University of Saint Louis Tuguegarao – School of Health and Allied Sciences – BS Medical Technology

KARL OLIVER RICARDO Kyrus Deon Barroga, BSMT/MLS 1 – SET 3

Nature of Science
• Scientific Method is regarded as a systematic way
of solving problems that involves a step-by-step
process.
• Science is an organized body of knowledge
because it is gained through an organized/
INTRODUCTION systematized series of processes/procedures.
• Science is said to be as old as the world itself and
the exact point of the act to seek knowledge in
the planet is dated indefinitely in history.
• Science has always existed in the world and has
been an influential factor in building civilizations
through the millennia.
Science as a Body of knowledge
• Science is a body of knowledge that deals with
the process of learning about the natural and
physical world.
• “Science” = latin “Scientia” = knowledge
• Science is therefore a collection of information
acquired through various processes such as
observation, experimentation, research,
inference, and the like.
• Science leads to the formation of concepts,
methods, principles, theories, laws, and
procedures which seek to describe and explain
nature and its phenomena. (Aldea [Link], 2018)
• Science is also considered an intellectual,
personal, and social activity. 2. DYNAMIC
• Science Council defined science as “Science is • Have you ever encountered a certain piece of
the pursuit and application of knowledge and information that was accepted in the past and
understanding of the natural and social world was considered scientific but at the moment is not
following a systematic methodology based on considered as factual anymore?
evidence.” • Science is ongoing. Science is continually refining
and expanding our knowledge of the universe,
and as it does, it leads to new questions for future
investigation. Science will never be "finished".
• Science is a body of knowledge capable of
changing. Thus, it is dynamic.
o New information gathered or new
theory developed through the
Scientific Method may challenge the
status quo or the currently accepted
body of knowledge.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
• If the new information/theory is NOT inline or NOT
in congruence with the present paradigm/
currently accepted information or theory
REVOLUTIONARY SCIENCE
• The new “different” information/theory.
Systematized, Dynamic, Requisite to Technology Revolutionary because it is different from the
currently accepted theory or information by most
1. SYSTEMATIZED
people in the society.
• Science is an intellectual activity.
NORMAL SCIENCE
o Science encompasses a systematic
• the currently accepted information or theory.
and practical study of the natural and
Normal because is the norm or the currently
physical world. This process of study
accepted version by most people in society.
involves systematic observation and
experimentation. (Serafica [Link], 2018) Let us consider the evolution
o Science is a product of a series of of the atomic model from
systematic processes which are highly the time of Dalton to the
intellectual activities. present day. As new
o The evidence, data, or information information about the
scientifically are reliable and valid atoms, their sub-particles,
because they are products of a and other properties are
systematic set of procedures which discovered, a new model is
include experimentation, observation, proposed and eventually
research, analysis of results, conclusion, becomes universally accepted in the scientific community
and more. (a.k.a Scientific Method) with the required evidence acquired through the scientific
method and with the help of new forms of technology.
3. REQUISITE TO TECHNOLOGY telescope was actually invented by
• The application of the body of knowledge can Hans Lippershey.
lead to the development or creation of products o Scientists position human-made
and process that we can use to make life easier satellites around Earth or in a specific
and better for humanity and for the world. location in space to gather scientific
• TECHNOLOGY - products and processes data and information from their
developed and created through the application communication and transmission
of the body of knowledge. signals.
o Technology is NOT limited to products o The first computers were generally used
or materials. It also includes processes for calculating.
or procedures developed based on a SCIENCE → SOCIETY
certain body of knowledge. • Science aims to improve the society through the
determination of prevailing problems and seeking

Interaction among Science, •

solutions to these problems by means of scientific
inquiry and the scientific method.
The amount of information a person knows affects

Technology, and Society •

how he/she thinks, acts and ultimately, lives.
Societies with more scientific progress tend to
have a different approach in terms of problem
INTRODUCTION solving and dealing with social issues than those
• Science, Technology and Society or Science and societies with slower scientific progress.
Technology Studies refers to interaction between
science and technology and socio-cultural,
political and economic context which shape and
are shaped by them. (Aldea [Link], 2018)
• Understanding the interaction among these three
unveils how social, political, and cultural values
affect scientific research and technological
innovation and how these, in turn, affect society.

SOCIETY → SCIENCE
• Challenges and issues in the society often serve as
inspiration in formulating questions for scientific
research, and social priorities often influence
research priorities through the availability of
funding for research.
o The societal needs are prioritized in
most research agencies in the world.
• Ethical dilemmas arise with the introduction of
Science → Technology controversial research ideas and methodologies.
• Technology is also called APPLIED SCIENCE The presence dilemmas vary from society to
because it requires scientific information in order society and is dependent on societal factors such
to be formed/developed. as norms, culture, moral ideologies, beliefs and
• This means that changes in the scientific body of religion.
knowledge may lead to changes in their TECHNOLOGY → SOCIETY
application. Thus, changes in Science lead to the • Continuous advancement of technology has
evolution of technology. affected the way of life of people in world.
• “Technological progress has merely provided us
with the most efficient means for going
backwards.” (Aldous Huxley).
SOCIETY → TECHNOLOGY
• The technological advancements in a society are
primarily affected by the needs of the people.
• The main goal of the creation of technology is to
provide practical solutions to the difficulties and
issues of varied scale faced by the society.
• How sensitive or restrictive a society is with their
definition of “acceptable and allowable”
Technology → Science technology could affect their technological
• Advancements in Technology can have a huge progress.
impact to the enhancement of Science. • Therefore, the society, based on their norms,
• Some products of technology are used as tools beliefs, moral ideologies, culture and other
needed in the scientific method or scientific societal factors, sets and determines the kinds of
studies. technology that could be developed and used
• Instruments and tools are essential in acquiring and the level of advancement they could reach.
required and sufficient data in order to prove a
hypothesis or to further strengthen a theory.
o Galileo Galilei is mistakenly credited for ang invention ko ay ang earthquake proof the bed
the invention of the telescope. The first
 7. DISCIPLINE - Scientists follow the scientific method,
Notable Values of Scientists which is made up of series of steps that was
established to ensure the quality of a scientific
INTRODUCTION study. A good scientist follows these steps as
closely as they can. If things won’t work as
• Scientists and philosophers in all periods of time
expected, that is the time to change it and try
are driven by intellectual and moral virtues as they
again. Making shortcuts or cutting corners to
explore or explored the physical and natural
make things easier is not a good idea because it
world.
will prevent from finding the mistake made if the
• Their love for Science and knowledge is driven by
process did not work.
their deep passion to know and to discover.

