore, Moment of force about the axis passing through the point O Force x Perpendicular di of force from point Fx OP ‘Nore : For producing maximum turning effect on a ‘body by a given force, the force is applied on the body at a point for which the perpendicular distance of the line of action of the force from the axis of rotation is maximum. In this situation, the given force provides the maximum torque f0 turn the body. Units of moment of force Unit of moment of force = unit of force x unit of distance The S.L. unit of force is newton and that of distance is metre, so the S.I. unit of moment of force is newton x metre. This is abbreviated as N m* The [Link]. unit of moment of force is dyne x em. But if force is measured in gravitational unit, then the unit of moment of force in $.I. system is kgf x m and in [Link]. system, the unit is ef x cm, ‘These units are related as follows : INm 0° dyne x 10? cm = 107 dyne em 1 kgf x m=98 Nm and 1 gf x em=980 dyne cm en 1.2) Clockwise and anticlockwise moments : Conventionally, if the effect on the body is to tum it anticlockwise, the moment of force is called anticlockwise moment and it is taken positive, while if the effect on the body is to turn it clockwise, the moment of force is called clockwise moment and it is taken negative. The moment of force is a vector quantity, The direction of anticlockwise moment is along the axis of rotation outwards i.e. towards the observer. while that of clockwise moment is along the axis of rotation inwards ie. away from the observer * The unit Nm of momen itten joule ()- However the usitN m or work or energy is writen jute) =a rave is vector, while week or energy is salar quan of force fr torque orque)On applying a force on a pivoted body, its direction of rotation depends not only on the direction of force but also on the point of application of the force. Thus the direction of rotation of a body can be changed by two ways : a (2) By changing the point of application of force — Fig. 1.4(a) shows the anticlockwise and clockwise moments produced in a dise pivoted at its centre by changing the point of application of the force F from point A to point B. 5 ANTICLOCKWISE clockwise (Posirive) (NEGATIVE) (@) By changing the point of application of force ee ANTICLOCKWISE cLocKWisE (POSITIVE) (NEGATIVE) (0) By changing the dection of force Fig, L4 Anticlockwise and clockwise moments By changing the direction of force — Fig. 1.4(b) shows the anticlockwise and clockwise moments produced on a pivoted axle by changing the direction of force F at the free end of the axle. Common examples of moment of force @ To open or shut a door, we apply a force (push or pull) F normal to the door at its handle P which is provided at the maximum distance from the hinges as shown in Fig. 1.5. ‘You must have experienced that on applying the force at a point Q (near the hinge R), much greater force is required to open the door and if the force is applied at the hinge R, you are not able to open the door howsoever large the force is applied (because for the force at R, torque is zero). Thus, it is for this reason that the handle P is provided near the free end of the door so that a smaller force being at a larger perpendicular distance from the hinges Produces the maximum moment of force that is required to open or shut the door. ee, 5 Q) (3) (4) 8 FRAME ffunce (tixed in wal) 9 HANDLE 1B)" (line: of J. ° Fig. 1.5 Opening of a door ‘The upper movable circular stone of a hand flour grinder is provided with a handle near its rim (ie., at the maximum distance from the centre) so that it can easily be rotated about the iron pivot at its centre by applying a smaller force at the handle. For turning a steering wheel, a force is applied tangentially on the rim of the wheel (Fig. 1.6). The sense of rotation of the wheel can be changed either by reversing the direction of force or by changing the point of application of force without changing the direction of force. In Fig. 1.6 (a), when force F is applied at point A of the wheel, the wheel rotates anticlockwise; while in Fig. 1.6 (b), the wheel rotates clockwise when the same force F is applied in the same direction at point B of the wheel. 4 © a F (@) ANTICLOCKWISE —_@) CLOCKWISE "ROTATION ROTATION Fig. 1.6 Sense of rotation changed by the change of point of application of force In a bicycle, to turn the rear wheel anticlockwise, a small force is applied on the foot pedal of the front toothed wheel of size bigger than the rear wheel so that the perpendicular distance of the point of application of force from the axle of the wheel Fig. 17 Turning of toothed wheel of a bicycle