Intellectual
• These virtues or values influence the development
of scientific ideas, discoveries and eventually
technology through scientists, inventors and
philosophers.
• Good scientists share scientific attitudes, or habits
of mind, that lead them to exploration and
discovery.
Revolutions in Society
Nicolaus Copernicus
• a Polish astronomer
• father of modern astronomy
• He was the first modern European scientist to
propose that Earth and other planets revolve
around the sun, or the Heliocentric Theory
• Prior to the publication of his major astronomical
work, “Six Books Concerning the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Orbs,” in 1543, European astronomers
argued that Earth lay at the center of the universe,
the view also held by most ancient philosophers
and biblical writers.
• Copernicus argued that Earth turned daily on its
axis and that gradual shifts of this axis accounted
1. HONESTY - Scientists are not driven by clamor for for the changing seasons.
honor and publicity. A scientist who gathers data COPERNICAN REVOLUTION – HELIOCENTRUC MODEL
from his or her work must reflect the truth about his • Refers to the 16th century paradigm shift named
or her findings. A dishonest scientist provides after the Polish mathematician and astronomer,
wrong information that does not help in the Nicolaus Copernicus.
development of science and technology. • “The center of the solar system was not Earth but
Intellectual honesty is also an important value. the Sun” – Copernicus
2. CURIOSITY - Scientists are inquisitive people. They • Copernicus introduced the heliocentric model in
have the desire to learn thus, they constantly ask a 40-page outline entitled Commentariolus.
questions about what can be observed, what • He formalized his model in the publication of his
they already know and what they do not know. treatise, De Revolutioibus Orbium Coelestium (The
Curiosity drives scientists to clarify unclear and Revolution of Celestial Spheres).
misunderstood concepts and uncover what is • Copernicus repositioned the Earth from the center
unknown and unidentified. of the Solar System and introduced the idea that
3. SKEPTICISM and CRITICAL MINDEDNESS - Good the Earth rotates on its own axis.
scientists are skeptics, which means that they • CONFLICT on HELIOCENTRIC MODEL: The idea that
question existing ideas and hypotheses, and they the Sun is at the center of the universe was in
refuse to accept explanations without evidence. conflict with GEOCENTRISM (Ptolemy’s theory), as
They do not easily believe in any information Earth being the center of the Solar System.
unless it is backed up by valid evidences and by • Copernicus’ idea and model of the universe was
the scientific method. These traits also help essentially complete in 1510. He circulated a
scientists determine what could be wrong with a summary of his ideas to his few close friends in a
particular methodology, procedure, analysis or manuscript Commentariolus (Little Commentary).
interpretation as well as redesigning the process. • He wanted a model of the universe in which
4. CREATIVITY - Creative scientists come up original everything moved around a single center at
and relevant ideas that could help in the scientific unvarying rates.
process. Creativity is often applied with the • In his model, Copernicus outlined two kinds of
identification of the research problem. The ability planetary motion:
to use the imagination in determining smaller 1. The orbits of Venus and Mercury
questions and problems drives the scientific lay inside the orbit of the Earth,
process. Creativity is also important in designing thus closer to the Sun.
the research methodology that should be fit with 2. The orbits of Mars, Saturn, and
the locale and the time among other factors. Jupiter lay outside the Earth’s
5. PERSEVERANCE - A good scientist must never give orbit, thus farther from the Sun.
up. A good scientist must be bold enough to do • From this model, he would work on the length of
the impossible. A string of failure should not stop time will take for each planet to orbit once around
anyone from satisfying on his or her thirst of the Sun.
knowledge. • The result would form a sequence from Mercury,
6. RESPONSIBILITY - True scientists hold themselves with a shortest year, and Saturn with the longest
accountable for the consequence of their study. year. One of the great problems in the Copernicus
As such, they must exercise caution to avoid model was the position of the stars. The stars
negative effects to living organisms and the cannot be placed in fixed position like crystals in
environment as a whole. distance sphere.
Charles Robert Darwin FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
• Psychoanalysis - scientific method of
• an English naturalist, geologist and biologist
understanding inner and unconscious conflicts
• best known of his contributions to the science of
embedded within one’s personality, spring from
evolution
free associations, dreams and fantasies of the
• His proposition that all species have descended
individual.
over time from common ancestors is now widely
• Psychoanalysis is part of a larger movement
accepted and considered a foundational
known as depth psychology, which argues that
concept in science.
the most important aspects of personality lie
• In a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, he
below the level of conscious introspection, and
introduced his scientific theory that this branching
are not visible to those who confine their
pattern of evolution resulted from a process that
observations to superficial features of social
he called natural selection.
behavior.
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
o All depth psychologies make use of the
• Charles Darwin’s famous Natural Selection is one
iceberg metaphor: just as only one-
of the limelight of science.
ninth of an iceberg is visible above the
• It tells us that organisms including humans, inherit,
surface of the ocean.
develop, and adapt traits that favor survival and
reproduction.
• Charles Darwin is credited for stirring another
important intellectual revolution in the mid-19th
century. His treatise on the science of evolution,
On the Origin of Species, was published in 1859
and began a revolution that brought humanity to
a new era of intellectual discovery.
• This benefitted from earlier intellectual revolutions
especially those in the 16th and 17th centuries,
such that it was guided by confidence in human
reason’s ability to explain phenomena in the
universe.
• What happened to the Darwinian theory?
o Darwin published his book The Origin of
Species in 1859. This book is considered
to be one of the most important works
in scientific literature.
o Darwin collected many significant This flowchart summarizes the theory of Psychoanalysis. It has
materials in order to present his theory three psychoanalytic concepts which include psychosexual
with overwhelming evidence. development, libido and ego.
o His book presented evidence on how • Freud suggested that humans are inherently
species evolved over time and pleasure-seeking individuals.
adaptation that differentiate species. • Scientists working on a biological approach in
• Darwin’s observational skills as scientist were studying human behavior criticized
extraordinary that moved beyond the realms of psychoanalysis for lack of vitality and bordering on
plants and animals into the realms of humans. being unscientific as a theory.
• His book The Descent of Man was so impressive yet • Particularly, the notion that all humans are
very controversial. destined to exhibit Oedipus and Electra
o He introduced the idea of all organic complexes (Example: Sexual desire towards the
life, including human beings, under the parent of the opposite sex and exclusion of the
realm of evolutionary thinking. parent of the same sex) did not seem to be
o This replaced the dominant views of a supported by empirical data.
religious or biblical design that places • Freud’s psychoanalysis is widely credited for
human beings in a privileged position of dominating psychotherapeutic practice in the
having been created by God. early 20th century.
• His accomplishments were so diverse that it is • Psychodynamic therapies that treat a myriad of
useful to distinguish two fields to which he made psychological disorders still remain largely
major contributions: evolutionary biology and informed by Freud’s work on psychoanalysis.
philosophy of science. PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
• Darwin truly remarkable was his courage to STAGES GRATIFYING ACTIVITIES FIXATION
challenge religious and unscientific ideas that are Oral Stage eating, sucking, biting, gossiping,
deemed to be prominent during those days. His birth – 12 months swallowing overeating,
unconventional way of pursuing science gave mouth smoking,
more value to evidence-based science. sarcasm

Anal Stage bowel movement disorganized,

Charles Darwin’s idea of “survival of the fittest” was 1 – 3 y/o reckless, neat,
applied to political, social, and cultural realm, creating anus stingy,
the ideology “Social Darwinism” meticulous

Phallic Stage masturbation sex anxiety,

Sigmund Freud 3 – 6 y/o genital fondling narcissism,
genitals gender
• an Austrian neurologist confusion
• developed psychoanalysis, a method through
which an analyst unpacks unconscious conflicts Latency Stage learning and social none
based on the free associations, dreams and 7-11 y/o adjustment
None
fantasies of the patient.
• His theories on child sexuality, libido and the ego, Genital Stage masturbation none
among other topics, were some most influential Puberty – Adult romantic relationships
academic concepts of the 20th century. Genitals
The psyche is structured into three parts (i.e., tripartite), all
developing at different stages in our lives (also known as
three layers of the self). These are systems, not parts of the
brain, or in any way physical.
Cradles of Early Science
• ID (Pleasure Principle) DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA
o the primitive and instinctive • Mesoamerica means "Middle America."
component of personality consists of all • It refers to a geographical and cultural area which
the inherited components of extends from central Mexico down through
personality present at birth, including Central America, including the territory which is
the sex (life) instinct – Eros (which now made up of the countries of Guatemala,
contains the libido), and the aggressive Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador.
(death) instinct - Thanatos. • It is therefore seen as partly in North America, and
o It is the impulsive (and unconscious) encompassing a large part of Central America
part of our psyche which responds A. MAYA CIVILIZATION
directly and immediately to the • It is one of the famous civilizations in Mesoamerica
instincts. that lasted for approximately 2,000 years.
o It operates on the pleasure principle • These people are known for their works in
which is the idea that every wishful astronomy (Moon, planets, Milky Way, Sun, and
impulse should be satisfied astronomical phenomena by the Pre-Columbian
immediately, regardless of the Maya Civilization of Mesoamerica)
consequences. • Mayan knowledge and understanding about
o When the id achieves its demands, we celestial bodies were advanced for their time, as
experience pleasure when it is denied evidenced by their knowledge of predicting
we experience ‘unpleasure’ or tension. eclipse and using astrological cycles in planting
• EGO (Reality Principle) and harvesting.
o the part of the id which has been • They are also known for measuring time using two
modified by the direct influence of the complicated calendar systems.
external world. o These calendars were very useful for
o It is the decision-making component of their life especially in planning their
personality, it operates according to activities and in observing their religious
the reality principle, working out rituals and cultural celebrations.
realistic ways of satisfying the id’s • Mayans also developed the technology for
demands, often compromising or growing different crops and building elaborate
postponing satisfaction to avoid cities using ordinary machineries and tools. They
negative consequences of society. built hydraulics system with sophisticated
o The ego has no concept of right or waterways to supply water to different
wrong; something is good simply if it communities.
achieves its end of satisfying without • Mica – a mineral used to built looms for weaving
causing harm to itself or the id. cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paints.
o The ego engages in secondary process • Rubber Products - they are also believed to be one
thinking, which is rational, realistic, and of the first people to produce 3,000 years before
orientated towards problem-solving. If Goodyear received its patent in 1844.
a plan of action does not work, then it • Mayan Hieroglyphic - Famous of using a writing
is thought through again until a solution system. Mayans made use of a very well-
is found. developed and advanced written language.
o This is known as reality testing and Since the language comprised of symbols and
enables the person to control their images, resembling the language of ancient
impulses and demonstrate self-control, Egypt, the Spanish conquistadors termed it
via mastery of the ego. hieroglyphics.
• SUPEREGO (Moral and Idealistic Principle) o Glyphs - The individual units in the
o refers to the incorporation of the values language, or its alphabets
and morals of society which are o The use of Mayan hieroglyphics was
learned from one's parents and others. limited to the Mayan priestly class.
o It develops around the age of 3 – 5 o The priests used the language to pen
during the phallic stage of down books on a wide range of
psychosexual development. subjects, including books related to
o Its function is to control the id's impulses, astronomy, religion, mythology and
especially those which society forbids, mathematics.
such as sex and aggression; it also has o Mayan hieroglyphics were also
the function of persuading the ego to inscribed on monumental structures as
turn to moralistic goals rather than part of stelas or carvings.
simply realistic ones and to strive for • Skilled in mathematics and created a number
perfection. system based on the numeral 20
o conscience – what WE SHOULD NOT do • Developed the concept of zero and positive
o ego-ideal – what WE SHOULD do value even before the Romans did.
o Behavior which falls short of the ideal B. INCA CIVILIZATION
self may be punished by the superego • The Inca first appeared in the Andes region during
through guilt. The super-ego can also the 12th century A.D. and gradually built a
reward through the ideal self when one massive kingdom through the military strength of
behaves ‘properly’ by making him feel their emperors.
proud. • Known as Tawantinsuyu, the Inca state spanned
the distance of northern Ecuador to central Chile
We are certain about the many wrong things that may be and consisted of 12 million inhabitants from more
bought about by our actions, but we never understand why than 100 different ethnic groups at its peak.
there is something somewhere inside us that makes many of
us do what we know is wrong.
 • Well-devised agricultural and roadway systems, which the land was divided into
along with a centralized religion and language, rectangular areas and surrounded by
helped maintain a cohesive state. canals.
• Despite their power, the Inca were quickly o Aztec calendar - This enabled them to
overwhelmed by the diseases and superior plan their activities, rituals and planting
weaponry of Spanish invaders, the last bastion of season.
their immense empire overtaken in 1572. o Invention of the Canoe - A light narrow
• The Inca first appeared in what is today boat used for traveling in water
southeastern Peru during the 12th century A.D. systems.
• According to some versions of their orig in myths, DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA
they were created by the sun god, Inti, who sent
• Asia is the biggest continent in the world and the
his son Manco Capac to Earth through the middle
home of many ancient civilizations.
of three caves in the village of Paccari Tampu.
• It is a host to many cultural, economic, scientific,
After killing his brothers, Manco Capac led his
and political activities of all ages.
sisters and their followers through the wilderness
• In the field of science, technology, and
before settling in fertile valley cusco circa 1200.
mathematics, great civilizations have stood out:
• The Incas made advanced scientific ideas
India, China, and the Middle East Civilizations.
considering their limitations as an old civilization.
A. INDIA
o Roads paved with stones
• It is a huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of
o Stone buildings that surmounted
water and fortified by huge mountains in its
earthquakes and other disasters
northern boarders.
o Irrigation system and technique for
• The Indians creatively developed various ideas
storing water for their crops to grow in
and technologies useful in their everyday lives.
all types of lands
• They are known of manufacturing iron and in
o Calendar with 12 months to mark their
metallurgical works.
religious festivals and prepare them for
o Their iron steel is considered to be the
planting season
best and held with high regard in the
o The first suspension bridge
whole of Roman empire.
o Quipu, a system of knotted ropes to
• Famous also of medicine. For example, Ayurveda,
keep records that only experts can
a system of traditional medicine that originated in
interpret
ancient India before 2500 BC, is still practiced as a
o Inca textiles since cloth was one of the
form of alternative medicine.
specialties prized artistic achievements
o They discovered some medicinal
C. AZTEC CIVILIZATION
properties of plants that led them to
• Aztec, self-name Culhua-Mexica, Nahuatl-
develop medicines to cure various
speaking people who in the 15th and early 16th
illnesses.
centuries ruled a large empire in what is now
• Some ancient texts like Susruta Samhita, describes
central and southern Mexico.
different surgical and other medical procedures
• The Aztecs are so called from Aztlán (“White
famous in ancient India.
Land”), an allusion to their origins, probably in
• Notable in the field of astronomy. They developed
northern Mexico.
theories on the configuration of the universe, the
• They were also called the Tenochca, from an
spherical self-supporting Earth, and the year of 360
eponymous ancestor, Tenoch, and the Mexica,
days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each.
probably from Metzliapán (“Moon Lake”), the
• Siddhanta Shiromani – textbook of ancient India
mystical name for Lake Texcoco.
which covered topics such as:
• From Tenochca was derived the name of their
o mean longitudes of the planets
great city, Tenochtitlán, and from Mexica came
o true longitudes of the planets
the name for the city that superseded the Aztecs
o three problems of diurnal rotation
capital and for the surrounding valley, which was
o syzygies
applied later to the whole Mexican nation.
o lunar eclipses
• Aztecs referred to themselves as CulhuaMexica,
o solar eclipses
to link themselves with Colhuacán, the center of
o latitudes of the planets
the most-civilized people of the Valley of Mexico.
o risings and settings
See also pre-Columbian civilizations: Aztec culture
o the moon’s crescent
to the time of the Spanish conquest.
o conjunctions of the planets with the
• Following the Inca, the Aztec civilization has also
fixed stars
made substantial contributions to science and
o paths of the Sun and Moon
technology and to the society as a whole.
• Mohenjodaro ruler was designed by Indians in the
o Mandatory Education - Aztec puts
Indus Valley Civilization to standardize
value on education; that is why their
measurement of length to a high degree of
children is mandated to get education
accuracy.
regardless of their social class, gender,
• Aryabhatiya - book made by Aryabhata (476-550)
or age.
introduced a number of trigonometric functions,
o Chocolates - Aztec in Mexico
tables, and techniques, as well as algorithms of
developed chocolate during their
algebra.
time. in the Mayan culture they used it
• Brahmagupta – suggested that gravity was a
as a currency. The Aztec valued the
force of attraction and lucidly explained the use
cacao beans highly and made it as
of zero as both a placeholder and a decimal digit
part of their tribute to their gods.
along with Hindu-Arabic numeral system now
o Antispasmodic medication. They used
used universally throughout the world.
a type of antispasmodic medication
• Madhava of Sangamagrama – considered as the
that could prevent muscle spasms and
founder of mathematical analysis.
relax muscles, which could help during
• Ancient India was an early leader in metallurgy, as
surgery.
evidenced by the wrought iron Pillar of Delhi.
o Chinampa - It is a form of Aztec
• Astrolabe - an ancient instrument that measures
technology for agricultural farming in
the positions of stars and the solar system.
B. CHINA DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN AFRICA
• One of the ancient civilizations with substantial
• Africa is blessed with natural and mineral
contributions in many areas of life like medicine,
resources.
astronomy, science, mathematics, arts,
• Science also emerged in this part of the planet
philosophy, and music among others.
long before the European colonized it.
• Its civilization greatly influenced many of its
• The history of science and mathematics show that
neighbor countries like Korea, Japan, Philippines,
similar to the other ancient civilizations, the early
Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, and
civilizations in Africa are knowledge producers.
other countries that belong to the old Silk Road.
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
• Known for traditional medicines. They discovered
• contributed immensely and made significant
various medical properties and uses of different
advances in the fields of astronomy, mathematics,
plants and animals to cure human illness. Example
and medicine.
is the practice of acupuncture.
• For example, the development of geometry was
• Invented
a product of necessity to preserve the layout and
o Compass
ownership of farmlands of the Egyptians living
o Papermaking
along the Nile River.
o Gunpowder
• Egypt was known to be the center of alchemy,
o printing tools
which is known as the medieval forerunner of
o iron plough
chemistry.
o wheelbarrow
o They tried to study human anatomy
o propeller
and pharmacology and applied
• Developed design of different models of bridges,
important components such as
invented first seismological detector, and
examination, diagnosis, treatment, and
developed a dry dock facility.
prognosis for the treatment of diseases.
• Made significant records on supernovas, lunar
• These components displayed strong parallels to
and solar eclipses, and comets, which were
the basic empirical method of studying science.
carefully recorded and preserved to understand
• Astronomy was also famous in the African Regions
better heavenly bodies and effects to our world.
• For instance, documents show that Africans used
• China made substantial contributions in various
three types of calendars
fields. These contributions were made along with
o Lunar
mathematics, logic, philosophy, and medicine.
o Solar
However, cultural factors prevented these
o Stellar (combination of three)
Chinese achievements from developing into
• Metallurgy was also known in the African regions
modern science.
during the ancient times.
C. MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES
• North Africa and the Nile Valley imported iron
• The Middle East countries are dominantly
technology from the Near East region that
occupied by Muslims.
enabled them to benefit from the developments
• With the spread of Islams in the 7th and 8th
during the Bronze Age until the Iron Age.
centuries, a period of Muslim scholarship, or what
o They invented metal tools used in their
is called the Golden Age of Islam lasted until
homes, in agriculture, and in building
then13th century.
their magnificent architectures.
• Ibn al-Haytham - a Muslim Scientists who was
• Mathematics was also known to be prominent in
“Father of Optics” in his empirical proof of the
the life of early people in the African continent.
intromission theory of light
• The Lebombo Bone from the mountains between
• Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his
Swaziland and South Africa, which may have
name to the concept of algorithm while the term
been a tool for multiplication, division, and simple
algebra is derived from “al-jabr”
mathematical calculation or a six-month lunar
• Jabir ibn Hayyan - a Muslim chemist who was
calendar, is considered to be the oldest known
considered as the “Father of Chemistry”
mathematical artifact dated from 35,000 BCE.
• Ibn Sina pioneered the science of experimental
o The Islamic regions in Africa during the
medicine and was the first physician to conduct
medieval period was also benefiting
clinical trials.
from mathematical learning, which is
o His two most notable works in medicine,
considered advanced during those
the “Book of Healing” and “The Canon
times such as algebra, geometry, and
of Medicine” were used as a standard
trigonometry.
medicinal text in both the Muslim world
and in Europe during the 17th century.
o Among his many contributions are the
discovery of the contagious nature of
infectious diseases and the
Science, Technology and
•
introduction of clinical pharmacology.
There are numerous Muslim scholars who made
significant contributions in the field of science,
Nation Building
astronomy, philosophy, and even in the field of Brief Historical Background of Science and
social sciences. Technology in the Philippines
• The decline of this golden age of Islam started in
• History of science and technology in Philippines
the 11th to 13th century due to the conquest of the
started way back before the country gained its
Mongols whereby libraries, observatories, and
independence from American colonizers.
other learning institutions were destroyed.
• Before the coming of the Spanish colonizers, the
early inhabitants of the archipelago had their own
culture and traditions.
o Had their own belief system and
indigenous knowledge system that
keeps organized and sustained their
lives and communities for many years.
PHILIPPINES S&T DURING PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD were able to study in Europe influenced by the
• People used herbal medicine to treat illnesses rapid development of scientific ideals brought
• To facilitate trading, Filipinos made use of writing, about by the Age of Enlightenment)
numerical, measurement, and calendar systems Later part of 16th century, schools were developed:
• Farming, fishing, mining, and weaving were the 1. Colegio de San Ildefonso, Cebu (1595)
first livelihood skills developed by Filipinos 2. Colegio de San Ignacio, Manila (1595)
• Banaue Rice Terraces of Ifugao was developed 3. Colegio de Nuestra Senora del Rosario, Mnl (1597)
for livelihood purposes 4. Colegio de San Jose, Manila (1601)
• Technology is used by people in building houses,
irrigations, and in developing tools that they can • During the 17th-18th century, successive
use in everyday life shipwrecks and attacks of pirates on the galleons
• Developed tools for planting, hunting, cooking, led to the declining profits from the trade
and fishing; for fighting their enemies during war or • In 1780, Real Sociedad Economica de Los Amigos
tribal conflicts; and for transportation, both on del Pais de Filipinas (Royal Economic Society of
land and waterways the Friends of the Country of Philippines) was
• 48,000 BC: Modern man from Asian mainland founded by Governador Jose y Basco)
came overland to live in Batangas and Palawan o Encouraged research in agriculture
(Formed settlement in Sulu, Davao, Zamboanga, and industry
Samar, Negros, Batangas, Laguna, Rizal, Bulacan o Promoted cultivation of indigo, cotton,
and Cagayan.) cinnamon, and silk industry
• 40, 000 BC: simple tools and weapons for stone • In 1789, Manila was opened to Asian shipping
flakes were developed as a method of sawing which is the era of increase in export of rice, hemp,
and polishing stones tobacco, sugar, indigo, and imported
• 3,000 BC: Adzes, ornament of seashells and manufacturing goods
pottery were developed. (Pottery flourished for • In 19th century, world trade was expanded and
the next 2000 years until completion with Chinese commerce led to the rapid development of
porcelain) Manila as a cosmopolitan center
• Production of copper, bronze, iron and gold metal • Modern amenities such as stream tramways,
tools and ornaments waterworks, newspapers electric lights, and
• Extraction, smelting and refining of iron from ores banking systems were introduced
until the importation of cast iron from Sarawak and • In 1865, Jesuits promoted meteorological studies
later from China founding Manila Observatory at the Ateneo
• Cultivation of lowland rice, diking of terraced Municipal de Manila.
fields utilizing spring water in mountain regions PHILIPPINES S&T DURING AMERICAN REGIME
• They also learned to build boats for trading • The Americans have more influence in the
purposes (Spanish chronicles noted refined plank- development of science and technology in the
built warships called caracoa suited for inter-island Philippines compared to the Spaniards
trades) o Simultaneous government
• Spaniards later utilized Filipino expertise in boat- encouragement and support for an
building and seamanship to fight the raiding extensive public education system
Dutch, Portuguese, Muslims and the Chinese o Granting of scholarships for higher
pirate Limahong education in science and engineering
• During the 10th-15th century AD Filipinos from the o The organization of science research
Butuan were trading with champa agencies and establishment of
PHILIPPINES S&T DURING SPANISH REGIME science-based public services
• When Spaniards colonized the country, they • In 1901, Bureau of Public Works was created
brought with them their own culture and practices • The Americans found out that there were no
• They established schools for boys and girls and competent Filipino engineers and American
introduced the concepts of subjects and engineers had to be imported
disciplines which was the beginning of formal o Special efforts were made to attract
science and technology in the country, known Filipinos to pursue advanced studies
now as school of science and technology leading to careers as engineers
• Learning of science in school focuses on o Upon achieving professional
understanding different concepts related to qualifications, they were employed as
human body, plants, animals, & heavenly bodies junior engineers in BPW.
• Technology focuses on using and developing • The establishment of the University of the
house tools used in everyday life Philippines satisfied the short-run needs for
• During this time, Philippines became modernized, professionally trained Filipinos which increased
adapting some Western technology and their social demand for professional education
ways of life o The University of the Philippines
• Medicine and advanced science were remained the only publicly-supported
introduced in formal colleges and universities institutions for higher education
established by Catholic orders • In 1901, the Bureau of Government Laboratories
• Sanitation and more advanced methods of was established which was placed under the
agriculture were taught to the natives Department of Interior
• Colleges and universities in the archipelago were o Replaced the Laboratorio Municipal,
established (University of Santo Tomas was built which was established under the
and prioritized the study of medicine) Spanish colonial era
• The Galleon trade have accounted in the o Dealt with the study of tropical diseases
Philippine colonial economy (Trade was given and laboratory projects (production of
more focus by the Spaniard colonial authorities vaccine for virus, serums and
due to prospects of big profits and on the other prophylactics)
hand, agriculture and industrial development • In 1993, the National Research Council of the
were neglected) Philippines was established
• The opening of Suez Canal saw the influx of
European visitors to the Spanish colony (Filipinos
 o The Bureau of Science became the • Developing school infrastructure and
primary research center of the providing for ICT broadband
Philippines in the World War II • Local food security
• Science was inclined towards agriculture, food 2. Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research, Earth
processing, forestry, medicine and pharmacy and Space Sciences, and Mathematics
o Not much focus was given on • Emphasizing degrees, licenses, and
development of industrial technology employment opportunities
due to free trade policy with U.S. • Outright grants for per mentoring
• Researches were done to control malaria, cholera • Review of RA 9184 (Government
and tuberculosis and other tropical diseases Procurement Reform Act)
• Protestant church missions in different places in • Harnessing science and technology as
country brought hospitals and schools to far-flung an independent mover of
areas development
However, with these advances that Philippines had during 3. Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical
pre-colonial, Spanish, and American regimes it became a Sciences
turn down destabilizing the developments of the country in • Ensuring compliance of drug-
many ways. manufacturing firms with ASEAN-
harmonized standards by full
Institutions and public facilities were turned into ashes, houses implementation of the Food and Drug
were burned, and many lives were destroyed. The country Administration
had a difficult time to rebuild itself from the ruins of the war. • Creating an education council
dedicated to standardization of
Through the help of Japan, reparation funds focused on pharmaceutical services and care
building some institutions and public facilities like schools, • Empowering food and drug agencies
hospitals, and transportation systems. Since the to conduct evidence-based research
establishment of the new republic, the whole nation has as pool of information
been focusing on using its limited resources in improving its • Allocating two percent of the GDP to
science and technological capability. research
• Legislating a law supporting human
It has explored the use of ODA or Overseas Development genome projects
Allocations from different countries to help the country 4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry
improve its scientific productivity and technological • Protecting and conserving biodiversity
capability. by full implementation of existing laws
• Use of biosafety and standard model
by ASEAN countries
• Promoting indigenous knowledge
systems and indigenous people
conservation
• Formulation of common food and
safety standards
Existing Programs Supported by The Philippine Government
Through The DOST:
• Providing funds for basic research and patents
related to science and technology. Funding of
A. Philippine Government S&T Agenda these research and projects are also from the
• Nowadays our government is extending their Overseas Development Aid (ODA) from different
support in developing science and technology to countries.
create an avenue for researches and inventions • Providing scholarships for undergraduate and
that will help our country grow. Before, science graduate studies of students in the field of science
and technology has limited its resources of what is and technology. Saloma (2015) pointed out that
existing but now, science and technology had the country needs to produce more doctoral
improved and it is expanding its means for new graduates in the field of science and technology,
studies and relevance. and produce more research in these fields,
ROLE OF OUR GOVERNMENT IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY including engineering.
• introduced and implemented several programs, • Establishing more branches of the Philippine
projects, and policies to boost the area of science Science High School system for training young
and technology. Filipinos in the field of science and technology
• goal is to prepare the whole country and its • Creating science and technology parks to
people to meet the demands of a technologically encourage academe and industry partnerships
driven world and capacitate the people to live in • Balik Scientist Program to encourage Filipino
a world driven by science. scientists abroad to come home and work in the
• Department of Science and Technology (DOST) Philippines or conduct research and projects in
has sought the expertise of the National Research collaboration with Philippine-based scientists.
Council of the Philippines (NCRP) to consult various • Developing science and technology parks in
sectors in the society to study how the Philippines academic campuses to encourage academe
can prepare itself in meeting the ASEAN 2015 and industry partnerships
Goals. • Establishment of National Science Complex and
NCRP clustered policies into four, namely: National Engineering Complex within the
1. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, University of the Philippines, Diliman.
International Policies and Governance Philippine-American Academy of Science and Engineering
• Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic (PAASE, 2008) identified several capacitybuilding programs
education without adding to the such as:
curriculum • Establishment of national centers of excellence
• Emphasizing teaching in mother • Manpower and institutional development
tongue programs, such as the Engineering and Science
 Education Program (ESEP) to produce more PhD • National Program for Gifted Filipino Children in
graduates in science and engineering Science & Technology - created for high school
• Establishment of regional centers to support students who want to major in science and
specific industries that will lead the country in engineering college
different research and development areas • RA 8439: Magna Carta for Scientist Engineers,
• Establishment of science and technology business Researchers, and other Science and Technology
centers to assist, advise, and incubate in the government
technopreneurship ventures • RA 7459: Inventors and Inventions Incentive Act
• Strengthen science education at an early stage • RA 8293: The Intellectual Property Code of the
through the Philippine Science High School system Philippines
Other Areas and Fields That The Country is Looking Forward IV. JOSEPH ESTRADA
To Embark Various Research And Projects: • RA 8749: The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
1. Use of alternative and safe energy • RA 8792: Electronic Commerce Act of 2000
2. Harnessing mineral resources • Implementation of cost-effective irrigation
3. Finding cure for various diseases and illness technologies and providing basic health care
4. Climate change and global warming services
5. Increasing food production V. GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO
6. Preservation of natural resources • Science and technology sector were developed
7. Coping with natural disasters and calamities to strengthen the education system and to
8. Infrastructure development address poverty
B. Major Development Programs and Personalities • Filipinnovation - coined to refer Philippines as an
innovation hub in Asia
in Science & Technology in the Philippines • RA 9367: Biofuels Act – to utilize indigenous
Filipino presidents and scientists and the developments in materials as sources of energy
science and technology under their administration and • Farmers were encouraged to use rice that can
inventions. withstand environmental hazards
I. FERDINAND MARCOS • RA 10601: Agriculture and Fisheries Mechanization
• Mandated the Department of Education and (AFMech) Law- to modernize agricultural and
Culture (now DepEd) to promote science courses fisheries machinery and equipment
in public high schools VI. BENIGNO AQUINO III
• Additional budget for research projects in applied • Under his administration, new national scientists
sciences and science education were named:
• War damage fund donated to private universities o Gavino C. Trono - made extensive
to encourage them to create courses in science studies on seaweed species which
and technology and to research helped families in the coastal
populations
o Angel C. Alcala - served as the pioneer
scientist and advocate of coral reefs
o Ramon C. Barba - studied the induction
of flowering of mango and
micropropagation of important crop
species
o Edgardo D. Gomez - national-scale
assessment of damaged coral reefs
which led to a national conservation
program
VII. RODRIGO DUTERTE
• Philippine Space Technology Program- launched
Diwata-2 in 2018 after the launch of Diwata-1 in
2016 that displayed the Philippine flag in space
• RA 11305 ”An Act Institutionalizing the Balik
Scientist Program” was signed into law by the
president on June 15, 2018. This law would give
more incentives to returning Filipino experts,
scientists, inventors, and engineers who would
share their expertise in the country.
• 271 new weather stations were installed by the
Department of Science and Technology
throughout the country.

The Philippine Congress has also created various laws

II. CORAZON AQUINO related to science and technology. These laws serve as
• National Science and Technology Authority a legal framework for science and technology in the
(NSTA) was renamed to Department of Science country.
and Technology (DOST) to be represented in the
cabinet and play an integral role in the country’s These laws vary according to different themes such as
sustainable economic recovery and growth conservation, health-related, technology building and
• Science and Technology Master Plan - to update supporting basic research among others.
the production sector, improve research activities,
and develop infrastructures for science and
Some laws and policies are in line with international
technology sector
treaties such as United Nations (UN), United Nations
III. FIDEL RAMOS
• In 1987, Philippines had approximately 3,000 Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
competent scientists and engineers (UNESCO), Association of Southeast Asian Nations
• Doctors to the Barrio Program - made healthcare (ASEAN) and other international agencies.
accessible in far-flung areas in the country
FAMOUS FILIPINOS IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE • Science education is justified by the vast amount
1. Ramon Cabanos Barba - research on tissue culture of scientific knowledge developed in this area
in Philippine mangoes that prepares citizens in a scientifically and
2. Josefino Cacas Comiso- works on observing the technologically driven world.
characteristics of Antarctica by using satellite • Science education will develop a strong
images foundation for studying science and for
3. Jose Bejar Cruz Jr. - known internationally in the considering science related careers in the future.
field of electrical engineering; was elected as • Science education also develops positive attitude
officer of the famous Institute of Electrical and such as: the love for knowledge, passion for
Electronic Engineering innovative things, curiosity to study about nature
4. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz - research on sea snail venom and creativity.
5. Fabian Millar Dayrit- research on herbal medicine SCIENCE EDUCATION IN BASIC AND TERTIARY EDUCATION
6. Rafael Dineros Guerrero III - research on tilapia • In basic education, science education helps
culture students learn important concepts and facts that
7. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr. - inventing the are related to everyday life which includes
meconium drugs testing process skills, critical thinking, and life skills that are
8. Lilian Formalejo Patena - research on plant needed in coping up with daily life activities.
biotechnology • In tertiary education, science education deals
9. Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz - outstanding educator with developing students’ understanding and
and graph theorist appreciation of science ideas and scientific
10. Gregory Ligot Tangonan - research in the field of works. This is done through offering basic science
communications technology courses in the General Education curriculum.
11. Fe del Mundo - invented the incubator. an o Science education in the tertiary level
apparatus used to maintain environmental also focuses on the preparation of
conditions suitable for newborn baby. science teachers, scientists, engineers,
12. Gregorio Y. Zara - inventor of videophone. and other professionals in various
Videophone is a two-way television patented as a science-related fields such as
photo signal separator network. engineering, agriculture, medicine,
13. Agapito Flores - invented the fluorescent lamp and health sciences.
which is the most widely used source of lighting in WHERE TO STUDY SCIENCE EDUCATION?
the world today. One outstanding program for science education supported
14. Daniel Dingel - inventor of the water - powered by the government is the establishment of science schools in
car in 1969. His hydrogen reactor uses electricity to various parts of the country. There are also several
transform ordinary tap water with salt into government programs implemented by the Department of
deuterium oxide or heavy water. Education and few private schools for science education.
15. Diosdado Banatao - most known for introducing Science Schools in the Philippines:
the first single-chip graphical use interface (GUI) 1. Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS) -
accelerator that made computers work faster This is a government program for gifted students in
and for helping develop Ethernet controller chip the Philippines. It is a service institute of the
that made internet possible Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
16. Abelardo Aguilar - invented the antibiotic whose mandate is to offer free scholarship basis
erythromycin from a strain of bacterium called for secondary course with special emphasis on
Streptomyces erythreus. subjects pertaining to the sciences, with the end-
17. Rolando dela Cruz - invented mole remover that view of preparing its students for a science career
had the ability to easily remove moles and warts (RA 3661).
on the skin without surgical procedures. 2. Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) Project
18. Maria Orosa - invented banana ketchup from the - The Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES)
commonly known tomato ketchup Project is in pursuance fo of DepEd Order No. 73 s.
There are other outstanding Filipino scientists who are 2008, and DepEd Order No. 51 s. 2010. This project
recognized here and abroad for their outstanding started in June 2007 with 57 identified elementary
contributions in science: schools. The SSES Project aims to develop Filipino
• Caesar A. Saloma - internationally renowned children equipped with scientific and
physicist technological knowledge, skills, values. Its mission
• Edgardo Gomez - famous scientist in marine is to:
science • Provide learning environment to
• William Padolina - chemistry and president of science-inclined children through
National Academy of Science and Technology a special curriculum that
(NAST)-Philippines recognizes the multiple
• Angel Alcala - marine science intelligences of the learners;
C. Science Education in the Philippines • Promote the development of
lifelong learning skills;
• Science education focuses on teaching, learning,
• Foster the holistic development of
and understanding science.
the learners
o Teaching science involves developing
3. Quezon City Regional Science High School - The
ways on how to effectively teach
school was established on September 17, 1967.
science. This means exploring
Originally, it was named Quezon City Science High
pedagogical theories and models in
School. It was turned into a regional science high
helping teachers teach scientific
school for the National Capital Region in 1999. The
concepts and processes effectively.
school was a product of a dream to establish
o Learning science, on the other hand,
special science school for talented students in
includes both nand the most interesting
science and mathematics. The focus of the
aspect, which is helping students
curriculum is on science and technology. The
understand and love science.
school envisions to serve as a venue in providing
• Understanding science implies developing and
maximum opportunities for science gifted
applying science-processes skills and using
students to develop spirit of inquiry and creativity.
science literacy in understanding the natural
world and activities in everyday life.
 4. Manila Science High School - The school was INDIGENOUS SCIENCE
established on October 1, 1963, as the Manila • Part of indigenous knowledge system practiced
Science High School (MSHS). It is the first science by different groups of people and early
high school in the Philippines. MSHS aims to civilizations.
produce scientists with souls. In order to do this, • It includes complex arrays of knowledge,
humanities courses and other electives are expertise, practices, and representations that
included in their curriculum. Students are also guide human societies in their enumerable
encouraged to participate in various interactions with the natural milieu:
extracurricular activities. The school administers an o agriculture, medicine, naming and
entrance exam, the Manila Science High School explaining natural phenomena, and
Admission Test (MSAT), for students who wish to strategies for coping with changing
enroll. The school prides itself on producing environments.
outstanding alumni and winning various national • Includes everything, from metaphysics to
competitions. philosophy and various practical technologies
5. Central Visayan Institute Foundation - It is the practiced by indigenous peoples both past and
home and pioneer of the prominent school-based present through science as part of the culture,
innovation known as the Dynamic Learning and how science is done largely depends on the
Program (DLP). The DLP is a synthesis of classical cultural practices of the people.
and modern pedagogical theories adapted to
foster the highest level of learning, creativity, and
productivity. The school takes pride in its Research
Center for Theoretical Physics (RCTP) established
in 1992, which organizes small international
workshops to foster the informal but intense
exchange of ideas and perspectives on
outstanding problems in physics and
mathematics. 1. Indigenous science uses science process skills such
D. Indigenous S&t in the Philippines as observing, comparing, classifying, measuring,
problem-solving, inferring, communicating, and
• Filipinos, especially during the early times, tried to
predicting.
invent tools that will help them in everyday life.
2. Indigenous science is guided by culture and
They also developed alternative ideas in
community values such as the following:
explaining various phenomena and in explaining
a. The land is a source of life. It is a
the world around them. This system of knowledge
precious gift from the creator.
is called indigenous knowledge, which is the
b. The earth is revered as “Mother Earth”.
foundation of indigenous science.
It is their origin of identity as people.
• Indigenous knowledge - embedded in the daily
c. All living and nonliving things are
life experiences of young children as they grow
interconnected and interdependent
up. They live and grow in a society where the
with each other
members of the community prominently practice
d. Human beings are stewards or trustees
indigenous knowledge.
of the land and other natural resources.
o Their parents and other older folks
They have a responsibility to preserve it.
served as their first teachers and their
e. Nature is a friend to human beings- it
methods of teaching are very effective
needs respect and proper care.
in transmitting cultural knowledge in
3. Indigenous science is composed of traditional
their minds.
knowledge practiced and valued by people and
o The lessons they learned are intimately
communities such as ethnobiology,
interwoven with their culture and the
ethnomedicine, indigenous farming methods,
environment.
and folk astronomy.
o These lessons comprised of good
values and life stories of people on their
daily life struggles. Indigenous science is important in the development of
o Their views about nature and their science and technology in the Philippines. Like the
ancient civilizations, indigenous science gave birth to
reflections on their experiences in daily
life are evident in their stories, poems, the development of science and technology as a field
and songs. and discipline.
• Some examples of indigenous knowledge that are
taught and practiced by the indigenous people: Indigenous science helped the people in
o Predicting weather conditions and understanding the natural environment and in coping
seasons using knowledge in observing with everyday life.
animals’ behavior and celestial bodies
o Using herbal medicine
o Preserving foods
o Classifying plants and animals into
families and groups based on cultural
properties
o Using indigenous technology in daily
lives
o Building local irrigation systems
o Classifying different types of soil for
planting based on cultural properties
o Producing wines and juices from
tropical fruits
o Keeping the custom of growing plants
and vegetables in the yard